Cannabis Social Club

Last updated

A Cannabis Social Club (CSC), sometimes called Cannabis Club, Cannabis Association, or Teapad, is a type of cannabis retail outlet, an industry model for regulated cannabis [1] organised as non-profit cooperatives in which cannabis is cultivated, shared, and enjoyed collectively, usually for the purpose of relaxing or for social communion.

Contents

These places differ from standard cannabis dispensaries, or Dutch coffeeshops, in that those are operating in a for-profit basis open to all adults, whereas Cannabis Clubs operate on non-profit grounds and only allow access to registered members. [2] Research suggests that CSCs can have positive outcomes in terms of public health and harm reduction.

History

1920s and the early concept in Northern America

Cannabis consumers clubs became popular in the United States during prohibition. Cannabis was often used as a legal intoxicant since alcohol was illegal. [3] Teapads were developed as clubs in urban areas where jazz music was performed and cannabis was consumed. [4]

Teapads usually catered to those in the jazz scene and were usually furnished comfortably, often playing jazz music. [5] Music in homage from these clubs arose; Gene Krupa even composed an entire album named "Teapad Songs Volume 1". [6]

These clubs disappeared after cannabis became illegal, although some groups (such as the early San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club) continued to operate a model with similar tenets.

2000s and the European model

During the 1990s and early 2000s, an important number of "cannabis users associations" appeared in Spain, mostly the Basque country and Catalonia regions. [7] Many of these Spanish groups were members of the pan-European non-government organization ENCOD [8] [2] which coined the expression Cannabis Social Club in 2005, as a way to better describe the conceptual economic and organizational model of these groups, associating it with the ethos of non-profit cooperatives. [9] The term was also thought as a way to enable the normalization of this model for the legal production and distribution of cannabis for adults. [10] [11]

Cannabis Social Clubs as developed in Spain are non-commercial organizations which organize the professional, collective cultivation of very limited amounts of cannabis, just enough to cover the personal needs of their club members. [12]

Cultivation, transport, distribution and consumption are subject to security and quality checks, and are done without publicity or advertisement of any kind. The members finance the system by subscriptions, according to their needs. Each member gets a value card with units, according to their credit, with a maximum limit per month and per year. The members are prohibited from reselling any cannabis obtained from the club, and are required to ensure that it is not consumed by minors. [13] In their European Cannabis Social Club Guidelines, [14] ENCOD explains:

CSCs are characterised by transparency, democracy and non-profitability. They function as an association, with complete openness about financial arrangements to their members, so the members can see how the costs are calculated and the money is spent. CSC's organise a general assembly at least once a year, where annual reports are discussed and approved. These reports include a full balance of income and expenses in the past fiscal year, according to the rules established for this purpose. A CSC is not a business in which there are economic benefits that are used for personal profit. The benefits are not shared between the partners, and therefore, it could be less attractive to criminal structures. Unlike cannabis distributors who operate on the illegal market, CSC's are willing to enter into dialogue with authorities to provide insight into their working methods, in the framework of the elaboration of regulation of cannabis. [14]

In contrast to the Cannabis Buyers Club, a CSC are not limited to medical-only use. In the United States, Cannabis Social Clubs often do not allow the dispensation of cannabis products onsite, but only allow consumption. They are sometimes referred to as Cannabis Consumption Clubs.

2010s onwards: enactment into national laws

While Cannabis Social Clubs have long been informally organized, and subject to legal uncertainty, this situation started to change in the mid-2010s, with the first enactment of the Cannabis Social Club model into laws.

Uruguay

In 2014, Uruguay adopted a law legalizing non-medical cannabis use and production under different dispositions, one of them allowing up to 45 citizens to create a not-for-profit organization to cultivate up to 99 plants and share the harvest among themselves. In the Uruguayan Law, Article 28 [15] establishes:

"The Institute for the Regulation and Control of Cannabis shall have the following powers: [...] D) Authorize cannabis membership clubs pursuant to the legal provisions in force and related regulations." [15]

Further disposition establish that "Membership clubs shall have a minimum of fifteen and a maximum of forty-five members. They may grow up to ninety-nine cannabis plants of psychoactive use and obtain as product of the crop a maximum annual storage proportional to the number of members and in accordance with the quantities specified for the non-medicinal use of psychoactive cannabis."

Spain

In 2017, the Parliament of Catalonia adopted a law regulating cannabis social clubs in that Spanish autonomous community. However, the law was cancelled a few months after its entry into force, [16] leaving Catalan cannabis social clubs (like in other parts of Spain) in a legal grey zone. In 2023, relying on this lack of legal certainty, the Mayor of Barcelona initiated a campaign of closure of the city's cannabis clubs. [17]

Malta

In December 2021, the Parliament of Malta adopted Bill No. 241 [18] [19] which creates the "Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis" and, in its Article 7A, authorizes Cannabis Social Clubs:

"it shall be permissible to establish, and an individual may be a member of, an organisation the membership of which shall consist only of individuals in their personal capacity and acting only in their own name the only purpose of which being the cultivation of the plant cannabis exclusively for its members in a collective manner to distribute it only to those members". [18]

CSCs in Malta would be able to provide their members with up to 7 grammes (1⁄4 oz) per day, with a maximum of 50 grammes (1+3⁄4 oz) per month. [20]

South Africa

In South Africa, after a 2019 Constitutional Court ruling decriminalising personal activities, CSCs have unfolded under the name of Dagga Private Clubs; [21] however, they remain in a legally grey area.

Switzerland

Although not legally-regulated as such, an experimental protocol allowing to develop Cannabis Clubs managed by universities, local authorities, research institutes, associations or foundations. [22] Pilot trials can be set up between 2021 and 2031, as enacted by Switzerland in 2021. [23] In early 2022, pilot trials with different modalities were approved in the cities of Basel, Lausanne and Zurich. [24] [25] [26]

Germany

According to a plan for cannabis reform presented in April 2023, [27] users in Germany would be able to purchase up to 25 grams (7⁄8 oz) of cannabis each day, but no more than 50 grams (1+3⁄4 oz) in a single month. The legal limit of members in Germany was proposed to be 500. [28] Non-profit cannabis social clubs in Germany are due to be legalised on 1 July 2024. [29] Membership of cannabis social clubs in Germany will only be legal for adult residents of Germany [29] and have a maximum membership number of 500. [30] Cannabis social clubs in Germany will also require permits. [31]

Cannabis Social Clubs throughout the world

Cannabis clubs regulated by law

Public health impacts

The organization ENCOD claims that CSCs "apply an active policy of prevention of harms and risks and promotion of safer methods of consumption of cannabis by its members" [46] and indeed research findings suggests that CSCs could have positive outcomes in terms of public health, [7] [47] although this is not necessarily always the case in practice. [48] In 2021, a study found "some significant gaps in providing information on risk and harm reduction, in offering health support services for general members and also in applying lab-tests on the actual cannabis being used at the CSC" [49] pointing at the "relationship between organizational and structural factors defining the Clubs and their harm reduction practices" as the underlying cause, as well as the grey legal area and absence of regulations in which the clubs often operate. [7] [50] [51]

The specific organizational modalities [52] of different cannabis social club' models and "auto-regulatory agency" [53] can play an important role in shaping a model reducing the risks associated with cannabis use and possible use disorders. [54]

The club model has also shown to be a potential vector for harm reduction strategies and prevention campaigns. [55] [56] [57] In addition, the "social" aspect of the club model has been pointed out as a vector for peer-led prevention early on. [58] [52] [59]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drug prohibition</span> Prohibition of drugs through law

The prohibition of drugs through sumptuary legislation or religious law is a common means of attempting to prevent the recreational use of certain intoxicating substances.

The European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies (ENCOD), originally European NGO Council On Drugs and development, is a network of European non-governmental organisations and citizens concerned with the impact of current international drug policies on the lives of the most affected sectors in Europe and the Global South. Since 1994 they have been working to advocate more just and effective drugs control policies, which include an integrated solution for all problems related to the global drugs phenomenon.

The Society of Cannabis Clinicians (SCC) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization registered in the United States, dedicated to educating healthcare professionals about the medical use of cannabis. Its mission is to unite into one association members of the various medical specialties and allied professionals with this common purpose. SCC is one of the oldest active organization of its kind, and one of the few global non-profit medical societies related to cannabis and cannabinoids, along with the International Cannabinoid Research Society and the International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drug liberalization</span> Process of reducing drug prohibition laws

Drug liberalization is a drug policy process of decriminalizing, legalizing, or repealing laws that prohibit the production, possession, sale, or use of prohibited drugs. Variations of drug liberalization include drug legalization, drug relegalization, and drug decriminalization. Proponents of drug liberalization may favor a regulatory regime for the production, marketing, and distribution of some or all currently illegal drugs in a manner analogous to that for alcohol, caffeine and tobacco.

<i>Marijuana</i> (word) Name for the cannabis plant

Marijuana, or marihuana, is a name for the cannabis plant, and more specifically, a drug preparation from it. "Marijuana" as a term varies in usage, definition and legal application around the world. Some jurisdictions define "marijuana" as the whole cannabis plant or any part of it, while others refer to "marijuana" as a portion of the cannabis plant that contains high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Some jurisdictions recognize "marijuana" as a distinctive strain of cannabis, the other being hemp. For legal, research and statistical reference, "marijuana" generally refers to only the dried leaves and flowering tops, with by-products such as hashish or hash oil being uniquely defined and regulated. The form "marihuana" is first attested in Mexican Spanish; it then spread to other varieties of Spanish and to English, French, and other languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis in Morocco</span>

Cannabis had been illegal in Morocco since the nation's independence in 1956, reaffirmed by a total ban on drugs in 1974, but was partially tolerated in the country. Cannabis has been cultivated in Morocco for centuries and the country is currently among the world's top producers of hashish. As of 2024, Morocco was the world's top supplier of cannabis. On May 26, 2021, the Moroccan parliament voted to legalize the use of cannabis for medical, as well as cosmetic and industrial purposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis retail outlet</span> Location at which marijuana is sold

A cannabis retail outlet is a location at which cannabis is sold or otherwise dispensed, either for recreational or for medical use.

Doctors for Drug Policy Reform, or D4DPR is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that serves as a global voice for licensed health professionals and scientists advocating for evidence-based drug policies and best practices that advance public health, reduce stigma, and minimize harm. D4DPR leverage the expertise, compassion, and influence of licensed health professionals to enact changes in drug policy necessary to improve public health, human rights, social justice, and consumer protections. D4DPR, formerly DFCR, was founded in 2015 by David L. Nathan. In 2021, Dr. Bryon Adinoff, an addictionologist, researcher, and editor-in-chief of the American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse succeeded Nathan to become D4DPR's second president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis in Spain</span>

Cannabis and hemp in Spain have a long and rich history. The plant has grown feral on the Iberian peninsula since prehistory and has been intensely cultivated, in particular for its fibres, throughout Spanish and Portuguese history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis in Belgium</span>

Cannabis is one of the most popular controlled substances for cultivation and consumption within the country of Belgium. Following global trends, cannabis consumption rates in Belgium have been steadily increasing across the country since the 20th century, and cannabis cultivation continues to expand rapidly on a national scale. Despite significant legal rework of cannabis-related laws since 2010, certain elements of the consumption and cultivation of cannabis are considered to exist within a “legal grey area” of Belgian law. Cannabis is technically illegal in Belgium, but personal possession has been decriminalised since 2003; adults over the age of 18 are allowed to possess up to 3 grams. The legal effort to restrict cultivation and growth has gradually subsided, resulting in an increase of the growth and consumption of cannabis and cannabis-related products.

Cannabis product testing is a form of product testing analyzes the quality of cannabis extracts, edibles, and THC and CBD levels in an emergent consumer market eager to sell adult use products. Analytical chemistry and microbiology laboratories are important entities in consumer protection. These labs not only determine the condition and viability of cannabinoids, water content, heavy metals, pesticides, terpenes, yeast, but also the presence of mold, mycotoxins, and solvents. These laboratories emerged when advocates of cannabis testing raised concerns about potential contaminants.

Drug abuse is a major and a growing problem in Tanzania. In 2011, the drug control commission reported that the number of people who are addicted ranges from 150,000 and 500,000. The National guideline for comprehensive package of HIV interventions for key and vulnerable populations in Tanzania estimates that there are 25,000 to 50,000 people who inject drugs in Tanzania in 2017 which contribute to the unending burden of HIV in the country. Most of the people who are involved in drug abuse in Tanzania are youths, who often engage in trafficking and consuming illegal drugs like cannabis and, they are mostly found in major cities of the country. The common illegal drugs in Tanzania are cannabis which remains widely used followed by heroin, khat, cocaine, marijuana and to a lesser extent inhalants such as petrol, glue and paints.

Discrimination against people with substance use disorders is a form of discrimination against people with this disease. In the United States, people with substance use disorders are often blamed for their disease, which is often seen as a moral failing, due to a lack of public understanding about substance use disorders being diseases of the brain with 40-60% heritability. People with substance use disorders are likely to be stigmatized, whether in society or healthcare.

The possession and use of cannabis is illegal in El Salvador for both recreational and medical purposes. The country is a signatory of the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, and has criminalized the production and distribution of the drug.

Drug checking or pill testing is a way to reduce the harm from drug consumption by allowing users to find out the content and purity of substances that they intend to consume. This enables users to make safer choices: to avoid more dangerous substances, to use smaller quantities, and to avoid dangerous combinations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FAAAT think & do tank</span> Global think tank on drug policy reform

For Alternative Approaches to Addiction, Think & do tank is an international non-profit organization working on drug policy, created in 2015 and based in Paris, France.

The International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Service (ICEERS) is a non-profit organization (NPO), headquartered in Barcelona. ICEERS is dedicated to transforming society's relationship with psychoactive plants by engaging with some of the fundamental issues resulting from the globalization of ayahuasca, iboga, and other ethnobotanicals. Founded in 2009, ICEERS is registered as a non-profit organization, and has charitable status in the Netherlands and Spain, and through partner organizations in the US and UK. ICEERS also has consultative status with the United Nations' ECOSOC.

The International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines (IACM), formerly known as the International Association for Cannabis as a Medicine, is a non-profit scientific society founded in Cologne in 2000 and dedicated to the advancement of knowledge of cannabis and cannabinoid medicines among medical professionals. IACM is one of the few global non-profit medical societies or associations related to cannabis and Cannabinoids, along with the Society of Cannabis Clinicians and the International Cannabinoid Research Society.

The Trans-European Drug Information (TEDI) project is a European database compiling information from different drug checking services located on the European continent. The non-governmental organizations feeding into the database are referred to as the TEDI network.

References

  1. ↑ European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction, 05.31.2016, Models for the legal supply of cannabis: recent developments - "Cannabis social clubs: production without retail sale"
  2. 1 2 Ghehiouèche, Farid; Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi; Beauchesne, Line; Marks, Amber; Bertrand, Olivier; Parés Franquero, Òscar; Del Valle, Joseba; Rainsford, Richard; Krawitz, Michael (2016). Cannabis Social Club: Policy for the XXIst century. A social, ethic, human-scale and health-based model addressing the misuse, abuse and potential damages due to cannabis use while countering the unregulated growth of cannabis supply (PDF) (Contribution to UNGASS 2016 – United Nations General Assembly Special Session on the world drug problem ed.). Vienna: FAAAT.
  3. ↑ "Marijuana History". Narconon International.
  4. ↑ "Marijuana Dictionary". Concept420. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
  5. ↑ Maisto, Stephen A.; Galizio, Mark; Connors, Gerard J. (January 2014). Drug Use and Abuse. Cengage Learning. ISBN   9781285455518.
  6. ↑ "I'm Feeling High and Happy - Gene Krupa and his Orchestra (1938)". Herb Museum. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
  7. 1 2 3 "Innovation Born of Necessity: Pioneering Drug Policy in Catalonia". www.opensocietyfoundations.org. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  8. ↑ "What is ENCOD ? - Encod.org". Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
  9. ↑ "WHAT IS A CANNABIS SOCIAL CLUB?". ENCOD. 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  10. ↑ Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi (2021-05-01). "Sustainable Cannabis Policy Toolkit". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3849036. S2CID   235195438. SSRN   3849036.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ↑ ConFAC (2020). Informe macroeconómico: fiscalidad de las asociaciones de personas consumidoras de cannabis (in European Spanish). Madrid: ConFAC.
  12. ↑ Drugs, Crime, and Justice: Contemporary Perspectives, Third Edition, p. 534, Larry K. Gaines, Janine Kremling, Waveland Press, 11.12.2013
  13. ↑ Code of Conduct for EU Cannabis Social Clubs, December 2011
  14. 1 2 ENCOD (2020). A regulatory model for cannabis access: Guidelines, European Cannabis Social Club. Antwerp: ENCOD.
  15. 1 2 3 Junta Nacional de Drogas (2019). REGULATION AND CONTROL OF CANNABIS MARKET: LAW 19.172 & DECREES (PDF). Montevideo: Presidencia de la República, Uruguay. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  16. ↑ Congostrina, Alfonso L. (2023-06-19). "Barcelona clamps down on cannabis tourism". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
  17. ↑ Sabaghi, Dario. "Barcelona City Council Threatens To Shut Down Cannabis Social Clubs". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
  18. 1 2 3 Parliament of Malta (2021). A Bill entitled "An act to establish the Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis and to amend various laws relating to certain cannabis activities" (PDF). Valletta: Parliament of Malta.
  19. ↑ "Authority on the Responsible Use of Cannabis Bill". Parliament of Malta. 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  20. ↑ "Cannabis associations should be 'safe spaces', NGOs propose". Times of Malta. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  21. ↑ "How and why do I open a Dagga Private Club?". Fields of Green for ALL. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  22. ↑ FOPH, Federal Office of Public Health. "FAQs on cannabis pilot trials". www.bag.admin.ch. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  23. 1 2 FOPH, Federal Office of Public Health. "Pilot trials with cannabis". www.bag.admin.ch. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  24. ↑ "Addiction: Premier essai pour du cannabis récréatif en Suisse". Le Matin (in French). 2022-04-19. ISSN   1018-3736 . Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  25. ↑ "Cannabis légal à Lausanne – Les clients de la Ville jouiront d'une forme d'impunité". Tribune de Genève (in French). 10 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  26. ↑ Neuchâtel, www rtn ch, RTN, Radio Télévision (14 September 2021). "Vente contrôlée de cannabis à Zurich dès l'automne prochain". www.rtn.ch (in Swiss French). Retrieved 2022-07-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ Hanf Journal: Die Eastside Growers: Handeln, nicht quatschen, 1.3.2011
  28. ↑ B, Daria (2023-05-07). "Occurring Cannabis Social Clubs in Germany". CannabizEU. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  29. 1 2 Hope, Russell (23 February 2024). "Cannabis: Germany legalises possession of drug for personal use". Sky News. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  30. ↑ Booth, Rich (26 February 2024). "Germany passes law to legalise cannabis – the ninth country to do so". The Independent. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  31. ↑ "Will cannabis legalisation in Germany lead to a boom in sales?". The Local. 26 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  32. ↑ "'Cannabis clubs' set for four Swiss cities - The Local". The Local Switzerland. Thelocal.ch. 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
  33. ↑ "Bundeskabinett beschließt Cannabisgesetz". Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (BMG) (in German). Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  34. ↑ ORF Salzburg: Marihuana: Club fordert Legalisierung, 14.05.2014
  35. ↑ Hanf Journal: Freispruch für „Trekt Uw Plant“, 15. March 2010
  36. ↑ VOC Nederland: Primeur: kijkje in eerste Nederlandse Cannabis Social Club, Tree of Life Amsterdam, 27.10.2014
  37. ↑ Medijuana Magazin: "Dem Ganja verdanke ich mein Leben", 5. Februar 2014
  38. ↑ Exploring Cannabis Social Clubs in South Africa, October 2024
  39. ↑ Hanf Journal: Spanien: Gerichtsverfahren gegen Cannabis-Anbau-Clubs eingestellt! [0 =show&we_cmd[1]=14191&we_cmd[4]=369 Archived] 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine 13. Decembre 2006
  40. ↑ "Where to Find Cannabis Clubs in Barcelona - Weed Map". CannabisBarcelona. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  41. ↑ "This unusual Colorado marijuana club is one of the few spots where you won't get busted for lighting up". Archived from the original on 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  42. ↑ "Inside a Colorado Pot Club". CBS News.
  43. ↑ "Madeline Martinez of the World Famous Cannabis Cafe". Oregon Live. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24.
  44. ↑ "SB236 Text".
  45. ↑ "DC Bans Private Marijuana Clubs, Making Legalization Even Murkier". Washingtonian.
  46. ↑ Decorte, Tom; Pardal, Mafalda; Queirolo, Rosario; Boidi, Maria Fernanda; Sánchez Avilés, Constanza; Parés Franquero, Òscar (2017-05-01). "Regulating Cannabis Social Clubs: A comparative analysis of legal and self-regulatory practices in Spain, Belgium and Uruguay". International Journal of Drug Policy. 43: 44–56. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.12.020. hdl: 1854/LU-8509050 . ISSN   0955-3959. PMID   28189980. S2CID   3934108.
  47. ↑ Ghehiouèche, Farid; Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi (2021). Demain, les Cannabis Social Clubs: Innovation sociale, modèle d'économie solidaire, et garde-fous sanitaire pour la régulation du cannabis en France. FAAAT.
  48. ↑ Pardal, Mafalda; Decorte, Tom (October 2018). "Cannabis Use and Supply Patterns Among Belgian Cannabis Social Club Members". Journal of Drug Issues. 48 (4): 689–709. doi:10.1177/0022042618791295. ISSN   0022-0426. S2CID   59295008.
  49. ↑ Obradors-Pineda, Anna; Bouso, José-Carlos; Parés-Franquero, Òscar; Romaní, José-Oriol (2021-11-01). "Harm reduction and cannabis social clubs: Exploring their true potential". International Journal of Drug Policy. 97: 103358. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103358. ISSN   0955-3959. PMID   34252786.
  50. ↑ Martínez Oró, David Pere (2018-09-18). "Las oportunidades económicas de la legalización del cannabis". Revista Cáñamo (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  51. ↑ Pardal, Mafalda; Decorte, Tom; Bone, Melissa; Parés, Òscar; Johansson, Julia (2020-07-18). "Mapping Cannabis Social Clubs in Europe". European Journal of Criminology. 19 (5): 1016–1039. doi:10.1177/1477370820941392. ISSN   1477-3708. S2CID   225626208.
  52. 1 2 Pardal, Mafalda (2018-06-01). ""The difference is in the tomato at the end": Understanding the motivations and practices of cannabis growers operating within Belgian Cannabis Social Clubs". International Journal of Drug Policy. 56: 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.02.016. ISSN   0955-3959. PMID   29539581. S2CID   3915415.
  53. ↑ Belackova, Vendula; Wilkins, Chris (2018-04-01). "Consumer agency in cannabis supply – Exploring auto-regulatory documents of the cannabis social clubs in Spain". International Journal of Drug Policy. 54: 26–34. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.12.018. ISSN   0955-3959. PMID   29367012.
  54. ↑ Queirolo, Rosario; Boidi, Maria Fernanda; Cruz, José Miguel (2016-08-01). "Cannabis clubs in Uruguay: The challenges of regulation". International Journal of Drug Policy. 34: 41–48. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.05.015. ISSN   0955-3959. PMID   27475713.
  55. ↑ Parés-Franquero, Òscar; Jubert-Cortiella, Xavier; Olivares-Gálvez, Sergi; Díaz-Castellano, Albert; Jiménez-Garrido, Daniel F.; Bouso, José Carlos (2019). "Use and Habits of the Protagonists of the Story: Cannabis Social Clubs in Barcelona". Journal of Drug Issues. 49 (4): 607–624. doi:10.1177/0022042619852780. ISSN   0022-0426. S2CID   196548453.
  56. ↑ Belackova, Vendula (2020). ""The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Weed": How Consumers in Four Different Policy Settings Define the Quality of Illicit Cannabis". Contemporary Drug Problems. 47 (1): 43–62. doi: 10.1177/0091450919897658 . ISSN   0091-4509. S2CID   213309158.
  57. ↑ Decorte, Tom; Pardal, Mafalda (2020), "Insights for the design of Cannabis Social Club regulation", Legalizing Cannabis, pp. 409–426, doi:10.4324/9780429427794-24, ISBN   9780429427794, S2CID   213711695 , retrieved 2022-07-03
  58. ↑ Belackova, Vendula; Tomkova, Alexandra; Zabransky, Tomas (2016). "Qualitative research in Spanish cannabis social clubs: "The moment you enter the door, you are minimising the risks"". The International Journal on Drug Policy. 34: 49–57. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.04.009. ISSN   1873-4758. PMID   27461986.
  59. ↑ Jansseune, Laurent; Pardal, Mafalda; Decorte, Tom; Parés Franquero, Òscar (2019). "Revisiting the Birthplace of the Cannabis Social Club Model and the Role Played by Cannabis Social Club Federations". Journal of Drug Issues. 49 (2): 338–354. doi:10.1177/0022042618815690. ISSN   0022-0426. S2CID   81294133.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.