International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines | |
Founded | 2000 |
---|---|
Founder | Franz-Josef „Franjo“ Grotenhermen |
Type | German non-profit registry of Cologne |
Focus | "Advance knowledge on cannabis, cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and related topics especially with regard to their therapeutic potential" |
Location |
|
Origins | Germany |
Area served | International |
Key people | Roger Pertwee, Manuel Guzman, Bonni Goldstein, Daniele Piomelli, Francisco Guimaraes, Kirsten Müller-Vahl , Ethan Russo, Raphael Mechoulam, Franjo Grotenhermen , Ilya Reznik, [1] Raquel Peyraube, Carola Pérez, Michael Krawitz, Clare Hodges |
Website | cannabis-med.org and iacmpatients.com |
Formerly called | International Association for Cannabis as a Medicine |
The International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines (IACM), formerly known as the International Association for Cannabis as a Medicine, is a non-profit scientific society founded in Cologne in 2000 [2] [3] and dedicated to the advancement of knowledge of cannabis and cannabinoid medicines among medical professionals. IACM is one of the few global non-profit medical societies or associations [lower-alpha 1] related to cannabis and Cannabinoids, along with the Society of Cannabis Clinicians [4] [5] and the International Cannabinoid Research Society.
The IACM was founded in 2000 as the International Association for Cannabis as a Medicine by a group of members of the German Association for Cannabis as Medicine (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Cannabis als Medizin). [3]
The chairmanship of the board of IACM has been held by different researchers along the years: [6]
The IACM has been known for holding updated lists of medical effects, possible clinical indications of cannabis products and side effects, which are seen by some as a reference. [7]
In June 2018, IACM took part in the open session of the World Health Organization's Expert Committee on Drug Dependence meeting related to medical cannabis [8] [9] and joined an official civil society statement [10] in December 2020 to the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs which resulted in the change of international scheduling of cannabis. [11] [12] [13] [14]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Board of IACM issued a statement saying that "there is no evidence that individual cannabinoids [...] or cannabis preparations protect against infection with the SARS-CoV2 virus or could be used to treat COVID-19" [15] [16] while mentioning that the IACM-Bulletin reported on several occasions on laboratory studies suggesting that cannabinoids may have antiviral or antibacterial effects.
IACM publishes a bi-weekly Bulletin in various languages. [17]
Between 2001 and 2004, IACM edited [18] the scholarly Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics [19] [20] published by Haworth Press. Since 2019, [3] [21] IACM has been one of the official societies of the journal Cannabis and Cannabis Research published by Mary Ann Liebert .
IACM only conducted one own clinical study: a cross-sectional survey completed by 953 participants from 31 countries about their methods of administration of medical cannabis. [22]
Starting in 2001 in Berlin, the IACM has been holding biannual scientific conferences [3] in Cologne in 2003, Leiden in 2015, Cologne in 2007 and 2009, Bonn in 2011, Cologne in 2013, Sestri Levante in 2015, [23] [24] Cologne in 2017, Berlin in 2019, [25] and the 20th anniversary conference of 2020 planned to be held in Mexico City took place online [3] [26] due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The association gives the IACM Awards to "outstanding clinicians and scientists for their major contributions to cannabinoid research and/or to the re-introduction of cannabis into modern medicine." [3] In 2014, IACM former chairman and board member Prof. Raphael Mechoulam was given a special award.[ citation needed ]
IACM has had patient representatives since 2001, elected as members of the Board of Directors of the organization. [27] In 2019, IACM created the IACM Patient Council, launched in 2022, whose purpose is to bring together groups of medical patient using cannabis and cannabinoids, in order for them to share their experience. [28] [29] The statutory articles of IACM describe the Patient Council as follows:
The IACM Patient Council consists of patients, caregivers of patients and nominees from IACM Partner Organisations, who want to support the work of the IACM. The number of members may be limited by the Board of Directors. Members counsel the board with regard to patient issues. Members of the IACM Patient Council may organize their own activities within the framework of the IACM and its conferences. [2] [30]
Title | Period | Name | Country | Organization |
---|---|---|---|---|
IACM patient representative | 2001–2011 | Clare Hodges | UK | Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics |
2011–2019 | Michael Krawitz | USA | Veterans for Medical Cannabis Access | |
2011–2019 | Alison Myrden | Canada | Law Enforcement Action Partnership | |
2011–2019 | Sarah Martin | UK | n/a | |
2017–2019 | Sébastien Béguerie | France | Union Francophone pour les Cannabinoïdes en Médecine | |
2017–2019 | Maximilian Plenert | Germany | Deutscher Hanfverband | |
Manager of the IACM patient council | 2019–present | Carola Pérez | Spain | Observatorio Español del Cannabis Medicinal |
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a terpenoid found in cannabis. It is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified on the plant. Its chemical formula C21H30O2 includes compounds, the term THC usually refers to the delta-9-THC isomer with chemical name (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. It is a colorless oil.
The effects of cannabis are caused by chemical compounds in the cannabis plant, including 113 different cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 120 terpenes, which allow its drug to have various psychological and physiological effects on the human body. Different plants of the genus Cannabis contain different and often unpredictable concentrations of THC and other cannabinoids and hundreds of other molecules that have a pharmacological effect, so the final net effect cannot reliably be foreseen.
Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana (MMJ), is cannabis and cannabinoids that are prescribed by physicians for their patients. The use of cannabis as medicine has not been rigorously tested due to production and governmental restrictions, resulting in limited clinical research to define the safety and efficacy of using cannabis to treat diseases.
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid discovered in 1940. It is one of 113 identified cannabinoids in cannabis plants, along with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and accounts for up to 40% of the plant's extract. As of 2022, clinical research on CBD included studies related to the treatment of anxiety, addiction, psychosis, movement disorders, and pain, but there is insufficient high-quality evidence that cannabidiol is effective for these conditions. CBD is also sold as a herbal dietary supplement promoted with unproven claims of particular therapeutic effects.
In the United States, the removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act is a proposed legal and administrative change in cannabis-related law at the federal level. It has been proposed repeatedly since 1972. The category is the most tightly restricted category reserved for drugs that have "no currently accepted medical use."
Cannabis tea is a cannabis-infused drink prepared by steeping various parts of the cannabis plant in hot or cold water. Cannabis tea is commonly recognized as an alternative form of preparation and consumption of the cannabis plant, more popularly known as marijuana, pot, or weed. This plant has long been recognized as an herbal medicine employed by health professionals worldwide to ease symptoms of disease, as well as a psychoactive drug used recreationally and in spiritual traditions. Though less commonly practiced than popular methods like smoking or consuming edibles, drinking cannabis tea can produce comparable physical and mental therapeutic effects. Such effects are largely attributed to the THC and CBD content of the tea, levels of which are drastically dependent on individual preparation techniques involving volume, amount of cannabis, and boiling time. Also in common with these administration forms of cannabis is the heating component performed before usage. Due to the rather uncommon nature of this particular practice of cannabis consumption in modern times as well as the legality of cannabis throughout the World, the research available on the composition of cannabis tea is limited and based broadly around what is known of cannabis as it exists botanically.
The Society of Cannabis Clinicians (SCC) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization registered in the United States, dedicated to educating healthcare professionals about the medical use of cannabis. Its mission is to unite into one association members of the various medical specialties and allied professionals with this common purpose. SCC is one of the oldest active organization of its kind, and one of the few global non-profit medical societies related to cannabis and cannabinoids, along with the International Cannabinoid Research Society and the International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines.
Raphael Mechoulam was a Bulgarian-born Israeli organic chemist and a professor in the Department of Natural Materials at the School of Pharmacy in the Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Mechoulam served as Rector of the university from 1979-1982. He was elected to the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities in 1994 and served as its scientific chair from 2007-2013. He was a recipient of the Israel Prize for Chemistry Research in 2000 and the Harvey Prize for 2019-2020.
Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of designer drug molecules that bind to the same receptors to which cannabinoids in cannabis plants attach. These novel psychoactive substances should not be confused with synthetic phytocannabinoids or synthetic endocannabinoids from which they are in many aspects distinct.
Dronabinol (INN), also known under the trade names Marinol and Syndros, is a generic name for the molecule of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the pharmaceutical context. It has indications as an appetite stimulant, antiemetic, and sleep apnea reliever and is approved by the FDA as safe and effective for HIV/AIDS-induced anorexia and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting only.
Clare Hodges, also known as Elizabeth Brice, was an English activist who advanced the medical understanding of cannabis and campaigned for its widespread benefit as a therapeutic medicine in the United Kingdom. Clare Hodges is the pseudonym that Elizabeth Brice used, Clare being her middle name and Hodges her mother's maiden name.
David Frederick Hepburn is a Canadian author and a retired medical doctor. He was a Canadian naval surgeon in the Persian Gulf War in 1991. He is the author of the book Doctor is In(sane) and he also writes columns by the names "Dave Barry of medicine" and the "Patch Adams of the podium" which are published simultaneously in Canada and the United States, as well as a radio show called "WiseQuack." He received the "Columnist of the Year" award for both the Arizona Newspaper Association and the Canadian Community Newspaper Association.
Cannabis in South Africa has been decriminalized for personal adult consumption in private by the Constitutional Court of South Africa. However, laws still prohibit its use outside of one's private dwelling as well as the buying and selling of cannabis. Regulations prohibiting the purchase of cannabis-containing products remain in effect, raising questions about the enforceability of the ruling.
Cannabis is currently illegal in Singapore for recreational purposes. Possession or consumption can result in a maximum of 10 years in prison, with a possible fine of $20,000, as well as caning, under the Misuse of Drugs Act. Trafficking, import or export of more than 500 grams may result in the death penalty. Medical cannabis is also not permitted, with very limited exceptions for cannabidiol (CBD) pharmaceuticals.
Cannabis in Italy is currently legal for medical and industrial uses, although it is strictly regulated, while it is decriminalized for recreational uses. In particular, the possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal use is a civil infraction. The possible sanctions for possession vary from the issuing of a diffida to first offenders, that is an injunction not to use the drug again; to the temporary suspension of certain personal documents for repeat offenders. Conversely, the unauthorized sale of cannabis-related products is illegal and punishable with imprisonment, as is the unlicensed cultivation of cannabis, although recent court cases have effectively established the legality of cultivating small amounts of cannabis for exclusively personal use. The licensed cultivation of cannabis for medical and industrial purposes requires the use of certified seeds; however, there is no need for authorization to plant certified seeds with minimal levels of psychoactive compounds.
The list includes and details significant events that occurred in the global history of national-level implementations of, or changes made to, laws surrounding the use, sale, or production of the psychoactive drug cannabis.
Medical cannabis research includes any medical research on using cannabis. Different countries conduct and respond to medical cannabis research in different ways.
For Alternative Approaches to Addiction, Think & do tank is an international non-profit organization working on drug policy, created in 2015 and based in Paris, France.
Michael Alan Krawitz is a US Air force veteran, Executive Director of the non-profit Veterans for Medical Cannabis Access, researcher on the history of medical cannabis, and international advocate for cannabis policy reform with FAAAT think & do tank and the International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines.
The removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961 is a change in international law that took place in 2021, on the basis of a scientific assessment by the World Health Organization.