| Teratosphaeriaceae | |
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| Baudoinia compniacensis growing on Blair Athol distillery, feeding on the angel's share | |
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| Family: | Teratosphaeriaceae |
Teratosphaeriaceae is a family of fungi in the order Mycosphaerellales. [1]
In 2007, this family was recognized as distinct from the genus Mycosphaerella , where it had previously been located, based on phylogenies constructed with the Large Subunit (LSU) of ribosomal DNA. [2] In general, many fungi in the Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae are thought to be widespread, yet there is still little known about their individual distributions or the range of hosts that they inhabit. [3] After the family was formally split out from Mycosphaerella in 2007, [2] many new species have been described in this family including a number of causal agents in leaf diseases and stem cankers of Eucalyptus in Uruguay [3] [4] and Australia. [5] [6]
As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020 (with amount of species); [1]
This family of fungi is notable in that it contains a number of extremeotolerant, so-called black yeast fungi. [2] A number of these black yeast fungi in the Teratosphaeriaceae are considered 'rock-inhabiting', and manage to survive on the often-harsh exposed surfaces of rocks [7] in a range of extreme climates, including in Antarctica. [8] While some of the members of this family live in harsh environments, including the newly described genus Acidiella that grows in highly acidic soils (pH < 3) in Europe, [9] other closely related species are found as lichens or on plant surfaces. [10] This family, for example, contains a number of previously recognized leaf spot pathogens and endophytes. [11] [12] Sequences from the plant pathogen Teratosphaeria microspora were even found in a high-throughput screen of fungal spores in indoor dust. [13]
Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi. It comprises 11 orders 90 families, 1,300 genera and over 19,000 known species. Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more orders to the class.
The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate, it contained 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species. The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water, marine, or terrestrial environments, but several species are also associated with living plants as parasites, epiphytes or endophytes. The best studied species cause plant diseases on important agricultural crops e.g. Cochliobolus heterostrophus, causing southern corn leaf blight on maize, Phaeosphaeria nodorum causing glume blotch on wheat and Leptosphaeria maculans causing a stem canker on cabbage crops (Brassica). Some species of Pleosporales occur on animal dung, and a small number occur as lichens and rock-inhabiting fungi.
Capnodiales is a diverse order of Dothideomycetes, initially based on the family Capnodiaceae, also known as sooty mold fungi. Sooty molds grow as epiphytes, forming masses of black cells on plant leaves and are often associated with the honeydew secreted by insects feeding on plant sap. This diverse order has been expanded by the addition of several families formerly thought unrelated and now also includes saprobes, endophytes, plant pathogens, lichens and rock-inhabiting fungi. The new additions include the genus Mycosphaerella containing the causal agents of several economically important crop and tree diseases. A small number of these fungi are also able to parasitise humans and animals, including species able to colonise human hair shafts.
The Mycosphaerellaceae are a family of sac fungi. They affect many common plants, such as eucalyptus, the myrtle family, and the Proteaceae. They have a widespread distribution.
Mycosphaerella is a genus of ascomycota. With more than 10,000 species, it is the largest genus of plant pathogen fungi.
The Phaeosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Species in the family have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are generally nectrotrophic or saprobic on a wide range of plants.
Teratosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Teratosphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, it was placed in the Phaeosphaeriaceae, but the placement within this family was uncertain. It was confirmed in 2020, within Teratosphaeriaceae by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.
Herpotrichiellaceae is a family of ascomycetous fungi within the order Chaetothyriales and within the class Eurotiomycetes. It contains 16 genera and about 270 species. The type genus of the family, Herpotrichiella, is now synonymous with Capronia.
Black yeasts, sometimes also black fungi, dematiaceous fungi, microcolonial fungi or meristematic fungi is a diverse group of slow-growing microfungi which reproduce mostly asexually. Only few genera reproduce by budding cells, while in others hyphal or meristematic (isodiametric) reproduction is preponderant. Black yeasts share some distinctive characteristics, in particular a dark colouration (melanisation) of their cell wall. Morphological plasticity, incrustation of the cell wall with melanins and presence of other protective substances like carotenoids and mycosporines represent passive physiological adaptations which enable black fungi to be highly resistant against environmental stresses. The term "polyextremotolerance" has been introduced to describe this phenotype, an example of which is the species Aureobasidium pullulans. Presence of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin in the cell wall confers to the microfungi their characteristic olivaceous to dark brown/black colour.
Myrmecridium is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. It was circumscribed in 2007 and is distinguished from similar fungi by having entirely hyaline (translucent) vegetative hyphae and widely scattered, pimple-shaped denticles on the long hyaline rachis. The generic name derives from a combination of the Ancient Greek word "myrmekia", meaning "wart", and the suffix "-ridium" from "Chloridium".
Baudoinia is a fungal genus in the family Teratosphaeriaceae. It was created to hold the single species Baudoinia compniacensis, which was formerly known as Torula compniacensis. Four additional species were added to the genus in 2015. The genus was named in honor of the 19th-century French pharmacist Antonin Baudoin, who first recorded the description of a black, sooty mold that grew near distilleries in Cognac, France. The story of the rediscovery and renaming of this genus was told in an article in the magazine Wired in 2011.
Penicillium restingae is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which was isolated from soil of the Guaibim sandbank in Bahia in Brazil.
The Stachybotryaceae are a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales; the genera it contains have been described as "hyper-diverse".
Cordieritidaceae is a family of fungi in the order Cyttariales. Species in this family are saprobes or lichenicolous.
Xenodevriesia strelitziicola is a pathogenic ascomycete fungus in the class Dothideomycetes that infects the South African plant Strelitzia. It is the only species of the monotypic genus Xenodevriesia and family Xenodevriesiaceae.
Thedgonia is a genus of fungi in the family Drepanopezizaceae of the order Helotiales. They have been recorded in most places in Europe including Great Britain.
Professor Michael John Wingfield is a South African academic and scientist who studies plant pathology and biological control. He was the founding director of the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria. Wingfield has authored or co-authored over 1,000 scientific publications and is considered a leading expert in the field of forest health and invasive species. He has received numerous awards and honours throughout his career, including Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award and John Herschel Medal, the highest accolade from the Royal Society of South Africa. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa and the African Academy of Sciences. Wingfield has had several fungi named after him.
The Sporocadaceae are a family of fungi, that was formerly in the order Xylariales. It was placed in the Amphisphaeriales order in 2020.
Pararamichloridium is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Pararamichloridiaceae and within the monotypic order of Pararamichloridiales and also in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. They are saprobic on wood in terrestrial and freshwater habitats.
Coniothyriaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Pleosporales in the subclass Pleosporomycetidae and within the class Dothideomycetes. They are pathogenic or they can be saprobic on dead branches. They are generally a anamorphic species.