Energy drink

Last updated

Energy drink
Energydrinks.jpg
A variety of energy drinks in a German supermarket shelf
Type Functional beverage
Country of origin Japan
Introduced20th century
ColorVarious
FlavorVarious
IngredientsUsually caffeine, various others

An energy drink is a type of functional beverage containing stimulant compounds, usually caffeine, which is marketed as providing mental and physical stimulation (marketed as "energy", but distinct from food energy). They may or may not be carbonated and may also contain sugar, other sweeteners, or herbal extracts, among numerous other possible ingredients.

Contents

They are a subset of the larger group of energy products, which includes bars and gels, and distinct from sports drinks, which are advertised to enhance sports performance. There are many brands and varieties in this drink category. [1] [2]

Energy drinks have the effects of caffeine and sugar, but there is little or no evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients have any effect. [3] Most effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine. [4] Other studies ascribe those performance improvements to the effects of the combined ingredients. [5]

Advertising for energy drinks usually features increased muscle strength and endurance, but there is no scientific consensus to support these claims. [6] Energy drinks have been associated with many health risks, such as an increased rate of injury when usage is combined with alcohol, and excessive or repeated consumption can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions. [7] [8] Populations at risk for complications from energy drink consumption include youth, caffeine-naïve or caffeine-sensitive, pregnant, competitive athletes and people with underlying cardiovascular disease. [9]

Ingredients and uses

Energy drinks are usually marketed to young people and provide the health effects of caffeine. [10] Health experts agree that energy drinks which contain caffeine do improve alertness. [10]

There is no reliable evidence that other ingredients in energy drinks provide further benefits, even though the drinks are frequently advertised in a way that suggests they have unique benefits. [10] [11] The dietary supplements in energy drinks may be purported to supply benefits, such as for vitamin B12, [10] [12] but no claims of using supplements to enhance health in otherwise normal people have been verified scientifically.

Marketing of energy drinks has been particularly directed towards teenagers, with manufacturers sponsoring or advertising at extreme sports events and music concerts, and targeting a youthful audience through social media channels. [13]

Effects

A can of Red Bull, the most popular energy drink worldwide as of 2020 Redbull Bosnia.jpg
A can of Red Bull, the most popular energy drink worldwide as of 2020
A health warning on a can of the Austrian Power Horse energy drink Power Horse Energy Drink336.jpg
A health warning on a can of the Austrian Power Horse energy drink

Energy drinks have the effects caffeine and sugar provide, but there is little or no evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients have any effect. [3] Most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine. [4] Advertising for energy drinks usually features increased muscle strength and endurance, but there is little evidence to support this in the scientific literature. [6]

According to the Mayo Clinic, it is safe for the typical healthy adult to consume a total of 400 mg of caffeine a day. This has been confirmed by a panel of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which also concludes that a caffeine intake of up to 400 mg per day does not raise safety concerns for adults. According to the EFSA this is equivalent to 4 cups of coffee (90 mg each) or 2 1/2 standard cans (250 ml) of energy drink (160 mg each/80 mg per serving). [14] [15] Adverse effects associated with caffeine consumption in amounts greater than 400 mg include nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, increased urination, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia), and dyspepsia. In the United States, caffeine dosage is not required to be displayed on product labels for food. However, companies often place the caffeine content of their drinks on the label regardless, and some advocates are urging the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change this practice. [16] [17]

Health problems

Excessive consumption of energy drinks can have serious health effects resulting from high caffeine and sugar intakes, particularly in children, teens, and young adults. [18] [19] Excessive energy drink consumption may disrupt teens' sleep patterns and may be associated with increased risk-taking behavior. [18] Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac problems, such as arrhythmias and heart attacks, and psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and phobias. [7] [8] [18] The consumption of caffeinated energy drinks has been associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular health, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, which can pose risks for individuals with underlying heart conditions. [20] In Europe, energy drinks containing sugar and caffeine have been associated with the deaths of athletes. [21] Reviews have noted that caffeine content was not the only factor, and that the cocktail of other ingredients in energy drinks made them more dangerous than drinks whose only stimulant was caffeine; the studies noted that more research and government regulation were needed. [18] [22]

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children not consume caffeinated energy drinks. [23]

History

Dr. Enuf, an "energy building" [24] soft drink containing caffeine and B vitamins, was created in the United States in 1949. [25] [26] The New York Times states that "the energy drink, as we know it", however, was born in post World War II Japan. [26] In 1962, Taisho Pharmaceutical produced Lipovitan D, a herbal “energizing tonic” that was sold in minibar-sized bottles. The tonic was originally marketed towards truck drivers and factory workers who needed to stay awake for long shifts. However, in Japan, most of the products of this kind bear little resemblance to soft drinks, and are sold instead in small brown glass medicine bottles, or cans styled to resemble such containers. These eiyō dorinku (literally, 'nutritional drinks') are marketed primarily to salarymen . Bacchus-F, a South Korean drink closely modeled after Lipovitan, also appeared in the early 1960s and targets a similar demographic.[ citation needed ]

In Europe, Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur, introduced the Red Bull product, a worldwide bestseller in the 21st century. Mateschitz developed Red Bull based on the Thai drink Krating Daeng, itself based on Lipovitan. Red Bull became the dominant brand in the US after its introduction in 1997, with a market share of approximately 47% in 2005. [27]

In New Zealand and Australia, the leading energy drink product in those markets, V, was introduced by Frucor Beverages. The product now represents over 60% of market in New Zealand and Australia. [28]

In 2002, Hansen Natural Company introduced the energy drink Monster Energy. [29] Hansen Natural Company changed their name to Monster Beverage Corporation after an agreement by shareholders to change the name after Monster Energy became the largest source of revenue. [30] The company's previous beverages were taken ownership of by the Coca-Cola Company. [31]

The energy shot product, an offshoot of the energy drink, was launched in the US with products such as 5-Hour Energy, which was first released onto the market in 2004. A consumer health analyst explained in a March 2014 media article: "Energy shots took off because of energy drinks. If you’re a white collar worker, you’re not necessarily willing to down a big Monster energy drink, but you may drink an energy shot." [32] [33]

In 2007, energy drink powders and effervescent tablets were introduced, whereby either can be added to water to create an energy drink. [34]

On 14 August 2012, the word energy drink was listed for the first time in the Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. [35]

Variants

By concentration

Energy shots

Energy shots are a specialized kind of energy drink. Whereas most energy drinks are sold in cans or bottles, energy shots are usually sold in smaller 50ml bottles. [36] Energy shots can contain the same total amount of caffeine, vitamins or other functional ingredients as their larger versions, and may be considered concentrated forms of energy drinks. The marketing of energy shots generally focuses on their convenience and availability as a low-calorie "instant" energy drink that can be taken in one swallow (or "shot"), as opposed to energy drinks that encourage users to drink an entire can, which may contain 250 calories or more. [37] A common energy shot is 5-hour Energy which contains B vitamins and caffeine in an amount similar to a cup of coffee. [38]

By ingredient

Caffeinated alcoholic drink

Energy drinks such as Red Bull are often used as mixers with alcoholic drinks, producing mixed drinks such as Vodka Red Bull which are similar to but stronger than rum and coke with respect to the amount of caffeine that they contain. [39] Sometimes this is configured as a bomb shot, such as the Jägerbomb or the F-Bomb—Fireball Cinnamon Whisky and Red Bull. [40]

Caffeinated alcoholic drinks are also sold in some countries in a wide variety of formulations. The American products Four Loko and Joose originally combined caffeine and alcohol before caffeinated alcoholic drinks were banned in the U.S. in 2010. [41] [42] [43]

Chemistry

A nutrition facts label for an energy drink Monster Energy drink supplement facts.jpg
A nutrition facts label for an energy drink

Energy drinks generally contain methylxanthines (including caffeine), B vitamins, carbonated water, and high-fructose corn syrup or sugar (for non-diet versions). Other common ingredients are guarana, yerba mate, açaí, and taurine, plus various forms of ginseng, maltodextrin, inositol, carnitine, creatine, glucuronolactone, sucralose or ginkgo biloba. [10]

In the United States, the caffeine content of energy drinks is in the range of 40 to 250 mg per 8 fluid ounce (237 ml) serving. [44] The FDA recommends that 400 mg per day is safe for adults, while 1200 mg per day can be toxic. [44]

Demographics

Globally, energy drinks are typically attractive to youths and young adults. [45]

A Red Bull distribution truck Red Bull Energy Drink GMC Truck.jpg
A Red Bull distribution truck

In 2017, global energy drink sales were about 44 billion euros. [46] In 2017, manufacturers were modifying the composition of energy drinks for reduced or no sugar content and lower calories, caffeine content, "clean" labels to reflect the use of organic ingredients, exotic flavors, and ingredients that may affect mood. [46]

Regulations

Some countries have certain restrictions on the sale and manufacture of energy drinks. A ban was challenged in the European Court of Justice in 2004 and consequently lifted. [47]

Australia and New Zealand

Prime energy drinks being sold a store in Sydney. A sign posted informs that the store restricts the sale of the drink to those under the age of 18 (the age of majority in Australia) and limits customers and groups to a maximum of six cans each. Prime 18+.jpg
Prime energy drinks being sold a store in Sydney. A sign posted informs that the store restricts the sale of the drink to those under the age of 18 (the age of majority in Australia) and limits customers and groups to a maximum of six cans each.

In Australia and New Zealand, energy drinks are regulated under the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code; limiting the caffeine content of 'formulated caffeinated beverages' (energy drinks) at 320 mg/L (9.46 mg/oz) and soft-drinks at 145 mg/L (4.29 mg/oz). Mandatory caffeine labeling is issued for all food products containing guarana in the country, [48] and Australian energy drink labels warn consumers to drink no more than two cans per day. [49] Bridgetown in Western Australia became the first place in Australia to ban the sale of energy drinks to persons under 18 years for four months as of February 2023. [50]

Canada

Canada limits the amount of caffeine per serving to 180 mg. Energy drinks are also subject to certain labelling requirements. [51] Some imported energy drinks have surpassed the legal limit and were recalled. [52] [53] The Canada Border Services Agency is supposed to stop such products from entering the country but does not often patrol energy drinks to verify that they meet regulations. [54]

Colombia

In 2009 under the Ministry of Social Protection, Colombia prohibited the sale and commercialization of energy drinks to minors under the age of 14. [55]

Denmark

In 1997, Denmark banned the sale of Red Bull. The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration criticized the functional beverages' added ingredients such as B vitamins, inositol, glucuronolactone, and taurine. It argued that nutritional supplements should be added to foods only when necessary for public health, such as in the case of iodised salt. High caffeine content was also stated as an issue – only amounts up to 150 mg/L were allowed in beverages; in 2009 the limit was raised to 320 mg/L and taurine and glucuronolactone were approved as ingredients, making energy drinks legal. [56] [57] As of 2024, the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration advises against energy drink consumption for children; with only limited consumption of energy drinks (250 mL (8.5 U.S. fl oz) per day, assuming no other caffeine intake) for children between 15 and 17 years old. [58]

Latvia

In June 2016, Latvia banned the sale of energy drinks containing caffeine or stimulants like taurine and guarana to people under the age of 18. [59]

Lithuania

In November 2014, Lithuania became the first country in the EU to ban the selling of energy drinks to anyone under the age of 18. The Baltic state placed the ban in reaction to research showing how popular energy drinks were among minors. According to the AFP reports roughly 10% of school-aged Lithuanians say they consume energy drinks at least once a week. [60]

Norway

Norway did not allow Red Bull for a time due to the high caffeine and taurine content. Classified as a drug, only limited amounts were allowed to be imported for personal use. In May 2009, it became legal to sell in Norway as the ban was in conflict with the European Economic Area's laws on free competition. The Norwegian version has reduced levels of vitamin B6. [61] [62] The Norwegian Food Safety Authority initially recommended an age limit on the sale of energy drinks in 2019. In 2024 the Norwegian Consumer Council called for an age limit after seeing energy drink sales increase dramatically since 2019. The Food Safety Authority, as of 2024, now disagrees with an age limit as it states it is hard to ascertain if children, specifically, are drinking more energy drinks. [63] [64] A majority of Norwegians support an age limit on energy drink purchases. [65]

Poland

Since 1 January 2024, energy drinks have been banned for individuals under the age of 18. [66]

Russia

In November 2012, President Ramzan Kadyrov of Chechnya (Russian Federation) ordered his government to develop a bill banning the sale of energy drinks, arguing that as a form of "intoxicating drug", such drinks were "unacceptable in a Muslim society". Kadyrov cited reports of one death and 530 hospital admissions in 2012 due to "poisoning" from the consumption of such drinks. A similar view was expressed by Gennady Onishchenko, Chief Sanitary Inspector of Russia. [67]

United Kingdom

In 2001, the UK Committee on Toxicity investigated Red Bull, finding it safe but issuing a warning against its consumption by children and pregnant women. [47]

In 2009, a school in Hove, England, requested that local shops refrain from selling energy drinks to students. Headteacher Falklanda Sanders added that "This was a preventative measure, as all research shows that consuming high-energy drinks can have a detrimental impact on the ability of young people to concentrate in class." The school negotiated for their local branch of the Tesco supermarket to display posters asking students not to purchase the products. [68] Similar measures were taken by a school in Oxted, England, which banned students from consuming drinks and sent letters to parents.

While not yet age-restricted by legislation, all major UK supermarkets have agreed to voluntarily stop the sale of energy drinks to under-16s. [69] The UK government plans to end the sale of energy drinks to under-16s in the future. [70]

In January 2018, many United Kingdom supermarkets banned the sale of energy drinks containing more than 150 mg of caffeine per liter to people under 16 years old; [71] this was followed by the UK government announcing that it planned to ban all sales of energy drinks to minors in 2019. [72] However, in 2022 such plans were reported to have been scrapped by Health Secretary Sajid Javid. [73]

United States

As of 2013 in the United States, some energy drinks, including Monster Energy and Rockstar Energy, were reported to be rebranding their products as drinks rather than as dietary supplements. As drinks they would be relieved of FDA reporting requirements with respect to deaths and injuries and can be purchased with food stamps, but must list ingredients on the can. [74]

Some places ban the sale of prepackaged caffeinated alcoholic drinks, which can be described as energy drinks containing alcohol. In response to these bans, the marketers can change the formula of their products. [75]

Uzbekistan

In January 2019, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev of Uzbekistan signed a law that imposes a number of restrictions on energy drinks. To protect the younger generation, a rule was introduced prohibiting the sale of energy drinks to persons under the age of 18. Advertising of energy drinks was prohibited on television and radio from 7:00 to 22:00. It was also completely banned in printed publications intended primarily for children and adolescents, in medical, sports and educational institutions. [76] [ clarification needed ]

India

In India, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) regulates the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and sale of energy drinks. As recommended by FSSAI, taurine is limited to 2000 mg/day, D-glucuronic-Y-lactone is limited to 1200 mg/day, Inositol is limited to 100 mg/day, and pantothenic acid is limited to 10 mg/day. [77]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caffeine</span> Central nervous system stimulant

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance globally. It is mainly used for its eugeroic, ergogenic, or nootropic properties. Caffeine acts by blocking binding of adenosine at a number of adenosine receptor types, inhibiting the centrally depressant effects of adenosine and enhancing the release of acetylcholine. Caffeine has a three-dimensional structure similar to that of adenosine, which allows it to bind and block its receptors. Caffeine also increases cyclic AMP levels through nonselective inhibition of phosphodiesterase, increases calcium release from intracellular stores, and antagonises GABA receptors, although these mechanisms typically occur at concentrations beyond usual human consumption.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red Bull</span> Brand of energy drinks sold by Red Bull GmbH

Red Bull is a brand of energy drinks created and owned by the Austrian company Red Bull GmbH. With a market share of 43%, it is the most popular energy drink brand as of 2020, and the third most valuable soft drink brand, behind Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Sinсe its launch in 1987, more than 100 billion cans of Red Bull have been sold worldwide, including over 12 billion in 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taurine</span> Aminosulfonic acid not incorporated into proteins

Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a non-proteinogenic naturally occurring amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine, and accounts for up to 0.1% of total human body weight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jolt Cola</span> Carbonated soft drink

Jolt Cola was a carbonated soft drink produced by The Jolt Company, Inc.. The cola drink was created in 1985 by C. J. Rapp as a highly caffeinated beverage. It was targeted towards students and young professionals, stressing its use as a stimulant in a similar manner as energy drinks. Its slogan reads "All the sugar and twice the caffeine!"

Caffeinism is a state of intoxication caused by excessive consumption of caffeine. This intoxication covers a variety of unpleasant physical and mental symptoms associated with the consumption of excessive amounts of caffeine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glucuronolactone</span> Chemical compound

Glucuronolactone or Glucurolactone (INN) is a naturally occurring substance that is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues. It is sometimes used in energy drinks. Unfounded claims that glucuronolactone can be used to reduce "brain fog" are based on research conducted on energy drinks that contain other active ingredients that have been shown to improve cognitive function, such as caffeine. Glucuronolactone is also found in many plant gums.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caffeinated drink</span> Type of drink

A caffeinated drink, or caffeinated beverage, is a drink that contains caffeine, a stimulant that is legal practically all over the world. Some are naturally caffeinated while others have caffeine added as an ingredient.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vodka Red Bull</span> Caffeinated alcoholic beverage

Vodka Red Bull is a caffeinated alcoholic drink consisting of the energy drink Red Bull and varying amounts of vodka. Although some people consider it a cocktail, it fails to meet this definition under the International Bartending Association's criteria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rockstar (drink)</span> Energy drink trademark

Rockstar is an energy drink created in 2001, which, as of 2020, had a 10% market share of the global energy drink market, the third-highest after Red Bull and Monster Energy. Rockstar is based in Purchase, New York. As of January 2013, Rockstar Energy Drink was available in more than 20 flavors and in more than 30 countries. Since March 2020 Rockstar is a part of PepsiCo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sparks (drink)</span> Alcoholic beverage

Sparks was an alcoholic beverage that debuted in the US market in 2002. The original formulation contained caffeine, one of the first alcoholic beverages to do so. Its other original active ingredients included taurine, ginseng and guarana, common to energy drinks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tab Energy</span> Energy drink

Tab Energy was a low calorie energy drink created by The Coca-Cola Company. The beverage is unique as it is sweetened with sucralose, it has a translucent pink color, and is lightly carbonated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Four Loko</span> Line of alcoholic drinks

Four Loko is a line of alcoholic beverages sold by Phusion Projects of Chicago, Illinois, United States. Four Loko's recipe formerly included caffeine. Phusion operates as Drink Four Brewing Company. Four Loko, the company's most popular beverage, debuted in the United States market in 2005 and is available in 49 states, and in 21 countries including Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay, The Bahamas, Peru, Mexico, Colombia, Bolivia, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, China, Canada and some countries in Europe. The name "Four" is derived from the original drink having four "key ingredients".

Cocaine, also known as No Name, is a highly caffeinated energy drink distributed by Redux Beverages. It contains more caffeine than rival energy drinks Red Bull and Rockstar, symbolized by three and a half steer heads on the label. Aside from caffeine, the label claims 750 milligrams of taurine, another common ingredient found in many energy drinks.

Tilt was an alcoholic beverage launched by Anheuser-Busch in the United States in August 2005. It was sold in 16 and 24 fluid ounce cans. Its alcoholic content by volume varied. In 16oz cans, it ranged from 4-6.6% depending on state laws. In 24oz cans, its alcoholic content by volume was originally 12%, but was later lowered to 8% in 2010. The drink was reformulated in 2008.

Energy shots are a specialized kind of energy drink that contain a dose of the stimulant caffeine in a small amount of liquid. Whereas most energy drinks are sold in cans or bottles, energy shots are usually sold in 50ml bottles. Energy shots can contain the same total amount of caffeine, vitamins or other functional ingredients as their larger versions, and may be considered concentrated forms of energy drinks. "Micro shot" energy drinks also exist, containing only 1–5 teaspoonfuls of liquid.

A functional beverage is a conventional liquid food marketed to highlight specific product ingredients or supposed health effects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caffeinated alcoholic drink</span> Drink containing both alcohol and caffeine

A caffeinated alcoholic drink is a drink that contains both alcohol and a significant amount of caffeine. Caffeine, a stimulant, masks some of the depressant effects of alcohol. However, in 2010 and 2011, this type of drink faced criticism for posing health risks to its drinkers. In some places there is a ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States</span>

The 17 November 2010 United States ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks is a ban which prevents the marketing and distribution of any prepackaged caffeinated alcoholic drink.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prime (drink)</span> Energy and sports drink

Prime is a range of sports drinks, drink mixes and energy drinks created and marketed by Prime Hydration, LLC. The range is promoted and founded by internet personalities Logan Paul and Olajide "KSI" Olatunji. The announcement and the release of the product in 2022 was followed by a social media hype associated with these social media personalities, who have tens of millions of followers combined. It was also promoted through mainstream sports sponsorship deals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Celsius Holdings</span> American energy drink company

Celsius Holdings, Inc. is an American company that produces a range of fitness and energy beverages under the brand name Celsius. The company's products are marketed as healthy, a strategy that the CEO credits the brand's success to.

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