The Cannabis Action Network (CAN) is a former U.S. nonprofitcannabis policy reform organization, active between 1989 and 2008. The organization strove to "encourage sensible cannabis use" and advocated for "safe access for responsible adults and patients"[1] through the "challenge the laws of the United States and the individual states prohibiting the possession and distribution of marijuana".[2]
Constituted as a loose informal network of local groups, the CAN was involved in advocacy, capacity-building and education, the organization of political and cultural rallies and conferences, and legal assistance.
History
Based on an informal group of friends active since 1986, the Cannabis Action Network (CAN) was founded as a state nonprofit corporation in Lexington, Kentucky in 1989 by Doug McVay, Monica Pratt, Rick Pfrommer, Kevin Aplin, and Debby Goldsberry.[3]
During its first years, the group was holding information booths in various cultural events in Kentucky and Louisiana, and increasingly in California.[4] In 1992, CAN moved its headquarters Berkeley.[1]
CAN organized its first rally one year later at People's Park, with the participation of Dennis Peron. On 20 April 1995, CAN organized its first 4/20 event in San Francisco, an event which would become a key activity for the group in the following decades.[5]
In the late 1990s, CAN members Jim McClelland, Don Duncan, and Goldsberry used the Berkeley Patients Group dispensary "as a platform for activism, mobilizing patients, and working to insure a favorable political climate for dispensaries in Berkeley."[6]
By the mid-1990s, under the impulsion of its U.S. hemp tour, numerous CAN chapters appeared across the country. One of these, the Florida CAN, was constituted in 1998 and has remained active after the nationwide Cannabis Action Network suspended its activities in 2008.[7]
Even after the formal suspension of its activities, CAN remained an important part of cannabis activism in the United States, as its members got involved in various other advocacy projects. CAN has been credited for "[fulfilling] an important niche in re-establishing a politically viable cannabis law reform movement in America."[8]
Activities
In her study on the CAN, Heidi Henrickson listed the group's 1992-1993 strategy and objectives as: activist resources center, cannabis legalization tours, media strategy, college campus network, music industry outreach, a mail order program, as well as "outreach to groups involved in drug policy change, freedom of choice and religion, civil and constitutional rights, environmental & peace movement, etc."[9] Henrickson describes CAN as "a unique organization based purely on volunteers, or full-time and part-time activists living and working together to achieve change" and, at the time, "one of the most active in the Marijuana Movement."[10]
Advocacy and communication
CAN was involved in communication efforts to address the public perceptions of a plant that "shared the fate of the hippie",[11] attempting to introduce an alternative discourse to the then prominent D.A.R.E campaign. CAN activists "[claimed] that the misinformation about hemp has produced unjust, inhumane, and unconstitutional laws."[12]
Cannabis activist Dennis Peron speaking at the first CAN rally in Berkeley, 1993
Importantly influenced by Jack Herer's book The Emperor Wears No Clothes,[8] the group tried to shape a narrative connecting the different uses of the cannabis plant (often referred separately as industrial hemp or marijuana, besides being the same plant genus) and drawing upon its multifaceted history in the United States, insisting on the "numerous positive uses of cannabis."[5] In 1993, the New York Times described CAN as:
a small band of young true believers who crisscross the country preaching a revisionist argument for legalization. In what many call a linguistic sleight of hand, their message is heavy on hemp, the old name for the once-legal and widely cultivated marijuana plant used for canvas, paper and paint. The tactic, shared by many "hempheads," has an oddly historical and environmental appeal; in addition, it allows advocates to talk about pot without mentioning that it gets you high.[11]
This approach at times received criticism, such as from David Fratello of the Drug Policy Institute.
Hemp tour
In 1989–1989, informal hemp tours had been organized around Jack Herer and Ben Masel of the Yippie Party.[13] After its constitution, CAN started to organize bi-annual tours of the United States Between 1993 and 1996, reaching a total of 47 States. The goal of CAN's tour was to connect activist groups and spread their message on the public perceptions of the cannabis plant, and "build local educational organizations in most major college towns and major cities all over the United States."[14] CAN members Melina Bloomfield, Mack Coyle, Kelly Crandall, Richard Davis, Rachel Dawson, Etienne Fontan, Elvy Musikka participated in the tour, among others. In cities visited, "sometimes, it was a festival. Sometimes, a university debate."[14]
The "hemp tour" was in part supported by Richard Davis' truck, carrying the tour's display and materials consisting of:
The Hemp Museum, a visual display of hemp products from around the world, including twine, cloth, a rug, bird seed mix and paper; Literature expressing our message and information about cannabis, civil liberties, and freedom of choice; Communicative items such as books, t-shirts, buttons, stickers, as well as imported hemp products; A petition and a mailing list sign-up sheet.[15]
While CAN has been recognized as a pioneer of women leadership in the cannabis policy reform movement,[7] the pre-1989 hemp tours also raised criticism around "sexist attitudes"[16] participating in strengthening the formalization of CAN as a safe space for women involvement in advocacy.[3]
4/20 events
The CAN is most commonly known for its important role in the popularization of the number "420" (and the associated date of April 20 and hour 4:20) as the main cultural and political rally to educate the public and protest the state of cannabis laws and policies.[2] CAN co-founder Debby Goldsberry declared:
I first heard about 420 in 1990, at a Grateful Dead show at the Oakland Coliseum, when a hippie breezed by our Cannabis Action Network (CAN) booth giving out fliers. They had a scrawny marijuana leaf drawn next to “420” and “Wake’n’Bake,” surrounding a proclamation asking everyone to “Smoke Pot at 4:20.” The CAN crew quickly figured out it was 4:20 somewhere, more than 24 times a day, and got busy spreading the news to others.[4]
After some years holding rallies in the San Francisco bay area and elsewhere in the country, CAN organized its first 4/20 event in San Francisco on 20 April 1995 from 4:20 a.m. to 4:20 p.m.[5][17] The group would continue organizing the event yearly as the "annual hemp festival"[18] for eleven years, often at the Maritime Hall in San Francisco,[19] and coordinated the organization of events and rallies on April 20 in other cities around the United States, particularly in California, Florida, Kentucky, Missouri, Oregon, Washington, and the District of Columbia.
CAN also joined and supported hundreds of other cannabis-related events and marches across the country[20] and abroad, particularly in the Netherlands.[1] A study listed the participation in more than 40 events only in September and October 1992.[21]
Other activities
By the 2000s, CAN started providing legal assistance for users to “understand their rights to avoid arrest and prosecution.”[1]
In 2000, the group also collaborated with Stanton Peele and others in the publication of the Guidelines for sensible cannabis use.[22]
↑ Henrickson, Heidi Allene (1992). The Cannabis Action Network: A Structural Analysis of a Grassroots Organization (Thesis). a paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts at Kalamazoo College. Kalamazoo: Kalamazoo College, Department of Sociology. p.105. hdl:10920/27624.
↑ Henrickson (1992). The Cannabis Action Network: A Structural Analysis of a Grassroots Organization (Thesis). Kalamazoo College. p.2. hdl:10920/27624.
↑ Henrickson (1992). The Cannabis Action Network: A Structural Analysis of a Grassroots Organization (Thesis). a paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts at Kalamazoo College. Kalamazoo: Kalamazoo College, Department of Sociology. p.39. hdl:10920/27624.
↑ Henrickson (1992). The Cannabis Action Network: A Structural Analysis of a Grassroots Organization (Thesis). Kalamazoo College. pp.4–5. hdl:10920/27624.
↑ Henrickson (1992). The Cannabis Action Network: A Structural Analysis of a Grassroots Organization (Thesis). Kalamazoo College. p.102. hdl:10920/27624.
↑ Henrickson (1992). The Cannabis Action Network: A Structural Analysis of a Grassroots Organization (Thesis). Kalamazoo College. pp.4, 44, 55. hdl:10920/27624.
↑ Henrickson (1992). The Cannabis Action Network: A Structural Analysis of a Grassroots Organization (Thesis). Kalamazoo College. p.107. hdl:10920/27624.
Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The number of species within the genus is disputed. Three species may be recognized: Cannabis sativa, C. indica, and C. ruderalis. Alternatively, C. ruderalis may be included within C. sativa, all three may be treated as subspecies of C. sativa, or C. sativa may be accepted as a single undivided species. The genus is widely accepted as being indigenous to and originating from Asia.
420, 4:20 or 4/20 is cannabis culture slang for marijuana and hashish consumption, especially smoking around the time 4:20 pm (16:20). It also refers to cannabis-oriented celebrations that take place annually on April 20.
Jack Herer, sometimes called the "Emperor of Hemp", was an American cannabis rights activist and the author of the 1985 book The Emperor Wears No Clothes. Herer founded and served as the director of the organization Help End Marijuana Prohibition (HEMP).
Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a plant in the botanical class of Cannabis sativa cultivars grown specifically for industrial and consumable use. It can be used to make a wide range of products. Along with bamboo, hemp is among the fastest growing plants on Earth. It was also one of the first plants to be spun into usable fiber 50,000 years ago. It can be refined into a variety of commercial items, including paper, rope, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, paint, insulation, biofuel, food, and animal feed.
Cannabis culture describes a social atmosphere or series of associated social behaviors that depends heavily upon cannabis consumption, particularly as an entheogen, recreational drug and medicine.
Oaksterdam University is self-recognized as the world's first cannabis college. Located in Oakland, CA, the educational facility was founded in November 2007 by medical marijuana activist Richard Lee to offer quality training for the cannabis industry, with a mission to "legitimize the business and work to change the law to make cannabis legal." Its main campus was formerly located in Downtown Oakland, Calif. On March 8, 2020, fire damaged the Oaksterdam campus at which time the brick and mortar location closed. Classes are currently held online only, both asynchronous and in real time. The university has graduated nearly 50,000 students from more than 40 countries.
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Cannabis in California has been legal for medical use since 1996, and for recreational use since late 2016. The state of California has been at the forefront of efforts to liberalize cannabis laws in the United States, beginning in 1972 with the nation's first ballot initiative attempting to legalize cannabis. Although it was unsuccessful, California would later become the first state to legalize medical cannabis through the Compassionate Use Act of 1996, which passed with 56% voter approval. In November 2016, California voters approved the Adult Use of Marijuana Act with 57% of the vote, which legalized the recreational use of cannabis.
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Cannabis in Italy is currently legal for medical and industrial uses, although it is strictly regulated, while it is decriminalized for recreational uses. In particular, the possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal use is a civil infraction. The possible sanctions for possession vary from the issuing of a diffida to first offenders, that is an injunction not to use the drug again; to the temporary suspension of certain personal documents for repeat offenders. Conversely, the unauthorized sale of cannabis-related products is illegal and punishable with imprisonment, as is the unlicensed cultivation of cannabis, although recent court cases have effectively established the legality of cultivating small amounts of cannabis for exclusively personal use. The licensed cultivation of cannabis for medical and industrial purposes requires the use of certified seeds; however, there is no need for authorization to plant certified seeds with minimal levels of psychoactive compounds.
Terms related to cannabis include:
The cannabis industry is composed of legal cultivators and producers, consumers, independent industrial standards bodies, ancillary products and services, regulators and researchers concerning cannabis and its industrial derivative, hemp. The cannabis industry has been inhibited by regulatory restrictions for most of recent history, but the legal market has emerged rapidly as more governments legalize medical and adult use. Uruguay became the first country to legalize recreational marijuana through legislation in December, 2013. Canada became the first country to legalize private sales of recreational marijuana with Bill C-45 in 2018.
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