Drug Science

Last updated

DrugScience
Formation15 January 2010;14 years ago (2010-01-15)
Acting Chief Executive Officer
Anne Katrin Schlag [1]
Key people
 Barry Everitt, David Nutt
Website www.drugscience.org.uk
Formerly called
Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD)

Drug Science or DrugScience (originally called the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD)) is a UK-based drugs advisory committee proposed and initially funded by hedge fund manager Toby Jackson. [2] [3] It is chaired by Professor David Nutt and was officially launched on 15 January 2010 with the help of the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies. The primary aim of the committee is to review and investigate the scientific evidence of drug harms without the political interference that could result from government affiliation. [2] [4] [5] [6]

Contents

The establishment of the committee followed the controversial sacking of Professor Nutt, on 30 October 2009 as chair of the UK's statutory Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs by UK Home Secretary, Alan Johnson after the Equasy controversy. [7] [8] The controversy followed his Eve Saville Memorial Lecture (2009) at the Centre. [9]

Drug Science initially focused on reviewing official risk estimates for psychedelic drugs, ecstasy and cannabis, and increasing warnings of the dangers of ketamine. [3] In 2013, Drug Science launched the peer-review academic journal Drug Science, Policy and Law [10] published by SAGE. They currently have four working groups Medical Cannabis, [11] Medical Psychedelics, [12] Medical Psychedelics, [13] and Enhanced Harm Reduction. [14]

Drug harm comparison

In 2010, Drug Science published a ranking of drug harms in the UK, the results of which garnered significant media attention. [15] [16] [17] [18] Drugs were assessed on two metrics – harm to users and harms to society. The report found heroin, crack cocaine, and methamphetamine to be the most harmful drugs to individuals, with alcohol, heroin, and crack cocaine as the most harmful to others. Overall, alcohol was the most harmful drug, with heroin and crack cocaine in second and third place. Most notably, the report stated that the legal status of most drugs bears little relation to the harms associated with them – several class A drugs including ecstasy (MDMA), LSD and magic mushrooms featured at the very bottom of the list. Similar findings were found by a Europe-wide study conducted by 40 drug experts in 2015. [19] Since then, drug ranking by total harm research has come to the same conclusion. [20] [21]

A ranking of common recreational drugs in the UK - assessed by harm to user and harm to society. Alcohol, heroin and crack cocaine are the three most harmful drugs Drugscience-harm-ranking.jpg
A ranking of common recreational drugs in the UK – assessed by harm to user and harm to society. Alcohol, heroin and crack cocaine are the three most harmful drugs

Methods used in drug harm comparison

The results of the study were based on the opinions and judgment of 15 researchers, doctors, and a journalist. These opinions were exchanged and discussed during a 1-day workshop in accordance with a decision-making procedure called Multiple-Criteria-Decision-Analysis (MCDA). [6] This procedure attempts to structure the debate so as to eliminate biases, but given that it has no input other than the experience and knowledge of the participants involved, it is unlikely to be unbiased if the participants share a similar understanding of a subject, or if the science in the field is inadequate to make a good judgment.

Further Drug Harm Analyses

Drug Science has expanded its MCDA method to a number of contexts to measure the harms of various drugs and drug policies.

Using a similar multi-criteria decision analysis process as the 2010 drug harm ranking, Drug Science looked to rank the harms of all nicotine-containing products, including cigarettes, cigars, nicotine patches and e-cigarettes. The report concluded that e-cigarettes are 95% less harmful than conventional cigarettes, advice which was subsequently used in a report [22] by Public Health England on e-cigarettes and now forms part of the evidence-base for the positions of the UK Government [23] and the National Health Service. This figure was widely reported on in the press, [24] [25] but remains controversial as the long-term harms of e-cigarettes remain unknown.

Drug Science also undertook 2 MCDAs in 2015. The first was completed through a grant received by the EU Department of Justice and sought to rank the comparative harms of 20 drugs in the EU. The published report ranked alcohol and tobacco as the most harmful and in need of policy reforms, while drugs like cannabis and ecstasy ranked last. [26] The second MCDA was a comparison of policy responses to non-medical opioid usage. The final report, published in 2021, ranked state control of opioid supply as the most effective means of reducing harm, with absolute prohibition ranking as the least effective. [27]

Drug Science additionally contributes to international MCDAs for drug policy. In 2018, they supported a Norwegian drug policy MCDA, which ranked policy responses to cannabis and alcohol. The final report concluded that state control of cannabis and alcohol supply is the most effective to reduce the harms of both drugs. [28] In the same year, Drug Science provided support for an Australian MCDA on comparative drug harms, which ranked the harms of 22 drugs and largely mirrored the results of the original 2010 UK harm ranking. [29]

A multi-criteria decision analysis ranking of nicotine-containing product harm. Cigarettes and cigars are the most harmful by a considerable degree, with e-cigarettes some 95% less harmful than cigarettes. Nicotineharm.png
A multi-criteria decision analysis ranking of nicotine-containing product harm. Cigarettes and cigars are the most harmful by a considerable degree, with e-cigarettes some 95% less harmful than cigarettes.

Drugs Live

Drugs Live: The Ecstasy Trial is a two-part TV documentary aired on Channel 4 on 26 and 27 September 2012. The program showed an fMRI study on the effects of MDMA (ecstasy) on the brain, which was funded by Channel 4. The main researchers on the study were Drug Science's Val Curran and David Nutt who also appeared as guests on the show. Curran and Nutt oversaw research at Imperial College London, in which volunteers took part in a double blind study, taking either 83 mg of MDMA or a placebo before going into the fMRI scanner.

The documentary was presented by Christian Jessen and Jon Snow, and included debate on the harms of MDMA, as well as exhibiting the findings of the study. Some participants in the study also appeared on the show, including a vicar, an ex-soldier, writer Lionel Shriver, actor Keith Allen and former Liberal Democrat MP Evan Harris.

Following the success of The Ecstasy Trial, a second documentary aired on Channel 4, Drugs Live: The Cannabis Trial, on 3 March 2015. Snow, along with fellow journalists Matthew Parris and Jennie Bond, took part in "a groundbreaking trial," consuming cannabis in both skunk and hash form and having their brains imaged with an fMRI. [30] Throughout the program, Nutt and Drug Science Scientific Committee member, Professor Val Curran, gave expert commentary and interpreted the fMRI results. This experiment, funded by Channel 4, Drug Science, and the Beckley Foundation was a part of a larger trial at University College London (UCL), examining the effects of cannabis on the brain. [31]

Medical Cannabis and Project T21

In 2019, Drug Science launched the Medical Cannabis Working Group to provide guidance in the emerging medical cannabis sector. [32] The same year, they established Project T21 (originally Project Twenty21), Europe's largest medical cannabis patient data registry, aiming to create the UK's largest body of evidence for the effectiveness and tolerability of medical cannabis. [33] T21 allowed eligible patients to access affordable medical cannabis treatment, with their progress monitored to gather real-world evidence supporting NHS funding for such therapies. [34] By 2021, Drug Science published its first T21 paper, making findings accessible to the public, and the registry surpassed 1,000 registered patients, a significant milestone for medical cannabis research. [35] In 2022, T21 expanded to Australia in collaboration with the Australian College of Cannabinoid Medicine. [36]

After its 5th year, Project T21 ceased operation in 2024. [37]

Drug Science has additionally been involved with several cannabis studies, like collaborating with MedCan Support in 2023 to study cannabis use for rare childhood epilepsies. [38] Additionally, Drug Science has studied and published results regarding the usage of CBD-based medicines in controlling symptoms of Long COVID. This study has demonstrated that these medicines are safe and well-tolerated. [39]

Psychedelic Research

In 2020, Drug Science launched the Medical Psychedelics Working Group to promote a rational approach to psychedelic research and explore their therapeutic potential. This initiative aims to develop evidence-based policies and clinical practices for the use of psychedelics in medical settings. [13] In 2024, Drug Science partnered with UCL to study MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, focusing on its therapeutic potential. This collaboration seeks to address concerns that the 'psychotherapy' aspect of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy—which expert opinion considers crucial to long-term success involving MDMA as a psychotherapeutic agent—is not yet well understood and may be suboptimal.

Awards and Policy Acheivements

Drug Science publications

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MDMA</span> Psychoactive drug, often called ecstasy

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy, and molly, is an empathogen–entactogenic drug with stimulant and minor psychedelic properties. In studies, it has been used alongside psychotherapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. The purported pharmacological effects that may be prosocial include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, and pleasure. When taken by mouth, effects begin in 30 to 45 minutes and last three to six hours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Recreational drug use</span> Use of drugs with the primary intention to alter the state of consciousness

Recreational drug use is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness, either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime. When a psychoactive drug enters the user's body, it induces an intoxicating effect. Recreational drugs are commonly divided into three categories: depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Substance abuse</span> Harmful use of drugs

Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods that are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health, medical, and criminal justice contexts. In some cases, criminal or anti-social behavior occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long-term personality changes in individuals may also occur. In addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, the use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties, although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harm reduction</span> Public health policies which lessen negative aspects of problematic activities

Harm reduction, or harm minimization, refers to a range of intentional practices and public health policies designed to lessen the negative social and/or physical consequences associated with various human behaviors, both legal and illegal. Harm reduction is used to decrease negative consequences of recreational drug use and sexual activity without requiring abstinence, recognizing that those unable or unwilling to stop can still make positive change to protect themselves and others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Club drug</span> Category of recreational drugs

Club drugs, also called rave drugs or party drugs, are a loosely defined category of recreational drugs which are associated with discothèques in the 1970s and nightclubs, dance clubs, electronic dance music (EDM) parties, and raves in the 1980s to today. Unlike many other categories, such as opiates and benzodiazepines, which are established according to pharmaceutical or chemical properties, club drugs are a "category of convenience", in which drugs are included due to the locations they are consumed and/or where the user goes while under the influence of the drugs. Club drugs are generally used by adolescents and young adults.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Misuse of Drugs Act 1971</span> United Kingdom legislation

The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It represents action in line with treaty commitments under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.

Psychedelic therapy refers to the proposed use of psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, ayahuasca, LSD, psilocin, mescaline (peyote), DMT, 5-MeO-DMT,Ibogaine,MDMA, to treat mental disorders. As of 2021, psychedelic drugs are controlled substances in most countries and psychedelic therapy is not legally available outside clinical trials, with some exceptions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaporizer (inhalation device)</span> Device to vaporize substances for inhalation

A vaporizer or vaporiser, colloquially known as a vape, is a device used to vaporize substances for inhalation. Plant substances can be used, commonly cannabis, tobacco, or other herbs or blends of essential oil. However, they are most commonly filled with a combination propylene glycol, glycerin, and drugs such as nicotine or tetrahydrocannabinol as a liquid solution.

Commonly-cited arguments for and against the prohibition of drugs include the following:

The gateway drug effect is a comprehensive catchphrase for the often observed effect that the use of a psychoactive substance is coupled to an increased probability of the use of further substances. Possible reasons for the connection include environmental influence, impulsive people seeking both soft and hard drugs, alterations in the brain due to earlier substance exposure, as well as similar attitudes of people who use different substances, and therefore experience a "common liability to addiction". In 2020, the National Institute on Drug Abuse released a research report which supported allegations that marijuana is a "gateway" to more dangerous substance use; one of the peer-reviewed papers cited in the report claims that while "some studies have found that use of legal drugs or cannabis are not a requirement for the progression to other illicit drugs [...] most studies have supported the "gateway sequence"." However, a 2018 literature review conducted by the National Institute of Justice, which analyzed 23 peer-reviewed research studies, concluded "that existing statistical research and analysis relevant to the "gateway" hypothesis has produced mixed results", and that "no causal link between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs can be claimed at this time."

The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) is an American nonprofit organization working to raise awareness and understanding of psychedelic substances. MAPS was founded in 1986 by Rick Doblin and is now based in San Jose, California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Institute on Drug Abuse</span> Branch of the National Institutes of Health in the United States

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is a United States federal government research institute whose mission is to "advance science on the causes and consequences of drug use and addiction and to apply that knowledge to improve individual and public health."

The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) is a British statutory advisory non-departmental public body, which was established under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

The Beckley Foundation is a UK-based think tank and UN-accredited NGO, dedicated to activating global drug policy reform and initiating scientific research into psychoactive substances. The foundation is a charitable trust which collaborates with leading scientific and political institutions worldwide to design and develop research and global policy initiatives. It also investigates consciousness and its modulation from a multidisciplinary perspective, working in collaboration with scientists. The foundation is based at Beckley Park near Oxford, United Kingdom. It was founded in 1998, and is directed by Amanda Feilding, Countess of Wemyss.

Amanda Claire Marian Charteris, Countess of Wemyss and March, also known as Amanda Feilding, is an English drug policy reformer, lobbyist, and research coordinator. In 1998, she founded the Foundation to Further Consciousness, later renamed to the Beckley Foundation, a charitable trust which initiates, directs, and supports neuroscientific and clinical research into the effects of psychoactive substances on the brain and cognition. She has also co-authored over 50 papers published in peer-reviewed journals, according to the Foundation. The central aim of her research is to investigate new avenues of treatment for such mental illnesses as depression, anxiety, and addiction, as well as to explore methods of enhancing well-being and creativity.

Drug classification: making a hash of it? is a 2006 report written by the UK Science and Technology Select Committee and submitted to the British House of Commons. The report suggested that the current system of recreational drug classification in the UK was arbitrary and unscientific, suggesting a more scientific measure of harm be used for classifying drugs. The report also strongly criticised the decision to place fresh psychedelic mushrooms in Class A, the same category as cocaine and heroin.

Many urban legends and misconceptions about drugs have been created and circulated among young people and the general public, with varying degrees of veracity. These are commonly repeated by organizations which oppose all classified drug use, often causing the true effects and dangers of drugs to be misunderstood and less scrutinized. The most common subjects of such false beliefs are LSD, cannabis, and PCP. These misconceptions include misinformation about adulterants or other black market issues, as well as alleged effects of the pure substances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Nutt</span> English neuropsychopharmacologist

David John Nutt is an English neuropsychopharmacologist specialising in the research of drugs that affect the brain and conditions such as addiction, anxiety, and sleep. He is the chairman of Drug Science, a non-profit which he founded in 2010 to provide independent, evidence-based information on drugs. In 2019 he co-founded the company GABAlabs and its subsidiary SENTIA Spirits which research and market alternatives to alcohol. Until 2009, he was a professor at the University of Bristol heading their Psychopharmacology Unit. Since then he has been the Edmond J Safra chair in Neuropsychopharmacology at Imperial College London and director of the Neuropsychopharmacology Unit in the Division of Brain Sciences there. Nutt was a member of the Committee on Safety of Medicines, and was President of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychoactive drug</span> Chemical substance that alters brain function

A psychoactive drug, mind-altering drug, or consciousness-altering drug is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior. The term psychotropic drug is often used interchangeably, while some sources present narrower definitions. These substances may be used medically; recreationally; to purposefully improve performance or alter consciousness; as entheogens for ritual, spiritual, or shamanic purposes; or for research, including psychedelic therapy. Physicians and other healthcare practitioners prescribe psychoactive drugs from several categories for therapeutic purposes. These include anesthetics, analgesics, anticonvulsant and antiparkinsonian drugs as well as medications used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders, such as antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, and stimulants. Some psychoactive substances may be used in detoxification and rehabilitation programs for persons dependent on or addicted to other psychoactive drugs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julie Holland</span> Author, psychiatrist and psychoparmacologist

Julie Holland is an American psychopharmacologist, psychiatrist, and author. She is the author of five books, including Weekends at Bellevue: Nine Years on the Night Shift at the Psych ER, a memoir documenting her experience as the weekend head of the psychiatric emergency room at Bellevue Hospital in New York City An advocate for the appropriate use of consciousness expanding substances as part of mental health treatment, she is a medical monitor for MAPS studies, which involve, in part, developing psychedelics into prescription medication.

References

  1. ↑ "Drug Science Team".
  2. 1 2 Sacked scientist promises impartial drugs advice The New Scientist , January 2010
  3. 1 2 Jack, Andrew (16 January 2010). "Hedge fund chief backs drugs panel". Financial Times . Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  4. ↑ David Nutt (15 January 2010). "The best scientific advice on drugs". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  5. ↑ http://www.drugscience.org.uk/ Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs Homepage
  6. 1 2 Nutt, D. J.; King, L. A.; Phillips, L. D. (2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis". The Lancet. 376 (9752): 1558–1565. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.690.1283 . doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6. PMID   21036393. S2CID   5667719.
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  9. ↑ http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio4/tls/tls_20120918-0930a.mp3 David Nutt on The Life Scientific with Jim Al-Khalili, September 2012, BBC Radio 4
  10. ↑ Editorial. "SAGE & Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs launch new journal Drug Science, Policy and Law (August 1, 2013)". STM Publishing News. STM Publishing News. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  11. ↑ "Medical Cannabis Working Group".
  12. ↑ "Medical Psychedelics Working Group".
  13. 1 2 "Medical Psychedelics Working Group". Drug Science. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
  14. ↑ "Enhanced Harm Reduction Working Group".
  15. ↑ "Study compares drug harms". nhs.uk. November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
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  21. ↑ Bonnet, Udo; Specka, Michael; Soyka, Michael; Alberti, Thomas; Bender, Stefan; Grigoleit, Torsten; Hermle, Leopold; Hilger, Jörg; Hillemacher, Thomas; Kuhlmann, Thomas; Kuhn, Jens; Luckhaus, Christian; Lüdecke, Christel; Reimer, Jens; Schneider, Udo; Schroeder, Welf; Stuppe, Markus; Wiesbeck, Gerhard A.; Wodarz, Norbert; McAnally, Heath; Scherbaum, Norbert (2020). "Ranking the Harm of Psychoactive Drugs Including Prescription Analgesics to Users and Others–A Perspective of German Addiction Medicine Experts". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11: 592199. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.592199 . ISSN   1664-0640. PMC   7649209 . PMID   33192740.
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  24. ↑ "E-cigarettes are 95 percent less harmful than tobacco: UK study". Reuters. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  25. ↑ Roberts, Michelle (28 April 2016). "Give e-cigs to smokers, say doctors". BBC News. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
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  27. ↑ Rolles, Steve; Schlag, Anne Katrin; Measham, Fiona; Phillips, Lawrence; Nutt, David; Bergsvik, Daniel; Rogeberg, Ole (1 May 2021). "A multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) for evaluating and appraising government policy responses to non medical heroin use". International Journal of Drug Policy. 91: 103180. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103180. ISSN   0955-3959.
  28. ↑ Rogeberg, Ole; Bergsvik, Daniel; Phillips, Lawrence D.; van Amsterdam, Jan; Eastwood, Niamh; Henderson, Graeme; Lynskey, Micheal; Measham, Fiona; Ponton, Rhys; Rolles, Steve; Schlag, Anne Katrin; Taylor, Polly; Nutt, David (June 2018). "A new approach to formulating and appraising drug policy: A multi-criterion decision analysis applied to alcohol and cannabis regulation". The International Journal on Drug Policy. 56: 144–152. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.01.019. ISSN   1873-4758. PMID   29459211.
  29. ↑ Bonomo, Yvonne; Norman, Amanda; Biondo, Sam; Bruno, Raimondo; Daglish, Mark; Dawe, Sharon; Egerton-Warburton, Diana; Karro, Jonathan; Kim, Charles; Lenton, Simon; Lubman, Dan I; Pastor, Adam; Rundle, Jill; Ryan, John; Gordon, Paul (1 July 2019). "The Australian drug harms ranking study". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 33 (7): 759–768. doi:10.1177/0269881119841569. ISSN   0269-8811.
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  35. 1 2 Science, Drug (13 July 2021). "Project Twenty21 - July Update". Drug Science. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
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