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Tuberculosis (TB),also known colloquially as the "white death",or historically as consumption,is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs,but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms,in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which,if left untreated,kill about half of those affected. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus,fever,night sweats,and weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
An epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period of time. For example,in meningococcal infections,an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic.
Tuberculosis managementdescribes the techniques and procedures utilized for treating tuberculosis (TB).
Partners In Health (PIH) is an international nonprofit public health organization founded in 1987 by Paul Farmer,Ophelia Dahl,Thomas J. White,Todd McCormack,and Jim Yong Kim.
TB Alliance is a not-for-profit product development partnership (PDP) dedicated to the discovery and development of new,faster-acting and affordable tuberculosis (TB) medicines. Since its inception in 2000,TB Alliance has worked to grow the field of available treatments for TB and now manages the largest pipeline of new TB drugs in history. It was founded in Cape Town,South Africa,and has since expanded. It is headquartered in New York City and has a regional office in Pretoria.
Globalization,the flow of information,goods,capital,and people across political and geographic boundaries,allows infectious diseases to rapidly spread around the world,while also allowing the alleviation of factors such as hunger and poverty,which are key determinants of global health. The spread of diseases across wide geographic scales has increased through history. Early diseases that spread from Asia to Europe were bubonic plague,influenza of various types,and similar infectious diseases.
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis caused by bacteria that are resistant to some of the most effective anti-TB drugs. XDR-TB strains have arisen after the mismanagement of individuals with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB).
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to treatment with at least two of the most powerful first-line anti-TB medications (drugs):isoniazid and rifampin. Some forms of TB are also resistant to second-line medications,and are called extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).
Bedaquiline,sold under the brand name Sirturo,is a medication used to treat active tuberculosis. Specifically,it is used to treat multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) along with other medications for tuberculosis. It is used by mouth.
Pretomanid is an antibiotic medication used for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis affecting the lungs. It is generally used together with bedaquiline and linezolid. It is taken by mouth.
Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis (TDR-TB) is a generic term for tuberculosis strains that are resistant to a wider range of drugs than strains classified as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis is tuberculosis that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin,any fluoroquinolone,and any of the three second line injectable TB drugs. TDR-TB has been identified in three countries;India,Iran,and Italy. The term was first presented in 2006,in which it showed that TB was resistant to many second line drugs and possibly all the medicines used to treat the disease. Lack of testing made it unclear which drugs the TDR-TB were resistant to.
Tuberculosis in India is a major health problem,causing about 220,000 deaths every year. In 2020,the Indian government made statements to eliminate tuberculosis from the country by 2025 through its National TB Elimination Program. Interventions in this program include major investment in health care,providing supplemental nutrition credit through the Nikshay Poshan Yojana,organizing a national epidemiological survey for tuberculosis,and organizing a national campaign to tie together the Indian government and private health infrastructure for the goal of eliminating the disease.
Delamanid,sold under the brand name Deltyba,is a medication used to treat tuberculosis. Specifically it is used,along with other antituberculosis medications,for active multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. It is taken by mouth.
The Bill &Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute is a non-profit biotechnology organization founded with the aim of bringing technologies and strategies to bear on the main health problems of the poor in low-income countries. The Gates MRI was organized as a subsidiary of the Bill &Melinda Gates Foundation who funded it with a $273 million 4-year grant.
Sarah Merritt Fortune is an American immunologist. She is a Full Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases in the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
Jaime Bayona García is a Peruvian physician who focuses on public health and he has become a specialist in studying the epidemiology of tuberculosis. He is also known for his case studies on HIV/AIDS in Peru and other developing countries. Dr. Bayona has also done work on how public health systems should improve,in terms of providing the best approach to help the sick that cannot afford health care.
Susan Swindells is an American AIDS researcher.
Lorna E. Thorpe is an American epidemiologist who is a professor and Director of the Division of Epidemiology at NYU Langone Health. She serves as Vice Chair of Strategy and Planning in the Department of Population Health and on the Board of the American College of Epidemiology.
India NAP Gail Houston Cassell is an American microbiologist whose research focuses on Mycoplasma species and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. She is vice president of TB drug development at the Infectious Disease Research Institute. In 1994 she was the president of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM).
References
- ↑ Lowry, Elizabeth. "UW's Chris Murray pushes strong medicine for global health". magazine.washington.edu. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- 1 2 "TB superstrains". hsph.harvard.edu. Fall 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- 1 2 Participant Biographies. 28 February 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ↑ "Megan Murray". hsph.harvard.edu. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ Powell, Alvin (September 23, 2004). "Drug-resistant TB strains may spread easily". news.harvard.edu. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ "Chasing epidemics in real time". hsph.harvard.edu. Fall 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ Powell, Alvin (December 8, 2005). "'What if' planning for bird flu outbreak under way". news.harvard.edu. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ Shaw, Jonathan (April 2007). "The SARS Scare". harvardmagazine.com. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ Davis, Nicole (November 20, 2007). "Scientists Decode Genomes of Diverse TB Isolates". news.harvard.edu. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ "Harvard researchers receive $14 million TB study grant". news.harvard.edu. January 22, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ Miller, Jake (September 1, 2013). "TB's Surprising Family Tree". hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ "Peru: Study Aims to Reveal How TB Spreads". pih.org. March 24, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ "Rapid Diagnostic Test for Ebola". ghsm.hms.harvard.edu. June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ "Editorial Board". journals.plos.org. Archived from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ "European Journal of Epidemiology". springer.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ Dutchen, Stephanie (May 1, 2017). "Tribute to a Tuberculosis Researcher". hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ Holzman, David (September 4, 2019). "Early Trouble". hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ↑ "BCG Vaccine against COVID-19: Dr. Megan Murray's Research & Videos". abundance.org. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
