Cannabis edible

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"Space cakes" redirects here. For the Alanis Morissette EP, see Space Cakes."Hash brownies" redirects here. Not to be confused with Hash browns."Magic cake" redirects here. For the French cake, see Gâteau magique.
Three hash cakes made with cannabis. Such cakes are often referred to as "space cakes". Three space brownies.jpg
Three hash cakes made with cannabis. Such cakes are often referred to as "space cakes".

A cannabis edible, also known as a cannabis-infused food or simply an edible, is a food item (either homemade or produced commercially) that contains decarboxylated cannabinoids (cannabinoid acids converted to their orally bioactive form) from cannabis extract as an active ingredient. [1] Although edible may refer to either a food or a drink, a cannabis-infused drink may be referred to more specifically as a liquid edible or drinkable. Edibles are a way to consume cannabis. [1] Unlike smoking, in which cannabinoids are inhaled into the lungs and pass rapidly into the bloodstream, peaking in about ten minutes and wearing off in a couple of hours, cannabis edibles may take hours to digest, and their effects may peak two to three hours after consumption and persist for around six hours. The food or drink used may affect both the timing and potency of the dose ingested. [2] [3]

Contents

Most edibles contain a significant amount of THC, which can induce a wide range of effects, including: heightened sensory perception, relaxation, sleepiness, dizziness, dry mouth, euphoria, depersonalization and/or derealization, hallucinations, paranoia, and decreased or increased anxiety. [4] THC-dominant edibles are consumed for recreational and medical purposes. [5] Some edibles contain a negligible amount of THC and are instead dominant in other cannabinoids, most commonly cannabidiol (CBD). [6] The main characteristic of cannabis edibles is that they take longer to affect users compared to smoked cannabis. [3]

Foods and beverages made from non-psychoactive cannabis products are known as hemp foods. [7]

History

Eastern

Bhang eaters from India c. 1790. Bhang is an edible preparation of cannabis native to the Indian subcontinent. It has been used in food and drink as early as 1000 BC by Hindus in ancient India. Bhang eaters before two huts (6124556163).jpg
Bhang eaters from India c. 1790. Bhang is an edible preparation of cannabis native to the Indian subcontinent. It has been used in food and drink as early as 1000 BC by Hindus in ancient India.

The earliest mention of cannabis-infused food was as far back as 2000 B.C. in India. [9] Known as one of the oldest cannabis traditions, Bhang – a cannabis infused drink made with yogurt, nuts, spices, rose water – is an official drink of Holi, highly celebrated and revered festivals celebrated by the people of Hindu community in India revering Shiva or Kali. [10] [11] The oil-solubility of cannabis extracts was also known to ancient Indians, with Sanskrit recipes requiring cannabis to be sautéed in ghee before mixing it with other ingredients. [12] : 7  [13]

Majoun (cannabis jam) is another early type of edible first created by the nomadic Berber tribes of North Africa sometime around the 11th century. [14] The traditional Majoun recipe calls for cannabis extract, datura seeds, honey, nuts, kif (a mixture of kief), and sometimes dates and figs. [14]

Western

Modern interest in edibles is attributed to Alice B. Toklas and her eponymous 1954 cookbook. Alice B. Toklas, by Carl Van Vechten - 1949.jpg
Modern interest in edibles is attributed to Alice B. Toklas and her eponymous 1954 cookbook.

The first mention of edibles in Europe appeared in a cookbook titled De honesta voluptate et valetudine , which translates to "On Honorable Pleasure and Health" written by Bartolomeo Platina in 1465. [15]

The first cannabis edible recipe appeared in the United States in the early 1960s in a cookbook called The Alice B. Toklas Cook Book written by Alice B. Toklas. [16] The recipe is called "Hashish Fudge" and was actually contributed by Alice's good friend, Brion Gysin. [16] Although it was omitted from the first American editions, Toklas' name and her "brownies" became synonymous with cannabis in the growing 1960s counterculture. [16]

In some U.S. states that have legalized cannabis, edibles have experienced a dramatic rise in sales. [17] Since edibles often look like regular candy, they can be mistakenly eaten by children. Between 2009 and 2015 after cannabis was legalised in Colorado, there was a five-fold increase in the number of children under 10 who were treated in hospital or poison center for exposure to cannabis. Edibles were implicated in over half of these. Variations in dosage and delay in onset of effects (leading to taking of additional doses) also can cause overdose especially in children and inexperienced users. [18] [19] Calls to poison control have dramatically increased since 2008 due to dogs ingesting edibles. [20] In Canada, cannabis-infused food products were legalized in October 2018, but regulatory restrictions and reduced consumer interest may inhibit innovation. [21] [22]

Chemistry

Effects

Ingesting cannabis may produce effects that last longer and can be more intense than inhaling cannabis. [2] [3] Different edible formats of cannabinoids may affect the rate of cannabinoid digestion and metabolism, which vary among people. [2] [23] [24] Generally, edible cannabis products are digested more slowly than occurs for aerosol products. [24] Oral administration generally leads to two peaks of concentration, due to enterohepatic circulation. [24] Common side effects of ingesting edibles include increased appetite, dry mouth, and bloodshot eyes.

Possible health effects

Cannabis edibles contain both delta 9 THC, which is responsible for the psychotropic properties of feeling relaxed and euphoric, and CBD, which may have effects without the psychoactive properties. [25] Such effects may include analgesia, decreased inflammation, decreased spasticity, and anti-seizure effects. [26] Cannabis edibles with CBD can decrease symptoms of psychosis and anxiety. [25] Edible oils, tinctures, pills, and gummies have been prescribed to people with cancer to potentially improve poor appetite, pain, or weight loss. [27] Cannabis edibles may be effective for muscle spasms and pain. [28]

Possible side effects

Some users of cannabis have reported adverse effects, such as confusion, hallucinations, panic attacks, paranoia, and intense psychotic effects. [25] Cannabis may cause short-term impairments in cognition, memory, alertness, coordination, and balance which can increase risk of falls, especially in older people, and make driving a car dangerous. [25]

Overdoses may occur because the dosage of THC in edibles is impossible to determine without specialized lab equipment and it varies from product to product. [28] Some or all legalized U.S. states require packaged edibles to have dosage on the label; [29] for instance California AB266 requires labeling to include "THC and other cannabinoid amount in milligrams per serving, servings per package, and the THC and other cannabinoid amount in milligrams for the package total", [30] [31] and states have required the recall of incorrectly labeled products. [32] Overdoses can cause behavioral impairments, such as paranoia, impaired mobility, and nausea. [28] Other risks, as a result of regular long-term cannabis use, include harmful effects to brain development, heart function, memory and cognition, and psychiatric health. [28]

Long-term recreational marijuana use can cause cognitive impairments and also lead to cannabis use disorder (CUD). [25] Symptoms of CUD include lack of motivation, decreased concentration, and loss of interest in other activities, tolerance, and dependence. [25]

Types

Edible infusions

Food

THC infused gummies suitable for sublingual administration. These are 5 milligrams each. Sativa cannabis gummies.jpg
THC infused gummies suitable for sublingual administration. These are 5 milligrams each.

The important base to all food edibles is that it has fat that has been infused with THC. [33] In other words, any food that contains butter, oil, milk, or any fatty substance can be turned into an edible. [34] Examples of cannabis-infused foods include baked goods, candy, potato chips, and more. [34] [33] One may not be able to distinguish between regular baked goods and those containing cannabinoids. A mild grassy or cannabis flavor might be detectable if sufficient cannabis quantities are used. [12] : 7 

Dawamesc is a cannabis edible found in Algeria and some other Arab countries, made of cannabis tops combined with: "sugar, orange juice, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, nutmeg, musk, pistachios, and pine nuts." [35]

Happy pizza is a style of pizza in Cambodia which includes cannabis-infused ingredients and has enough THC for psychoactive effects. [36] [37] [38] [39]

Cannabis-infused brownies contain cocoa solids which forms a polysubstance combination.

Drink

A cannabis-infused drink is a drink infused with THC and can be as potent as a cannabis-infused food. [33]

Jamie Evans, author of Cannabis Drinks, holds a cannabis-infused cocktail. Jamie Evans, Author of Cannabis Drinks.jpg
Jamie Evans, author of Cannabis Drinks, holds a cannabis-infused cocktail.

In U.S. states that have legalized cannabis for recreational use, drinks were about 4% of the cannabis market in 2014 but had fallen to around 1.5% of the market in 2016. [40] [41] Cannabis infused drinks can come in the form of coffee, tea, soda, and alcohol. [33] [34]

List:

Tincture

According to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) cannabis tinctures (tincturea) are a type of liquid cannabis extract obtained using ethanol, water, glycerol, propylene glycol and fatty oils as extraction solvents, depending on the type of tincture (and also on the solvent used) it can have a specific mass/volume ratio or a specific therapeutic agents content. [42] Tinctures are potent, alcohol-based cannabis extracts. [34] The solubility of THC in ethanol is greater than 1 g/mL. [43] They are considered edibles as they are meant to be absorbed through the mouth and tongue. [34] Tinctures are generally placed under the tongue using a dropper to allow it to be absorbed into the bloodstream. [34] Tinctures can be added to any food or drink and provides more control over the cannabis dosage compared to cannabis-infused foods or drinks. [34]

Dissolvable cannabinoid powder

Dissolvable cannabinoid powder is tasteless and odorless, and may elicit effects typical of oral cannabis products. [34] Powders are water-soluble and can be mixed into foods and drinks. [34] Unlike traditional edibles which can take some 90 minutes to take effect, cannabinoid powder may produce effects within 20 minutes due to solubility and uptake of the powder constituents via the digestive tract, allowing rapid effects, especially of THC.

CBD edibles

Cannabidiol (CBD) edibles are non-psychoactive and non-intoxicating, and contain varying amounts of THC, according to the manufacturer. [34] These edibles provide the effects of cannabis without the psychoactive response to THC. [34]

Capsule

Cannabis capsules are considered edibles as they are also metabolized in the gut. [33] Capsules can contain either THC or CBD and are an easier, more convenient way of administering products.

Ingredients

Oil

Cannabis oil, or canna-oil, is a product that combines oil with THC. This combination is achieved through a process of infusion, where the THC is extracted from the flowers or concentrates and then added to the oil.[ citation needed ] The resulting product is a liquid that can be consumed orally, used as a cooking ingredient, or applied topically. Coconut oil is a commonly used oil for infusion, but other options are olive, avocado, and walnut oil.[ citation needed ]

Butter

Cannabis butter, or cannabutter, is unsalted butter blended with cannabis and water. Cleaned and dried buds are steeped in melted butter or oil in preparation for consumption. [44] Cannabutter can be added to any baking recipe.

Safety

Physical

The adverse effects on health are most important when it is used in excessive quantities or with heavy frequency. A study funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse entitled "Tasty THC: Promises and Challenges of Cannabis Edibles" found that heavy, long-term cannabis use appeared to worsen brain development, and psychiatric and heart health. [1] On the other hand, the study also discovered that cannabis edibles did not appear to affect pulmonary function nor increase risk for cancer which is one reason people choose cannabis edibles over smoking cannabis. [1] The study concedes that over-consuming cannabis is not lethal; to date, there has never been a death related to the actual toxicity of cannabis. [1] However, there has been one death involving cannabis edibles. [1]

A safety concern with regards to cannabis edibles is overconsumption which is usually caused by the delayed effects of ingested cannabis. [1] Because users do not feel the effects of cannabis edibles immediately, users may eat more to compensate and end up consuming too much THC. [1] As a result, cannabis edibles as such have caused the most healthcare visits as compared to other forms of cannabis consumption. [1] (Additionally, the amount of THC in any individual product may be highly variable.) [1] Additionally people can have very different responses to the same amount of THC with 2.5 mg being enough for some people to begin to feel effects whilst, for others, 50 mg is required. [1] Thus typical advice for newcomers is to "start low and go slow" in order to gauge the over-all initial effects, with 5–10 mg being one neophyte range. [45]

Psychological

High concentrations of THC have been shown to cause hallucinations, delusions, and anxiety in some people; for most, these symptoms only last as long as that person is intoxicated, but some people can be affected for several days. [1] Cannabis use has been connected with increased use of other drugs, although this connection has never been shown to be causal. [1]

Children

Many edible cannabis products are packaged in a way which could appeal to children (gummies, etc.), though laws requiring a minimum age to purchase recreational cannabis are universal in jurisdictions that have fully legalized its use, similar to age restrictions on alcohol. As with alcohol and prescription medicines, care should be taken to prevent children from having access to the product, as cannabis edibles have been the main cause of a number of health care visits relating to accidental cannabis consumption by children. [1] In 2022, the US National Poison Data System reported about 6,000 people calling for help after children under the age of 13 ate cannabis edibles, compared to 1,800 calls for CBD and 2,000 for dried marijuana. [46] Children under the age of 5 who ate cannabis edibles is the largest source of marijuana-related calls to poison centers (36% of calls about marijuana product exposures in 2021). [47] Although 65% of calls about a child under 13 who had consumed edibles ultimately involved no or only minor effects, almost 3% involved a child who was experiencing life-threatening symptoms or a similar major effect from consumption of the edibles. [47] About 60% of these calls resulted in medical evaluation, and 20% resulted in hospitalization. [47]

Cannabis intoxication in children under 10 is primarily due to unintentional intoxication through cannabis edibles, such as a child eating what appears to be candy. [48] In such cases, it is typically the only drug consumed by the child, and is much more likely to result in hospitalization than in teenagers. [48] As of 2023, many children have needed care in an intensive care unit, including intubation. [48] Although deaths and other serious outcomes are "rarely reported", [49] at least one child has died from eating THC gummies. [50] [51]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrahydrocannabinol</span> Psychoactive component of cannabis

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a cannabinoid found in cannabis. It is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified on the plant. Although the chemical formula for THC (C21H30O2) describes multiple isomers, the term THC usually refers to the delta-9-THC isomer with chemical name (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. It is a colorless oil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Effects of cannabis</span>

The short-termeffects of cannabis are caused by many chemical compounds in the cannabis plant, including 113 different cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and 120 terpenes, which allow its drug to have various psychological and physiological effects on the human body. Different plants of the genus Cannabis contain different and often unpredictable concentrations of THC and other cannabinoids and hundreds of other molecules that have a pharmacological effect, so the final net effect cannot reliably be foreseen. Acute effects while under the influence can sometimes include euphoria or anxiety. Although some assert that cannabidiol (CBD), another cannabinoid found in cannabis in varying amounts, may alleviate the adverse effects of THC that some users experience, little is known about CBD's effects on humans. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists have previously been tested as antidotes for cannabis intoxication with success, reducing or eliminating the physiological and psychological effects of intoxication. Some of these products are currently in development as cannabis antidotes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical cannabis</span> Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana; hemp) used medicinally

Medical cannabis, medicinal cannabis or medical marijuana (MMJ) refers to cannabis products and cannabinoid molecules that are prescribed by physicians for their patients. The use of cannabis as medicine has a long history, but has not been as rigorously tested as other medicinal plants due to legal and governmental restrictions, resulting in limited clinical research to define the safety and efficacy of using cannabis to treat diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabinoid</span> Compounds found in cannabis

Cannabinoids are several structural classes of compounds found in the cannabis plant primarily and most animal organisms or as synthetic compounds. The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (delta-9-THC), the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis. Cannabidiol (CBD) is also a major constituent of temperate cannabis plants and a minor constituent in tropical varieties. At least 100 distinct phytocannabinoids have been isolated from cannabis, although only four have been demonstrated to have a biogenetic origin. It was reported in 2020 that phytocannabinoids can be found in other plants such as rhododendron, licorice and liverwort, and earlier in Echinacea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabidiol</span> Phytocannabinoid discovered in 1940

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid, one of 113 identified cannabinoids in cannabis plants, along with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and accounts for up to 40% of the plant's extract. Medically, it is an anticonvulsant used to treat multiple forms of epilepsy. It was discovered in 1940 and, as of 2024 clinical research on CBD included studies related to the treatment of anxiety, addiction, psychosis, movement disorders, and pain, but there is insufficient high-quality evidence that CBD is effective for these conditions. CBD is sold as an herbal dietary supplement and promoted with yet unproven claims of particular therapeutic effects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis (drug)</span> Psychoactive drug from the cannabis plant

Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, weed, and pot, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform drug from the cannabis plant. Native to Central or South Asia, the cannabis plant has been used as a drug for both recreational and entheogenic purposes and in various traditional medicines for centuries. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive component of cannabis, which is one of the 483 known compounds in the plant, including at least 65 other cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporizing, within food, or as an extract.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis tea</span> Cannabis-infused drink

Cannabis tea is a cannabis-infused drink prepared by steeping various parts of the cannabis plant in hot or cold water. Cannabis tea is commonly recognized as an alternative form of preparation and consumption of the cannabis plant, more popularly known as marijuana, pot, or weed. This plant has long been recognized as an herbal medicine employed by health professionals worldwide to ease symptoms of disease, as well as a psychoactive drug used recreationally and in spiritual traditions. Though less commonly practiced than popular methods like smoking or consuming edibles, drinking cannabis tea can produce comparable physical and mental therapeutic effects. Such effects are largely attributed to the THC and CBD content of the tea, levels of which are drastically dependent on individual preparation techniques involving volume, amount of cannabis, and boiling time. Also in common with these administration forms of cannabis is the heating component performed before usage. Due to the rather uncommon nature of this particular practice of cannabis consumption in modern times as well as the legality of cannabis throughout the world, the research available on the composition of cannabis tea is limited and based broadly around what is known of cannabis as it exists botanically.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">THC-O-acetate</span> Acetate ester of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

THC-O-acetate is the acetate ester of THC. The term THC-O-acetate and its variations are commonly used for two types of the substance, dependent on which cannabinoid it is synthesized from. The difference between Δ8-THC and Δ9-THC is bond placement on the cyclohexene ring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis consumption</span> Methods of marijuana administration

Cannabis consumption refers to the variety of ways cannabis is consumed, among which inhalation and ingestion are most common. All consumption methods involve heating the plant's THCA to decarboxylate it into THC, either at the time of consumption or during preparation. Salves and absorption through the skin (transdermal) are increasingly common in medical uses, both of CBD, THC, and other cannabinoids. Each method leads to subtly different psychoactive effects due to the THC and other chemicals being activated, and then consumed through different administration routes. It is generally considered that smoking, which includes combustion toxins, comes on quickly but lasts for a short period of time, while eating delays the onset of effect but the duration of effect is typically longer. In a 2007 ScienceDaily report of research conducted at the University of California–San Francisco, researchers reported that vaporizer users experience the same biological effect, but without the toxins associated with smoking. Δ9-THC is the primary component when inhaled, but when eaten the liver converts this to the more psychoactive 11-hydroxy-THC form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hash oil</span> Oleoresin obtained by the extraction of hashish

Hash oil or cannabis oil is an oleoresin obtained by the extraction of cannabis or hashish. It is a cannabis concentrate containing many of its resins and terpenes – in particular, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and other cannabinoids. Hash oil is usually consumed by smoking, vaporizing or eating. Preparations of hash oil may be solid or semi-liquid colloids depending on both production method and temperature and are usually identified by their appearance or characteristics. Color most commonly ranges from transparent golden or light brown, to tan or black. There are various extraction methods, most involving a solvent, such as butane or ethanol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dronabinol</span> Generic name of Δ9-THC in medicine

Dronabinol, sold under the brand names Marinol and Syndros, is the generic name for the molecule of (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the pharmaceutical context. It has indications as an appetite stimulant, antiemetic, and sleep apnea reliever and is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as safe and effective for HIV/AIDS-induced anorexia and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis in Iowa</span>

Cannabis in Iowa is illegal for recreational use if classified as marijuana but consumable hemp products including CBD products are legal for consumers to possess and registered retailers to sell. Possession of even small amounts of marijuana is a misdemeanor crime. The state has a medical program for patients with qualifying debilitating medical conditions that allows for the legal sale and possession of no more than 4.5g of THC per patient every 90-day period. Allowed modes of consumption are oral and topical forms including, but not limited to; tablets and tinctures, nebulizable inhalable forms, suppositories, and vaporization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glossary of cannabis terms</span>

Terms related to cannabis include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of cannabis</span> Overview of and topical guide to cannabis

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the plant Cannabis sativa and its relatives Cannabis indica and Cannabis ruderalis, the drug cannabis (drug) and the industrial product hemp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">8,9-Dihydrocannabidiol</span> Chemical compound

8,9-Dihydrocannabidiol is a synthetic cannabinoid that is closely related to cannabidiol (CBD) itself. that was first synthesized by Alexander R. Todd in 1940 derived from the catalytic hydrogenation of cannabidiol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol</span> Isomer of tetrahydrocannabinol

Δ-8-tetrahydrocannabinol is a psychoactive cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. It is an isomer of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the compound commonly known as THC, with which it co-occurs in hemp; natural quantities of ∆8-THC found in hemp are low. Psychoactive effects are similar to that of Δ9-THC, with central effects occurring by binding to cannabinoid receptors found in various regions of the brain.

Cannabinoids are compounds found in the cannabis plant or synthetic compounds that can interact with the endocannabinoid system. The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (Delta-9-THC), the primary intoxicating compound in cannabis. Cannabidiol (CBD) is another major constituent of some cannabis plants. Conversion of CBD to THC can occur when CBD is heated to temperatures between 250–300 °C, potentially leading to its partial transformation into THC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabidiol diacetate</span> Chemical compound

Cannabidiol diacetate is a semi-synthetic derivative of cannabidiol derived by acetylation of the OH groups, which presumably acts as a prodrug for CBD. It has been found as a component of grey-market cannabis products such as e-cigarette liquids and edible gummy lollies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis in the restaurant industry</span>

There are various intersections of cannabis and the restaurant industry.

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  37. ↑ Hoefinger, Heidi (2013). Sex, Love and Money in Cambodia: Professional Girlfriends and Transactional Relationships. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN   978-0415629348. One can indulge in the various "happy pizza" restaurants along the [Phnom Penh] riverside, which serve a variety of dishes with marijuana cooked right into them.
  38. ↑ Barta, Patrick (8 November 2008). "Travel – Cambodia: Tamed, Transformed Phnom Penh; Lawlessness fades, hotels rise in city rich with sights; recalling the Killing Fields". The Wall Street Journal . p. W10. Today, Phnom Penh still has plenty of rough edges and crime. At certain places, visitors can still order "happy pizza," or pizza with marijuana topping.
  39. ↑ Winkler, Max (29 September 2017), "Phnom Penh's Happy Pizza Left Me High and Dry", Vice
  40. ↑ Borchardt D (29 June 2016). "Marijuana Drinks Not Causing a Buzz". Forbes. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
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  42. ↑ "Compilation of terms and definitions for Cannabis-derived medicinal products" (PDF). European Medicines Agency . 22 September 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  43. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  45. ↑ "The Dos and Don'ts of Consuming THC Gummies".
  46. ↑ Gummin, David D.; Mowry, James B.; Beuhler, Michael C.; Spyker, Daniel A.; Rivers, Laura J.; Feldman, Ryan; Brown, Kaitlyn; Pham, Nathaniel P. T.; Bronstein, Alvin C.; DesLauriers, Carol (October 2023). "2022 Annual Report of the National Poison Data System (NPDS) from America's Poison Centers: 40th Annual Report". Clinical Toxicology. 61 (10): 717–939. doi:10.1080/15563650.2023.2268981. ISSN   1556-9519. PMID   38084513.
  47. 1 2 3 Gummin, David D.; Mowry, James B.; Beuhler, Michael C.; Spyker, Daniel A.; Rivers, Laura J.; Feldman, Ryan; Brown, Kaitlyn; Nathaniel, P. T. Pham; Bronstein, Alvin C.; Weber, Julie A. (December 2022). "2021 Annual Report of the National Poison Data System© (NPDS) from America's Poison Centers: 39th Annual Report". Clinical Toxicology. 60 (12): 1381–1643. doi:10.1080/15563650.2022.2132768. ISSN   1556-9519. PMID   36602072.
  48. 1 2 3 Cohen, Neta; Mathew, Mathew; Brent, Jeffrey; Wax, Paul; Davis, Adrienne L.; Obilom, Cherie; Burns, Michele M.; Canning, Joshua; Baumgartner, Kevin; Koons, Andrew L.; Wiegand, Timothy J.; Judge, Bryan; Hoyte, Christopher; Chenoweth, James A.; Froberg, Blake (August 2023). "Severe outcomes following pediatric cannabis intoxication: a prospective cohort study of an international toxicology surveillance registry". Clinical Toxicology. 61 (8): 591–598. doi:10.1080/15563650.2023.2238121. ISSN   1556-9519. PMID   37603042.
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  51. ↑ Carey, Julie; Cook, Gina (12 June 2023). "Virginia mother pleads guilty in 4-year-old son's death from THC gummies". NBC4 Washington. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
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