Cannabis and time perception

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The effect of cannabis on time perception has been studied with inconclusive results. [1] Studies show consistently throughout the literature that most cannabis users self-report the experience of a slowed perception of time. [2] [3] In the laboratory, researchers have confirmed the effect of cannabis on the perception of time in both humans and animals. [4] Studies have sought to explain how cannabis changes the internal clock. Matthew et al. (1998) looked at the cerebellum, positing a relationship between cerebellar blood flow and the distortion of time perception. [5]

Contents

Psychoactive effects

Reports of the effects of cannabis on time perception can be found first in arts and literature, and then in medical reports and studies. Notable discussions of the effects occur in "Le Club des Hachichin" (1846), a work by French poet Théophile Gautier, and in Les Paradis Artificiels (1860), a work by Charles Baudelaire. French physician Jacques-Joseph Moreau studied the effects of cannabis with the help of Gautier and other artists who experimented with hashish in the Club des Hashischins. [6] Moreau published his findings in Hashish and Mental Illness: Psychological Studies (1846), noting that hashish caused "errors of time and space" and "time dragging". [7]

Later, in 1958, South African physician Frances Ames studied the effects of cannabis extract, noting the "disordered time perception" experienced by her subjects where "brief periods seemed immensely long". [8] American poet Allen Ginsberg's "First Manifesto to End the Bringdown" (1966) noted that "the vast majority all over the world who have smoked the several breaths necessary to feel the effect, adjust to the strangely familiar sensation of Time slow-down." [9] American physician Jerome Groopman of Harvard Medical School, reported that the "perception of time is altered, generally with perceived time faster than clock time" in people who have ingested cannabis. [10] Multiple review studies have confirmed these reports. [11] [1]

In music

Most notably, cannabis has had a long association among musicians and the music industry. [12] [13] Musicians and audiences who use cannabis often report the primary subjective effects as a distortion of time perception, which acts to augment both musical performance and music appreciation. Contrary to the effects produced by stimulant use, cannabis use is reported to give the performer or listener a subjective perception of time expansion, resulting in the overestimation of the passage of time. Dosage and method of ingestion may lessen or accentuate this effect. This subjective effect of time expansion is responsible for most of the anecdotal accounts in the literature. The effects of cannabis on musicians and those who listen to music are the subject of research in social pharmacology and music therapy. [14] [15] [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Hashish, also known as hash, "dry herb, hay" is a drug made by compressing and processing parts of the cannabis plant, typically focusing on flowering buds containing the most trichomes. It is consumed by smoking, typically in a pipe, bong, vaporizer or joint, or via oral ingestion. Hash has a long history of usage in countries such as Morocco, Egypt, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Iran, and Lebanon. Hash consumption is also popular in Europe. In the United States, dried flowers or concentrates are more popular, though hash has seen a rise in popularity following changes in law. Like many recreational drugs, multiple synonyms and alternative names for hash exist, and vary greatly depending on the country and native language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrahydrocannabinol</span> Chemical compound

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified on the plant. Although the chemical formula for THC (C21H30O2) describes multiple isomers, the term THC usually refers to the Delta-9-THC isomer with chemical name (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. THC is a terpenoid found in cannabis and, like many pharmacologically active phytochemicals, it is assumed to be involved in the plant's evolutionary adaptation against insect predation, ultraviolet light, and environmental stress. THC was first discovered and isolated by Israeli chemist Raphael Mechoulam in Israel in 1964. It was found that, when smoked, THC is absorbed into the bloodstream and travels to the brain, attaching itself to endocannabinoid receptors located in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. These are the parts of the brain responsible for thinking, memory, pleasure, coordination and movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis edible</span> Food item containing cannabis extract or cannabinoids

A cannabis edible, also known as a cannabis-infused food or simply an edible, is a food item that contains decarboxylated cannabinoids from cannabis extract as an active ingredient. Although edible may refer to either a food or a drink, a cannabis-infused drink may be referred to more specifically as a liquid edible or drinkable. Edibles are a way to consume cannabis. Unlike smoking, in which cannabinoids are inhaled into the lungs and pass rapidly into the bloodstream, peaking in about ten minutes and wearing off in a couple of hours, cannabis edibles may take hours to digest, and their effects may peak two to three hours after consumption and persist for around six hours. The food or drink used may affect both the timing and potency of the dose ingested.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of cannabis</span> Effects resulting from the use of cannabis

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical cannabis</span> Marijuana used medicinally

Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana (MMJ), is cannabis and cannabinoids that are prescribed by physicians for their patients. The use of cannabis as medicine has not been rigorously tested due to production and governmental restrictions, resulting in limited clinical research to define the safety and efficacy of using cannabis to treat diseases.

<i>Cannabis sativa</i> Plant species

Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to Eastern Asia, but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. It has been cultivated throughout recorded history, used as a source of industrial fiber, seed oil, food, recreation, religious and spiritual moods and medicine. Each part of the plant is harvested differently, depending on the purpose of its use. The species was first classified by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The word sativa means "things that are cultivated."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabinol</span> Naturally-occurring cannabinoid

Cannabinol (CBN) is a mildly psychoactive cannabinoid that acts as a low affinity partial agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors. This activity at CB1 and CB2 receptors constitutes interaction of CBN with the endocannabinoid system (ECS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabidiol</span> Phytocannabinoid discovered in 1940

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis (drug)</span> Psychoactive drug from the cannabis plant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis smoking</span> Inhalation of marijuana fumes

Cannabis smoking is the inhalation of smoke or vapor released by heating the flowers, leaves, or extracts of cannabis and releasing the main psychoactive chemical, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is absorbed into the bloodstream via the lungs. Archaeological evidence indicates cannabis with high levels of THC was being smoked at least 2,500 years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis consumption</span> Methods of marijuana administration

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<i>Cannabis</i> strain Pure or hybrid varieties of cannabis

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dronabinol</span> Generic name of Δ9-THC in medicine

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid</span> Chemical compound

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References

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  2. ↑ Stolick M (2008). Otherwise Law-Abiding Citizens: A Scientific and Moral Assessment of Cannabis Use. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN   9780739131619. Archived from the original on 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  3. ↑ Green B, Kavanagh D, Young R (December 2003). "Being stoned: a review of self-reported cannabis effects". Drug and Alcohol Review. 22 (4): 453–460. doi:10.1080/09595230310001613976. ISSN   0959-5236. PMID   14660135.
  4. ↑ Iversen L (June 2003). "Cannabis and the brain". Brain. 126 (Pt 6): 1252–1270. doi: 10.1093/brain/awg143 . ISSN   0006-8950. PMID   12764049.
  5. ↑ Stella N (August 2013). "Chronic THC intake modifies fundamental cerebellar functions". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 123 (8): 3208–3210. doi:10.1172/JCI70226. ISSN   0021-9738. PMC   3967658 . PMID   23863631.
  6. ↑ Earleywine M (2002). Understanding Marijuana: A New Look at the Scientific Evidence . Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199881437.
  7. ↑ Jones HC, Lovinger PW (1985). The Marijuana Question: And Science's Search for an Answer. New York: Dodd, Mead. ISBN   0396083994.
  8. ↑ Jones, Helen Cc; Paul W. Lovinger (1985) The Marijuana Question and Science's Search for an Answer. Dodd Mead. ISBN   0396083994.
  9. ↑ Ginsberg A (November 1966). "The Great Marijuana Hoax: First Manifesto to End the Bringdown". Atlantic Monthly. pp. 104, 107–112. Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017. (part two of article Archived 2021-03-01 at the Wayback Machine )
  10. ↑ Groopman, Jerome. (February 20, 2014). Marijuana: The High and the Low Archived 2014-08-14 at the Wayback Machine . The New York Review of Books. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  11. ↑ Chait LD, Pierri J (1992). "Effects of smoked marijuana on human performance: a critical review". Marijuana/Cannabinoids: Neurobiology and Neurophysiology. 387: 423.
  12. ↑ "Music: The Weed, Teenage". www.druglibrary.org. 19 July 1943. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  13. ↑ Fachner, Jörg (July 2001). The Space between the Notes—Research on Cannabis and Music Perception Archived 2014-08-25 at the Wayback Machine . 11th IASPM Conference, Day Two (Subjectivities and Identities). pp. 308-319. ISBN   951-98789-1-2
  14. ↑ Aldridge D, Fachner J (2006). Music and Altered States: Consciousness, Transcendence, Therapy and Addiction. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN   9781843103738. Archived from the original on 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
  15. ↑ Aldridge D (2005). Case Study Designs in Music Therapy. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN   9781843101406. Archived from the original on 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
  16. ↑ Booth M (2011). Cannabis: A History. Random House. ISBN   9781409084891. Archived from the original on 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2017-04-27.

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