McLaren 570S

McLaren 570S
McLaren 570S
Overview
Manufacturer	McLaren Automotive
Production	2015–2021
Assembly	Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
Designer	Rob Melville
Body and chassis
Class	Sports car (S)
Body style	2-door coupé ; 2-door retractable hard-top convertible
Layout	Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive
Platform	Carbon Monocell II carbon fibre monocoque
Doors	Dihedral
Related	McLaren GT ; McLaren 675LT ; McLaren 600LT ; McLaren P1
Powertrain
Engine	3.8 L M838T E twin-turbo V8
Power output	570 PS (419 kW; 562 hp)
Transmission	7-speed Graziano SSG dual-clutch
Dimensions
Wheelbase	105.1 in (2,670 mm)
Length	178.3 in (4,529 mm)
Width	75.4 in (1,915 mm)
Height	47.3 in (1,201 mm)
Kerb weight	1,356 kg (2,989 lb) (570S coupé) (dry); 1,452 kg (3,201 lb) (570S coupé) (with fluids); 1,310 kg (2,890 lb) (540C) (dry); 1,438 kg (3,170 lb) (540C) (with fluids); 1,359 kg (2,996 lb) (570S Spider) (dry); 1,498 kg (3,303 lb) (570S Spider) (with fluids); 1,247 kg (2,749 lb) (600LT) (dry);
Chronology
Successor	McLaren Artura ; McLaren GT (570GT)

Last updated December 05, 2024

The McLaren 570S is a sports car designed and manufactured by the British car manufacturer McLaren Automotive, produced from 2015 until 2021. It was unveiled at the 2015 New York International Auto Show.^[6]^[7]

Design and specifications

The car is powered by a new iteration of the 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine already used in the 650S and P1, designated M838T E with thirty per cent of the parts redesigned. It delivers 562 hp (570 PS; 419 kW) and 443 lb⋅ft (601 N⋅m) of torque through a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission developed by Graziano Trasmissioni, as it is arranged in the car as a rear-mid engine configuration,^[8] The car can accelerate from 0–62 mph (0–100 km/h) in 3.2 seconds and can achieve a top speed of 204 mph (328 km/h). A total dry weight of 2,989 lb (1,356 kg) and maximum weight of 3,201 lb (1,452 kg) gives the 570S a power to weight ratio of 428 PS per tonne delivering a fuel economy of 25.5 miles per imperial gallon (11.1 L/100 km; 21.2 mpg_‑US) and CO₂ emissions of 249 g/km.^[8]

McLaren focused on delivering "day-to-day usability and driveability" against the most sporting model options in its range with increased luggage space, greater interior storage and leather upholstery options. The car is designed with aerodynamics in mind and the teardrop shaped cockpit helps achieve that objective. The rear of the car is inspired by the P1 and borrows the slim LED tail lights and diffuser styling from the flagship sports car. The car features dihedral doors, a trademark of McLaren as featured on its ultimate and super series cars.^[1]^[2]^[9]

Variants

540C

At the 2015 Shanghai Motor Show, the entry level McLaren Sports Series car named 540C was unveiled with 533 hp (540 PS; 397 kW) and 540 N⋅m (398 lb⋅ft) of torque. This new entry-level model focuses on "day-to-day usability and driveability" even more than that of the 570S with improved city driving and ride quality. The car can accelerate from 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 3.4 seconds and has a top speed of 199 mph (320 km/h).^[4] The 540C is cheaper than the 570S and went on sale shortly after its Shanghai debut. The 540C is not available in the US due to McLaren wanting to focus on the more powerful 570S model for the US market.^{[ citation needed ]}

570GT

At the 2016 Geneva Motor Show, McLaren presented another addition to the Sport Series and 570 line up, dubbed the 570GT. The 570GT is the less track focused, and more road trip worthy version of the 570S. The 570GT sports a side opening cargo hatch above the mid-mounted engine for additional cargo space in place of the engine cover of the 570S, slightly softer suspension settings and improved sound insulation. The 570GT went through a facelift at the start of 2018 which added ceramic brakes as standard and steel as a free option.

570S GT4 and Sprint

McLaren 570S GT4 JMHMcLaren.jpg — McLaren 570S GT4

Announced online in early 2016, and making their public debut at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, the 570S GT4 and 570S Sprint are the track oriented iterations of the 570S. McLaren disclosed shortly after the announcement, that the track cars were built alongside their base model. Changes include a new air jack suspension system, racing style aero package, and center-lock magnesium alloys wrapped in Pirelli racing slicks. McLaren also added a new race style cooling system and radiator, but the powertrain remained unchanged. The GT4 made its racing debut at the British GT Championship in April 2016. The 570S Sprint has been made commercially available for customers. The Sprint was built alongside the GT4 counterpart, but without the FIA restrictions required on the GT4. The car can be updated to the GT4 specifications at the owner's request.^[10]

570S Spider

The convertible version of the 570S was unveiled at the 2017 Goodwood Festival of Speed event. It borrows the roof folding mechanism from the Super Series line-up. The two-piece aluminium roof folds into a compartment located behind the seats of the car leaving the rear buttress in place. The roof folding mechanism takes 30 seconds to fold and unfold and is operable at speeds up to 48 km/h (30 mph). Unlike the 12C Spider and the 650S Spider, the 570S spider required no significant reengineering for the folding roof mechanism because of the carbon monocell used in the 570S. As a result, the 570S Spider is only 46 kg (101 lb) heavier than the coupe. The drivetrain of the Spider remains identical to that of the coupe which results in similar performance to the coupé counterpart with the roof up. The Spider has new forged aluminium wheels and three special launch colours namely Vega Blue, Sicilian Yellow and Ventura Orange. Deliveries of the Spider began in late 2017.^[11]^[12]

MSO X

To celebrate the Daytona 24 event, McLaren Newport Beach, the US dealer of McLaren commissioned ten bespoke cars from McLaren Special Operations based on the 570S GT4 race car, called the McLaren MSO X, created to create the feel of the GT4 race car without taking away everyday road usability, created from the standard McLaren 570S. The exterior of the car takes heavy influence from the GT4 race car and includes a carbon fibre roof with a functional 'goose neck' air intake mounted on the top which exits from a modified rear fascia, GT4 style rear wing which creates 100 kg (220 lb) of additional downforce, functional air intakes on the bonnet, tow hooks on the front and rear and a titanium exhaust system. The interior of the car is also designed to simulate the GT4 racer without taking away the creature comforts and includes exposed carbon fibre monocell throughout, carbon fibre racing bucket seats with customizable six point racing harness, Alcantara interior trim and a carbon fibre bulkhead located at the rear to store the helmets of the occupants while keeping the air conditioning system, parking assist, front lift system and GPS navigation system as standard equipment. The storage locker in the dashboard and the storage compartments at the front and rear have been removed in order to accommodate the air intakes and to keep the car feel as close to the race car as possible. All the ten cars feature distinctive liveries inspired by the iconic liveries featuring on the McLaren F1 GTR which competed in LeMans during the 1990s. The ten cars were delivered to their owners at an event organized at McLaren Newport Beach in January 2018. Like the 570S which it is based from, it shares the same performance figures.^[13]^[14]

600LT

In June 2018, McLaren unveiled the top-of-the-line sports series variant online. The car, called the 600LT is based on the 570S and is the third McLaren production car to receive the longtail treatment. Inspired by the 675LT and the F1 GTR Longtail, the body of the car has been extended by 73.7 mm (2.9 in). The car also features enhanced aerodynamic elements such as an extended front splitter and rear diffuser, new side sills, and an aero-enhancing fixed rear wing for increased downforce. McLaren claims that 23% parts on the 600LT are new as compared to the 570S. The carbon fibre monocoque utilised in the 600LT is modified and this combined with the extensive use of carbon fibre in the roof along with the cantrails and front fenders, results in a weight saving of 96 kg (212 lb) over the 570S, with the total weight amounting to 1,247 kg (2,749 lb). Another distinguishing feature of the 600LT is the lightweight titanium exhaust system which is mounted on top of the rear of the car which harks back to its original application in the Senna. The interior features sports bucket seats from the P1 and Alcantara trim but can be optioned with the much lighter bucket seats found in the Senna. The 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine utilised in the 600LT is tuned to produce a maximum power output of 600 PS (441 kW; 592 hp), hence the 600 in the name, and 620 N⋅m (457 lb⋅ft) of torque. This adds up to a power-to-weight ratio of 479 PS per tonne. Production of the 600LT started in October 2018.^[15]

600LT Spider

In January 2019, McLaren unveiled the convertible variant of the 600LT at the Detroit Auto Show. Due to the use of the same carbon monocoque as the other models in the 570S lineage, the 600LT Spider did not require any extra modifications to incorporate a folding hardtop roof. As a result, the Spider weighs 50 kg (110 lb) more than the coupé while maintaining the same performance statistics. The Spider has the same engine and aerodynamic components as the coupé and shares the roof folding mechanism with the standard 570S Spider which can be operated at speeds up to 40 km/h (25 mph).

The car can accelerate to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 2.9 seconds, to 200 km/h (124 mph) in 8.4 seconds (0.2 seconds more than the coupé) and can attain a top speed of 315 km/h (196 mph) with the roof retracted and 323 km/h (201 mph) with the roof closed.

The car can achieve a dry weight of 1,297 kg (2,859 lb) when equipped with the MSO ClubSport package which includes the removal of air-conditioning and radio, titanium wheel nuts and the replacement of the standard seats with the carbon fibre seats from the Senna. The car is the fifth McLaren model to have the Long Tail name.^[16]^[17]

620R

Unveiled online in December 2019, the 620R is a road legal iteration of the 570S GT4 race car. The car shares its Monocell II carbon fibre monocoque chassis with the 570S GT4 race car as well as the engine which, not subject to racing restrictions and ECU changes is now rated at 620 PS (456 kW; 612 hp) and 620 N⋅m (457 lb⋅ft) making it McLaren's most powerful sports series model. Other changes include semi-slick Pirelli P zero Trofeo R tyres with track only Pirelli racing slicks being optional, a bare minimum racing interior with the carpeting removed, carbon fibre racing seats with six-point harness, door pull straps, carbon fibre shift paddles, 12 o'clock mark on the steering wheel, McLaren Track Telemetry system (MTT) and deletion of air-conditioning and infotainment system; although they are available as no cost options, adjustable coilover motorsport dampers; which feature 32 individual settings per corner to allow the driver to tailor rebound and compression rates to their preferred settings, stiffer anti-roll bars have and track-focused carbon-ceramic brakes with 390 mm brake discs Arther front and 380 mm brake discs at the rear with forged aluminum calipers. The adjustable rear wing made from carbon fibre is shared with the 570S GT4 and allows the 620R to generate 185 kg (408 lb) of downforce at a speed of 250 km/h (155 mph). The large wheel sizes of the car (19 inch at the front, 20 inch at the rear) allow for no mechanical adjustment when the standard tires are switched for racing slicks. The rear wing has an integrated third brake light to make the car road legal.^[18]^[19]

Performance figures include 0-100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration time of 2.9 seconds, 0-200 km/h (124 mph) acceleration time of 8.1 seconds and a top speed of 322 km/h (200 mph) which is less than the 600LT due to the car's focus on aerodynamic enhancements. The production of the 620R was limited to 350 units, but due to COVID-19 complications, and a very poor marketing campaign on behalf of Mclaren, only 225 units were produced. Each car will come with a numbered plaque on the interior. Three basic interior colours will be offered namely Onyx Black with orange racing stripes, Silica White with orange racing stripes, and McLaren Orange with white racing stripes. A special colour palette will be offered by MSO along with a livery inspired by the Senna GTR.^[20]

Related Research Articles

The Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren is a grand tourer jointly developed by German automotive manufacturer Mercedes-Benz and British automobile manufacturer McLaren Automotive and sold from 2003 to 2010. When the car was developed, Mercedes-Benz owned 40 percent of the McLaren Group and the car was produced in conjunction between the two companies. The "SLR" name is an abbreviation for "Sport Leicht Rennsport", and was a homage to the Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR which served as the car's inspiration. The car was offered in coupé, roadster and speedster bodystyles, with the latter being a limited edition model.

The Ferrari 360 is a two-seater, mid-engine, rear wheel drive sports car manufactured by Italian automotive manufacturer Ferrari from 1999 until 2004. It succeeded the Ferrari F355 and was replaced by the Ferrari F430 in 2004.

McLaren Automotive is a British luxury automotive manufacturer based at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking, England. The main products of the company are sports cars, which are produced in-house in designated production facilities. In July 2017, McLaren Automotive became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the wider McLaren Group, which is wholly owned by Mumtalakat Holding Company, the sovereign wealth fund of the Kingdom of Bahrain.

The BMW M6 is a high-performance version of the 6 Series marketed under the BMW M sub-brand from 1983 to 2019.

The Aston Martin Vantage is a series of hand-built sports cars from the British automotive manufacturer Aston Martin. Aston Martin has previously used the "Vantage" name on high-performance variants of their existing GT models, notably on the Virage-based car of the 1990s. The modern car, in contrast, is the leanest and most agile car in Aston's lineup. As such, it is intended as a more focused model to reach out to potential buyers of cars such as the Porsche 911 as well as the exotic sports and GT cars with which Aston Martins traditionally compete.

The BMW M4 is a high-performance version of the BMW 4 Series automobile developed by BMW's motorsport division, BMW M, that has been built since 2014. As part of the renumbering that splits the coupé and convertible variants of the 3 Series into the 4 Series, the M4 replaced those variants of the BMW M3. Upgrades over the standard BMW 4 Series include an upgraded engine, suspension, exhaust system, brakes and weight reduction measures including increased use of carbon fiber, such as on the roof of the car.

The Lotus Evora is a sports car produced by the British company Lotus. The car, which was developed under the project name Project Eagle, was launched on 22 July 2008 at the British International Motor Show. The Evora S was launched in 2010 with a supercharged 3.5-litre V6. A facelifted and more powerful Evora 400 model was unveiled at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show, followed by another more powerful variant, the Evora GT430, which was unveiled in 2017.

The McLaren MP4-12C, later rebranded as the McLaren 12C, is a sports car produced by the British carmaker McLaren Automotive. Manufactured between 2011 and 2014 and designed by Frank Stephenson, the MP4-12C was available as both a coupe and a retractable hard-top convertible, the latter known as the "Spider".

The McLaren P1 is a flagship sports car produced by British marque McLaren Automotive. Styled by American car designer Frank Stephenson, it is the second installment in McLaren's Ultimate Series after the McLaren F1. Considered to be the spiritual successor to the F1, the P1 was one of the first high performance sports cars to be introduced incorporating hybrid technology; the Porsche 918 Spyder having begun taking orders prior to the P1 and the LaFerrari introduced alongside it. First shown as a concept on the 20th anniversary of the F1 at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, the P1 made its debut at the 2013 Geneva International Motor Show.

The Lamborghini Huracán is a sports car manufactured by Italian automotive manufacturer Lamborghini replacing the previous V10 offering, the Gallardo. The Huracán was revealed online in December 2013, making its worldwide debut at the 2014 Geneva Auto Show and was released in the market in the second quarter of 2014.

The McLaren 650S is a British sports car designed and manufactured by British automobile manufacturer McLaren Automotive. It was announced in February 2014 as a new model, but based on the existing MP4-12C with 25% new parts, and was formally unveiled at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show.

The Mercedes-AMG GT is a series of 2-door sports cars produced by German automobile manufacturer Mercedes-AMG. The car was introduced on 9 September 2014 and was officially unveiled to the public in October 2014 at the Paris Motor Show. While not directly replacing the SLS AMG, it is the second sports car developed entirely in-house by Mercedes-AMG. The Mercedes-AMG GT went on sale in two variants in March 2015, while a GT3 racing variant of the car was introduced in 2015. A high performance variant called the GT R was introduced in 2016. A GT4 racing variant, targeted at semi-professional drivers and based on the GT R variant, was introduced in 2017. In 2021, a new variant called the AMG GT Black Series was released. All variants are assembled at the Mercedes-Benz plant in Sindelfingen, Germany.

The McLaren 720S is a sports car designed and manufactured by British automobile manufacturer McLaren Automotive. It is the second all-new car in the McLaren Super Series, replacing the 650S beginning in May 2017.

The McLaren Senna is a limited-production mid-engined sports car manufactured by McLaren Automotive. The car is the third addition in the McLaren Ultimate Series, joining the F1 and the P1; however, it is not a direct successor to either of the cars. The Senna was unveiled online by the company on 10 December 2017, with the official unveiling taking place at the 2018 Geneva Motor Show.

The Dallara Stradale is a sports car manufactured by Italian automotive manufacturer Dallara. The Stradale is the first road car manufactured by the company, the company's main products being chassis development for other automobile manufacturers along with the development and construction of race cars. The Stradale is a barchetta in its basic form, with no doors, but is convertible to berlinetta, roadster and targa top body styles after the installation of interchangeable parts.

The McLaren Speedtail is a limited production hybrid sports car manufactured by McLaren Automotive, revealed on October 26, 2018. This car is the fourth edition in the McLaren Ultimate Series, after the Senna, the P1, and the F1. The car is also part of the 18 new cars or derivatives that McLaren will launch as part of its Track22 business plan.

The Audi R8 is the second generation of the R8 sports car manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Audi. The Type 4S is based on the Lamborghini Huracán and shares its platform and engine. The Type 4S was introduced at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show and its production began in late 2015.

The McLaren Elva is a limited-production mid-engine sports car manufactured by McLaren Automotive. The car is the fifth in the McLaren Ultimate Series, after the F1, the P1, Senna, and the Speedtail. The open-top sports car is inspired by the open top race cars developed by Bruce McLaren in the 1960s.

The McLaren Artura is a hybrid electric sports car designed and manufactured by the British car manufacturer McLaren Automotive since 2022. It is the third hybrid by the company since the P1 and Speedtail, and the first with a V6 engine.

The McLaren Solus GT is a limited-production track-only mid-engined sports car manufactured by McLaren Automotive. The car is the sixth addition in the McLaren Ultimate Series, joining the McLaren F1, McLaren P1, McLaren Senna, McLaren Speedtail, and McLaren Elva. It is based on the 2017 Super Vision Gran Turismo concept that appeared in the Sony Interactive Entertainment game Gran Turismo Sport. The car is designed to be an "extreme expression of track driving engagement", and will be limited to 25 units, all of which come with a custom moulded seat, FIA-homologated race suit, helmet, and a bespoke HANS.

References

1 2 "New McLaren 570S Coupé - pricing, specifications and pictures". Autocar.com. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
1 2 Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (25 March 2015). "First McLaren Sports Series Member Is The 570S Coupe: Official". Motor Authority. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
1 2 "McLaren 570S Coupe". McLaren Automotive . Retrieved 27 January 2018.
1 2 "specifications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
1 2 "McLaren 570S Spider". McLaren Automotive. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
↑ Adamczyk, Alicia (29 March 2015). "McLaren To Debut 570S Coupe At New York Auto Show". Forbes . Retrieved 30 March 2015.
↑ Nunez, Alex (25 March 2015). "The McLaren 570S is the Sports Series first car". Road & Track . Retrieved 30 March 2015.
1 2 "McLaren 570 S specifications". McLaren Automotive. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
↑ "The McLaren' 570S". mclaren.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
↑ "McLaren 570S GT4 and Sprint". McLaren Automotive. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
↑ Katsianis, Jordan (29 June 2017). "McLaren 570S Spider revealed". Evo magazine. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
↑ Crosse, Jesse. "McLaren 570S Spider, price and specifications". Auto car. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
↑ Silvestro, Brian (25 January 2018). "McLaren MSO X revealed". Road & Track magazine. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
↑ Gilboy, James (25 January 2018). "McLaren MSO X". The Drive. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
↑ Bigg, Martin (28 June 2018). "Meet The McLaren 600LT: The Most Savage Sports Series Yet". carbuzz. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
↑ Westbrook, Justin T. (16 January 2019). "2020 McLaren 600LT Spider: Which One Of You Bastards Is Gonna Do 197 MPH With No Roof". Jalopnik . Retrieved 17 January 2019.
↑ Dobie, Stephen (16 January 2019). "The McLaren 600LT Spider is a convertible track special". Top Gear . Retrieved 17 January 2019.
↑ Burn, Jonathan (9 December 2019). "New McLaren 620R unleashed with 610bhp". Auto Express. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
↑ Dobie, Stephen (9 December 2019). "The McLaren 620R is basically a cut-price Senna". Top Gear . Retrieved 9 December 2019.
↑ Padeanu, Adrian (9 December 2019). "McLaren 620R Revealed As Limited-Edition Race Car For The Road". Motor1. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

External links

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[autocar.co.uk-1] 1 2 "New McLaren 570S Coupé - pricing, specifications and pictures". Autocar.com. Retrieved 7 April 2015.

[motorauthority-2] 1 2 Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (25 March 2015). "First McLaren Sports Series Member Is The 570S Coupe: Official". Motor Authority. Retrieved 7 April 2015.

[sp3-3] 1 2 "McLaren 570S Coupe". McLaren Automotive . Retrieved 27 January 2018.

[sp1-4] 1 2 "specifications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.

[sp4-5] 1 2 "McLaren 570S Spider". McLaren Automotive. Retrieved 27 January 2018.

[6] Adamczyk, Alicia (29 March 2015). "McLaren To Debut 570S Coupe At New York Auto Show". Forbes . Retrieved 30 March 2015.

[7] Nunez, Alex (25 March 2015). "The McLaren 570S is the Sports Series first car". Road & Track . Retrieved 30 March 2015.

[sp2-8] 1 2 "McLaren 570 S specifications". McLaren Automotive. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[9] "The McLaren' 570S". mclaren.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2015.

[10] "McLaren 570S GT4 and Sprint". McLaren Automotive. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[11] Katsianis, Jordan (29 June 2017). "McLaren 570S Spider revealed". Evo magazine. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[12] Crosse, Jesse. "McLaren 570S Spider, price and specifications". Auto car. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[13] Silvestro, Brian (25 January 2018). "McLaren MSO X revealed". Road & Track magazine. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[14] Gilboy, James (25 January 2018). "McLaren MSO X". The Drive. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[15] Bigg, Martin (28 June 2018). "Meet The McLaren 600LT: The Most Savage Sports Series Yet". carbuzz. Retrieved 28 June 2018.

[16] Westbrook, Justin T. (16 January 2019). "2020 McLaren 600LT Spider: Which One Of You Bastards Is Gonna Do 197 MPH With No Roof". Jalopnik . Retrieved 17 January 2019.

[17] Dobie, Stephen (16 January 2019). "The McLaren 600LT Spider is a convertible track special". Top Gear . Retrieved 17 January 2019.

[18] Burn, Jonathan (9 December 2019). "New McLaren 620R unleashed with 610bhp". Auto Express. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[19] Dobie, Stephen (9 December 2019). "The McLaren 620R is basically a cut-price Senna". Top Gear . Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[20] Padeanu, Adrian (9 December 2019). "McLaren 620R Revealed As Limited-Edition Race Car For The Road". Motor1. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]