Mothers Against Drunk Driving

Last updated
Mothers Against Drunk Driving
AbbreviationMADD
FormationSeptember 5, 1980;43 years ago (1980-09-05) [1]
FounderCandace Lightner
94-2707273 [2]
Legal status 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization
Headquarters Irving, Texas, United States [2]
Andrew Robinson [3]
Tess Rowland [3]
Stacey D. Stewart [3]
Affiliations MADD Canada,
Mothers Against Drunk Driving Foundation [2] MADD Brazil
Revenue (2013)
$33,433,562 [2]
Expenses (2013)$34,327,399 [2]
Endowment $10,000 [2]
Employees (2013)
426 [2]
Volunteers (2013)
8,582 [2]
Website www.madd.org

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is a non-profit organization in the United States, Canada and Brazil that seeks to stop driving with any amount of alcohol in the bloodstream, support those affected by drunk driving, prevent underage drinking, and strive for stricter impaired driving policy, whether that impairment is caused by alcohol or any other drug. The Irving, Texas-based [2] organization was founded on September 5, 1980, in California [1] by Candace Lightner after her 13-year-old daughter, Cari, was killed by a drunk driver. [4] There is at least one MADD office in every state of the United States [5] and at least one in each province of Canada. [6] These offices offer victim services and many resources involving alcohol safety. MADD has claimed that drunk driving has been reduced by half since its founding. [7]

Contents

Positions

According to MADD's website, "The mission of Mothers Against Drunk Driving is to end drunk driving, help fight drugged driving, support the victims of these violent crimes and prevent underage drinking." [8] Generally MADD favors strict policy in a variety of areas, including an illegal blood alcohol content of .08% or lower [9] [10] and using stronger sanctions for DUI offenders, including mandatory jail sentences, treatment for alcoholism and other alcohol abuse issues, ignition interlock devices, [11] and license suspensions; maintaining the minimum legal drinking age at 21 years; and mandating alcohol breath-testing ignition interlock devices for everyone convicted of driving while legally impaired.

MADD's founder Candace Lightner left the group in 1985. In the same year, Stevie Wonder added the song "Don't Drive Drunk" on the Woman in Red movie soundtrack that referenced MADD and summarized its policy positions.

In 2002, as reported by The Washington Times , Lightner stated that MADD "has become far more neo-prohibitionist than I had ever wanted or envisioned … I didn't start MADD to deal with alcohol. I started MADD to deal with the issue of drunk driving". [12]

Author Susan Cheever and the SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Problems have said MADD is a manifestation of the temperance movement. [13] [14] MADD "supports a substantial increase in taxation on alcoholic beverages as a means of covering the cost to society caused by misuse of alcohol". [15] MADD "advocates that schools and other organizations hosting social and athletic gatherings for youth take positive steps to ensure that alcoholic beverages not be present at those gatherings". [15]

History

On May 3, 1980, Carime Lightner, a 13-year-old girl, was killed by a drunken hit-and-run driver at Sunset and New York Avenues in Fair Oaks, California. The 46-year-old driver, who had recently been arrested for another DUI hit-and-run, left Carime's body at the scene. [4] Carime's mother, Candace (Candy) Lightner, organized Mothers Against Drunk Driving and subsequently served as its founding president. A 1983 television movie about Lightner garnered publicity for the group, which grew rapidly.

Logo of MADD used from 2002 to 2009 Former MADD Logo.jpg
Logo of MADD used from 2002 to 2009

In the early 1980s, the group attracted the attention of the United States Congress. Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) did not like the fact that youth in New Jersey could easily travel to New York to purchase alcoholic beverages, circumventing New Jersey's law restricting consumption to those 21 years old and older. [16]

The group had its greatest success with the enacting of a 1984 federal law, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, that introduced a federal penalty (a 5%—later raised to 10%—loss of federal highway dollars), for states that did not raise the minimum legal age for the purchase and possession of alcohol to 21. After the United States Supreme Court upheld the law in the 1987 case of South Dakota v. Dole , every state and the District of Columbia made the necessary adjustments by 1988 (but not the territories of Puerto Rico and Guam). In July 2010, Guam did raise its drinking age to 21. [17]

In 1985, Lightner objected to the shifting focus of MADD, and left her position with the organization.[ citation needed ]

In 1988, a drunk driver traveling the wrong way on Interstate 71 in Kentucky caused a head-on collision with a school bus; twenty-seven people died and dozens more were injured in the ensuing fire.[ citation needed ] Known as the Carrollton bus disaster, it equaled another bus crash in Kentucky in 1958 as the deadliest bus crash in U.S. history.[ citation needed ] In the aftermath, several parents of the victims became actively involved in MADD and one became its national president.[ citation needed ]

In 1990, MADD Canada was founded [18] with Toronto activist John Bates as chair. [19]

In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study of charitable and non-profit organization popularity and credibility. The study showed that MADD was ranked as the "most popular charity/non-profit in America of over 100 charities researched with 51% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing 'Love' and 'Like A Lot' for MADD". [20]

MADD released its first "Rating the States" report, grading the states in their progress against drunk driving, in 1991; as of this date,[ when? ] the report has been released an additional four times.[ needs update ][ citation needed ]

In 1999, MADD's National Board of Directors unanimously voted to change the organization's mission statement to include the prevention of underage drinking. [21]

In 2002, MADD announced its "Eight-Point Plan". This consisted of:

  1. Resuscitating the nation's efforts to prevent impaired driving.
  2. Increasing driving while intoxicated (DWI)/driving under the influence (DUI) enforcement, especially the use of frequent, highly publicized sobriety checkpoints.
  3. Enacting primary enforcement seat belt laws in all states.
  4. Creating tougher, more comprehensive sanctions geared toward higher-risk drivers.
  5. Developing a dedicated National Traffic Safety Fund.
  6. Reducing underage drinking.
  7. Increasing beer excise taxes to the same level as those for spirits.
  8. Reinvigorating court monitoring programs. [22]

In a November 2006 press release, MADD launched its 'Campaign to Eliminate Drunk Driving': this is a four-point plan to eliminate drunk driving in the United States using a combination of current technology (such as alcohol ignition interlock devices), new technology in smart cars, law enforcement, and grass roots activism. [23]

MADD's national president was Millie I. Webb in 2002. [22] Chuck Hurley became MADD CEO in 2005. [24] He retired in June 2010 and was replaced by Kimberly Earle, who had been CEO of Susan G. Komen for the Cure since 2007. [25] Earle left to become the president of a new foundation of Sanford Health in January 2012, the Edith Sanford Breast Cancer Foundation. [26] Debbie Weir replaced her as MADD's CEO.[ citation needed ]

In 2019, MADD Brazil was founded.[ citation needed ]

Funding

According to Obama-Coburn Federal Funding Accountability Transparency Act of 2006, MADD received $56,814 in funds from the federal government in fiscal year 2000, and a total of $9,593,455 between fiscal years 2001 and 2006. [27]

In 1994, Money magazine reported that telemarketers raised over $38 million for MADD, keeping nearly half of it in fees. This relationship continues to date. [28]

In 2001, Worth magazine listed MADD as one of its "100 best charities". [29]

In 2005, USA Today reported that the American Institute of Philanthropy was reducing MADD from a "C" to a "D" in its ratings. The Institute noted that MADD categorizes much of its fundraising expenses as "educational expenses", and that up to 58% of its revenue was expended on what the Institute considered fundraising and management. [30]

Charity Navigator rated MADD at 63.53 out of 100 on its financial rating scale and 96.00 out of 100 on its accountability and transparency scale for its 2013 fiscal year. [31] MADD reported that it spent 24.4% of its total expenses on fundraising that year. [31]

In 2014, MADD spent over $9 million on fundraising activities according to its 2014 tax return. [32]

Activities and criticisms

MADD SmartWheels bus in Toronto, Canada MADD SmartWheels.jpg
MADD SmartWheels bus in Toronto, Canada

Radley Balko, an advocate for decriminalizing drunk driving, [33] argued in a December 2002 article that MADD's policies were becoming overbearing. "In fairness, MADD deserves credit for raising awareness of the dangers of driving while intoxicated. It was almost certainly MADD's dogged efforts to spark public debate that effected the drop in fatalities since 1980, when Candy Lightner founded the group after her daughter was killed by a drunk driver," Balko wrote. "But MADD is at heart a bureaucracy, a big one. It boasts an annual budget of $45 million, $12 million of which pays for salaries, pensions and benefits. Bureaucracies don't change easily, even when the problems they were created to address change." [34] CharityWatch gives MADD a "C−" grade. [35]

Drunk driving laws

MADD was heavily involved in lobbying to reduce the legal limit for blood alcohol from BAC .10 to BAC .08. [36] In 2000, this standard was passed by Congress and by 2004, every state had a legal .08 BAC limit. [37] MADD Canada has called for a maximum legal BAC of .05. Although many MADD leaders have supported a lower limit, MADD has not called for a legal limit of .05 in the United States.

Victim impact panels

MADD promotes the use of victim impact panels (VIPs), in which judges require DWI offenders to hear victims or relatives of victims of drunk driving crashes relate their experiences. MADD received $5,547,693 in 2010 [38] from VIPs; much of this income was voluntary donations by those attending as some states do not allow a fee to be charged to offenders for non-legislative programs. Other states like California and Georgia require that a fee be paid in order to attend. In California, this fee ranges from $25 to $50 depending on the county and in Georgia this fee is $50. [39] Some states in the United States, such as Massachusetts, permit victims of all crimes, including drunk driving crashes, to give victim impact statements prior to sentencing so that judges and prosecutors can consider the impact on victims in deciding on an appropriate sentence to recommend or impose. The presentations are often emotional, detailed, and graphic, and focus on the tragic negative consequences of DWI and alcohol-related crashes. According to the John Howard Society, some studies have shown that permitting victims to make statements and to give testimony is psychologically beneficial to them and aids in their recovery and in their satisfaction with the criminal justice system. [40] A New Mexico study suggested that the VIPs tended to be perceived as confrontational by multiple offenders. Such offenders then had a higher incidence of future offenses. [41]

Grand Theft Auto

On April 29, 2008, MADD issued a press release criticizing the video game Grand Theft Auto IV saying it was "extremely disappointed" with the manufacturers. MADD has called on the ESRB to re-rate the game to Adults Only. They also called on the manufacturer (Rockstar) "to consider a stop in distribution – if not out of responsibility to society then out of respect for the millions of victims/survivors of drunk driving." [42] Players can drive drunk in Grand Theft Auto IV but doing so makes it harder to drive. [43] The game also explicitly recommends that the player take a taxi instead of driving, and the character makes humorous remarks suggesting that it is bad to drive drunk. Ignoring these will lead to consequences: if any police officer is around while the player is drunk driving, the player immediately becomes wanted by the police. [44]

Blood alcohol content

Prior to MADD's influence, drunk driving laws addressed the danger by making it a criminal offense to drive a vehicle while impaired — that is, while "under the influence of alcohol"; the amount of alcohol in the body was evidence of that impairment. The level specified at that time — commonly, 0.15% — was high enough to indicate drunkenness rather than impairment. In part due to MADD's influence, all 50 states have now passed laws making it a criminal offense to drive with a designated level of alcohol of .08% or higher. [37]

Sobriety checkpoints

MADD writes that "opponents of sobriety checkpoints tend to be those who drink and drive frequently and are concerned about being caught". [45]

Radley Balko, opponent of limits on drunk driving [33] and writer for Reason Magazine , discusses the possible social implications of some of MADD's policies in a 2002 article. He writes, "In its eight-point plan to 'jump-start the stalled war on drunk driving,' MADD advocates the use of highly publicized but random roadblocks to find drivers who have been drinking." [34]

Beer taxes

Balko criticizes MADD for not advocating higher excise taxes on distilled spirits, even though it campaigns for higher excise taxes for beer. He writes, "Interestingly, MADD refrains from calling for an added tax on distilled spirits, an industry that the organization has partnered with on various drunk driving awareness projects." [34] MADD writes, "Currently, the federal excise tax is $.05 per can of beer, $.04 for a glass of wine and $.12 for a shot of distilled spirits, which all contain about the same amount of alcohol." [46] Point 7 of MADD's 8-Point Plan is to "Increase beer excise taxes to equal the current excise tax on distilled spirits". [47]

Breath alcohol ignition interlock devices

Additionally, MADD has proposed that breath alcohol ignition interlock devices should be installed in all new cars. Tom Incantalupo of Newsday wrote: "Ultimately, the group said yesterday, it wants so-called alcohol interlock devices factory-installed in all new cars. "The main reason why people continue to drive drunk today is because they can," MADD president Glynn Birch said at a news teleconference from Washington, D.C." [48]

Sarah Longwell, a spokeswoman for the restaurant lobbying group American Beverage Institute, responded to MADD's proposals for ignition interlocks by stating "This interlock campaign is not about eliminating drunk driving, it is about eliminating all moderate drinking prior to driving. The 40 million Americans who drink and drive responsibly should be outraged." She also points out that "Many states have laws that set the presumptive level of intoxication at .05% and you can't adjust your interlock depending on which state you're driving in. Moreover, once you factor in liability issues and sharing vehicles with underage drivers you have pushed the preset limit down to about .02%. It will be a de facto zero tolerance policy." [49]

A review by the California Department of Motor Vehicles concluded that "interlock works for some offenders in some contexts, but not for all offenders in all situations. More specifically, ignition interlock devices work best when they are installed, although there is also some evidence that judicial orders to install an interlock are effective for repeat DUI offenders, even when not all offenders comply and install a device. California's administrative program, where repeat DUI offenders install an interlock device in order to obtain restricted driving privileges, is also associated with reductions in subsequent DUI incidents. One group for whom ignition interlock orders do not appear effective is first DUI offenders with high blood alcohol levels." [50]

See also

Related Research Articles

Drunk driving is the act of operating a motor vehicle with the operator's ability to do so impaired as a result of alcohol consumption, or with a blood alcohol level in excess of the legal limit. For drivers 21 years or older, driving with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08% or higher is illegal. For drivers under 21 years old, the legal limit is lower, with state limits ranging from 0.00 to 0.02. Lower BAC limits apply when operating boats, airplanes, or commercial vehicles. Among other names, the criminal offense of drunk driving may be called driving under the influence (DUI), driving while intoxicated or impaired (DWI), operating [a] vehicle under the influence of alcohol (OVI), or operating while impaired (OWI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Driving under the influence</span> Driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of an impairing substance

Driving under the influence (DUI) is the offense of driving, operating, or being in control of a vehicle while impaired by alcohol or drugs, to a level that renders the driver incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely. Multiple other terms are used for the offense in various jurisdictions.

Vehicular homicide is a crime that involves the death of a person other than the driver as a result of either criminally negligent or murderous operation of a motor vehicle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ignition interlock device</span> Breathalyzer for an individuals vehicle

An ignition interlock device or breath alcohol ignition interlock device is a breathalyzer for an individual's vehicle. It requires the driver to blow into a mouthpiece on the device before starting or continuing to operate the vehicle. If the resultant breath-alcohol concentration analyzed result is greater than the programmed blood alcohol concentration, the device prevents the engine from being started. The interlock device is located inside the vehicle, near the driver’s seat, and is directly connected to the engine’s ignition system. It is a form of electronic monitoring.

The American Beverage Institute is a trade group based in Washington, D.C. that lobbies on alcoholic drink related issues on behalf of the restaurant industry. It describes itself as "dedicated to protecting the on-premises dining experience - which often includes the responsible consumption of adult beverages." ABI was set up in 1991 by Richard Berman, executive director of the public affairs firm Berman and Company.

Neo-prohibitionism is a current movement to attempt to stop consumption of alcohol in society through legislation and policies which further restrict the sale, possession, and marketing of alcohol in order to reduce average per capita consumption and change social norms to reduce its acceptability.

DWI courts are a form of court that exists in some United States legal jurisdictions, that use substance-abuse interventions and treatment with defendants who plead guilty of driving while intoxicated or impaired. DUI courts may focus on repeat offenders and drivers with very high levels of blood alcohol at the time of the offense. As of December 2011, there were approximately 192 designated DUI courts in the United States, and approximately 406 drug courts that also accept DUI offenders.

MADD Canada is the Canadian arm of Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Its stated purpose is to stop impaired driving and to support victims. MADD Canada operates public awareness and education programs which focus on preventing impaired driving. Local activities are carried out by chapters in approximately 100 communities across Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Random checkpoint</span> Temporary military or police roadblock

A random checkpoint is a military and police tactic. In a military context, checkpoints involve the setup of a hasty roadblock by mobile truck- or armored vehicle-mounted infantry to disrupt unauthorized or unwanted movement or military activity and to check for valid identification and search for contraband, fugitives, or weapons that are not permitted in civilian hands. Random checkpoints are set up to achieve surprise, as opposed to known permanently located checkpoints, which suspects could circumvent. They are often established in locations where they cannot be observed by approaching traffic until it is too late to withdraw and escape without being observed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcohol laws of New Jersey</span> Laws governing alcoholic beverages in New Jersey

The state laws governing alcoholic drinks in New Jersey are among the most complex in the United States, with many peculiarities not found in other states' laws. They provide for 29 distinct liquor licenses granted to manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and for the public warehousing and transport of alcoholic drinks. General authority for the statutory and regulatory control of alcoholic drinks rests with the state government, particularly the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control overseen by the state's Attorney General.

Impaired driving is the term used in Canada to describe the criminal offence of operating, having care or the control of a motor vehicle while the person's ability to operate the motor vehicle is impaired by alcohol or a drug. Impaired driving is punishable under multiple offences in the Criminal Code, with greater penalties depending on the harm caused by the impaired driving. It can also result in various types of driver's licence suspensions.

The laws of driving under the influence vary between countries. One difference is the acceptable limit of blood alcohol content before a person is charged with a crime. Thresholds range from the limit of detection (zero-tolerance) to 0.08%. Some countries have no limits or laws on blood alcohol content.

Leandra's Law is a New York State law making it an automatic felony on the first offense to drive drunk with a person age 15 or younger inside the vehicle, and setting the blood alcohol content, or BAC, at 0.08. The bill was unanimously passed by the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate and then signed into law by Governor David Paterson on November 18, 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drunk driving</span> Operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol

Drunk driving is the act of driving under the influence of alcohol. A small increase in the blood alcohol content increases the relative risk of a motor vehicle crash.

Charles A. Hurley, commonly known as Chuck Hurley, is an American road safety campaigner. He was the Mothers Against Drunk Driving CEO from 2005-10.

Smart Start, Inc. is an American manufacturer of alcohol-monitoring technology, including Ignition Interlock Devices and portable alcohol breath-test devices. It provides services and technologies that prevent intoxicated drivers from operating a vehicle. In almost all cases, these devices are installed by court order due to DUI or DWI violations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcohol-related crime</span> Criminal activities that involve alcohol use

Alcohol-related crime refers to criminal activities that involve alcohol use as well as violations of regulations covering the sale or use of alcohol; in other words, activities violating the alcohol laws. Underage drinking and drunk driving are the most prevalent alcohol‐specific offenses in the United States and a major problem in many, if not most, countries worldwide. Similarly, arrests for alcohol-related crimes constitute a high proportion of all arrests made by police in the U.S. and elsewhere.

EN 50436 is a series of European Standards for ignition interlock devices on motor vehicles.

Intoxalock is the primary DBA of Consumer Safety Technology, LLC, which developed technology used by ignition interlock devices, which are breathalyzers installed in vehicles. They are based in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The devices are meant to deter people from driving while intoxicated, and are often mandated by courts of law for people who have DUI or DWI offenses.

Driving under the influence (DUI) occurs when a person operates a motor vehicle while under the influence of drugs or alcohol, or when the driver has a blood alcohol level of 0.08 or greater. Minors and young adults aged 18–20 can be charged with impaired driving based on blood alcohol levels of 0.01 or higher, and CDL license holders can be charged based upon blood alcohol levels of 0.04 or higher.

References

  1. 1 2 "Business Entity Detail Search: Mothers Against Drunk Driving". California Business Search. California Secretary of State. September 5, 1980. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Guidestar. December 31, 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 "Leadership". Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Accessed on July 29, 2021.
  4. 1 2 Friedrich, Otto (1985-01-07). "Man of the Year 1985". Time. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  5. ↑ "Mother's Against Drunk Driving (MADD) Local Offices". MADD- Mother's Against Drunk Driving. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  6. ↑ "WHo is MADD Canada". MADD Canada. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  7. ↑ MAD. "MAD - VOCA Funding". madd.org. Archived from the original on 2013-04-05.
  8. ↑ "Our story". Archived from the original on 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  9. ↑ "Guest Author – August 2022: A Missouri Sheriff Reminds us of the Dangers of Impaired Driving: Sheriff Brad Cole, Christian County, Missouri, National Sheriff's Association, Traffic Safety Committee Vice Chair". Mothers Against Drunk Driving. August 15, 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-09-29. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  10. ↑ tomroberts (September 8, 2023). "Mothers Against Drunk Driving's (MADD) 43rd anniversary". Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  11. ↑ Ignition Interlock - Issue Brief Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine from the MADD website
  12. ↑ Bresnahan, S. MADD struggles to remain relevant. Washington Times Metropolitan edition), August 6, 2002, B1-2
  13. ↑ Parrillo, Vincent N. (2008). Encyclopedia of Social Problems. SAGE Publications. p. 925. ISBN   9781452265926. Other modern organizations that reflect some elements of the temperance movement are Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and Students Against Drunk Driving (SADD).
  14. ↑ Cheever, Susan (2015). Drinking in America: Our Secret History. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN   9781455513864. Although the United States has been famous for drunkenness, it is also the birthplace of the world's most effective temperance movements, movements with very different goals: Alcoholics Anonymous and Motheresr Against Drunk Driving.
  15. 1 2 "Position Statements". MADD. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  16. ↑ "'21' turns 20". DRIVEN magazine. Spring 2004. Archived from the original on May 19, 2006 – via MADD.org.
  17. ↑ "Ramon Someros Oberiano Act" (PDF). guamlegislature.com. Legislature of Guam. 2 July 2010.
  18. ↑ "Learn More". MADD.ca. MADD Canada. Archived from the original on 2004-03-17.
  19. ↑ Csillag, Ron (27 November 2017). "MADD Canada founder John Bates fought against impaired driving". Globe and Mail Obituary. Retrieved 28 August 2022. MADD Canada was formed in 1990 "to create a national network of victims/survivors and concerned citizens working to stop impaired driving ... Mr. Bates was its first chairperson
  20. ↑ "The Charities Americans Like Most And Least". The Chronicle of Philanthropy . December 13, 1996.
  21. ↑ "Why has MADD changed its mission statement?". MADD.org. Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
  22. 1 2 "MADD Unveils 8-Point Plan to Jumpstart Stalled War on Drunk Driving". theautochannel.com. The Auto Channel. June 18, 2002. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
  23. ↑ "MADD Announces National Campaign to Eliminate Drunk Driving". MADD.org (Press release). Mothers Against Drunk Driving. November 20, 2006. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
  24. ↑ "Road safety pioneer Chuck Hurley "will always be a part of MADD"". Fast Lane. US Department of Transportation. 23 June 2010. Archived from the original on 15 November 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  25. ↑ Pearson-Hormillosa, Shashana (26 April 2010). "MADD names former Komen executive CEO". Dallas Business Journal. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  26. ↑ "Kimberly Earle to Lead the Edith Sanford Breast Cancer Foundation". PRWeb.com (Press release). Sanford Health. 24 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  27. ↑ Federal Assistance for Nonprofits in Irving, Texas from 2001- 2006 from usaspending.gov
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  30. ↑ Jayne O'Donnell MADD enters 25th year with change on its mind
  31. 1 2 "Mothers Against Drunk Driving". Charity Navigator. Accessed on January 19, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Form 990 2014" (PDF). MADD. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-11.
  33. 1 2 Balko, Radley (October 11, 2010). "Abolish Drunk Driving Laws". Reason .
  34. 1 2 3 "Targeting the Social Drinker Is Just MADD Archived 2012-10-12 at the Wayback Machine ," Balko, Radley (from the CATO Institute website)
  35. ↑ Charity Rating Guide and Watchdog Report, Volume Number 59, December 2011
  36. ↑ "Stricter blood alcohol limit for drivers: doctors, MADD". CBC News. November 27, 2001.
  37. 1 2 Nelson, Steven (28 May 2013). "MADD Founder: Don't Lower the Legal BAC Limit". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  38. ↑ "Form 990 2010" (PDF). MADD. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  39. ↑ MADD. "MADD - VIP SCHEDULE - GA". madd.org. Archived from the original on 2014-08-17.
  40. ↑ Victim Impact Statements—John Howard Society of Alberta Archived 2014-11-07 at the Wayback Machine , 1997
  41. ↑ "A Randomized Trial of Victim Impact Panels’ DWI Deterrence Effectiveness Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine ," W. G. Woodall, H. Delaney, E. Rogers, & D. R. Wheeler; Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions (CASAA), University of New Mexico
  42. ↑ "MADD’s Statement Regarding Grand Theft Auto IV" Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ↑ "Grand Theft Auto IV preview-splosion!" - Joystiq
  44. ↑ "Does GTA IV promote drunk driving?". destructoid. 3 May 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  45. ↑ Sobriety Checkpoints: Facts & Myths Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine from MADD's website
  46. ↑ Davies, Laurie (2005). "Chapter 2: Solutions to the Problem of Drunk Driving: 1. Reviving National Efforts to Prevent Drunk Driving". In Gerdes, Louise I. (ed.). Drunk Driving. Contemporary Issues Companion. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press / Thomson Gale. pp. 41–42. ISBN   978-0-7377-3077-7. LCCN   2004045562. OCLC   1200293906. OL   7898938M. IA1942303, ark:/13960/t1fk1tp83 – via Internet Archive.
  47. ↑ New 8-Point Plan To Jumpstart Stalled War On Drunk Driving Archived 2006-02-20 at the Wayback Machine from MADD's website
  48. ↑ Incantalupo, Tom (Nov 21, 2006). "MADD: Device key to keep drinkers off road". Newsday. Long Island / Melville, N.Y.: McClatchy-Tribune Business News. p. A06 – via ProQuest Central or U.S. Newsstream (NASSAU AND SUFFOLK Edition; Wire Feed), Gale OneFile: Business, or EBSCOhost Points of View Reference Source.{{cite news}}: External link in |via= (help)
  49. ↑ American Beverage Institute. "MADD Interlock Campaign Targets Responsible Social Drinkers". PR Newswire. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  50. ↑ California Department of Motor Vehicles An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Ignition Interlock in California Archived 2008-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
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