Lycopodiopsida is a class of vascular plants known as lycopods, lycophytes or other terms including the component lyco-. Members of the class are also called clubmosses, firmosses, spikemosses and quillworts. They have dichotomously branching stems bearing simple leaves called microphylls and reproduce by means of spores borne in sporangia on the sides of the stems at the bases of the leaves. Although living species are small, during the Carboniferous, extinct tree-like forms (Lepidodendrales) formed huge forests that dominated the landscape and contributed to coal deposits.
Cupressaceae is a conifer family, the cypress family, with worldwide distribution. The family includes 27–30 genera, which include the junipers and redwoods, with about 130–140 species in total. They are monoecious, subdioecious or (rarely) dioecious trees and shrubs up to 116 m (381 ft) tall. The bark of mature trees is commonly orange- to red- brown and of stringy texture, often flaking or peeling in vertical strips, but smooth, scaly or hard and square-cracked in some species.
The Eurotiales are an order of sac fungi, also known as the green and blue molds. It was circumscribed in 1980.
Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi. It comprises 11 orders 90 families, 1,300 genera and over 19,000 known species. Traditionally, most of its members were included in the loculoascomycetes, which is not part of the currently accepted classification. This indicates that several traditional morphological features in the class are not unique and DNA sequence comparisons are important to define the class.
The order Sordariales is one of the most diverse taxonomic groups within the Sordariomycetes.
The Clavicipitaceae are a family of fungi within the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate placed 43 genera in the family, but a study in 2020 has increased this number to 50.
Epichloë is a genus of ascomycete fungi forming an endophytic symbiosis with grasses. Grass choke disease is a symptom in grasses induced by some Epichloë species, which form spore-bearing mats (stromata) on tillers and suppress the development of their host plant's inflorescence. For most of their life cycle however, Epichloë grow in the intercellular space of stems, leaves, inflorescences, and seeds of the grass plant without incurring symptoms of disease. In fact, they provide several benefits to their host, including the production of different herbivore-deterring alkaloids, increased stress resistance, and growth promotion.
Pleosporaceae is a family of sac fungi. They are pathogenic to humans or saprobic on woody and dead herbaceous stems or leaves.
The Hyaloscyphaceae are a family of fungi in the Helotiales order. Species in this family have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are saprobic, growing on dead wood and other plant matter.
The Melanommataceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Taxa are widespread in temperate and subtropical regions, and are saprobic on wood and bark.
The Didymosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. The family was erected by Anders Munk in 1953.
Unguiculariopsis is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Cordieritidaceae. It has 29 species.
Urceolella is a genus of fungi within the Hyaloscyphaceae family. The genus contains 23 species. Species Fungorum accepts 44 species.
Karstenia is a genus of fungi in the order Rhytismatales. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown, and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any family.
The Boliniaceae are a family of fungi in the Boliniales order. The family consisted of seven genera and 40 species in 2008. A new study found more genera and species in 2020.
The Lestoideidae are a family of damselflies occurring in South-east Asia, New Guinea and Australia. The family comprises two genera and nine species.
Dothidea is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Dothideaceae. The genus was first described in 1818 by Elias Magnus Fries. The type species is Dothidea sambuci.
Dothiora is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Dothioraceae.
Celotheliaceae is a family of fungi in the monotypic order Phaeomoniellales. The family was proposed in 2008 by Robert Lücking, André Aptroot, and Harrie Sipman, while the order was circumscribed in 2015. It is sister to the clade that includes the orders Verrucariales and Chaetothyriales. Molecular clock calculations suggest that the order originated when gymnosperm diversification occurred.
