Darknet market

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A darknet market is a commercial website on the dark web that operates via darknets such as Tor and I2P. [1] [2] They function primarily as black markets, selling or brokering transactions involving drugs, cyber-arms, [3] weapons, counterfeit currency, stolen credit card details, [4] forged documents, unlicensed pharmaceuticals, [5] steroids, [6] and other illicit goods as well as the sale of legal products. [7] In December 2014, a study by Gareth Owen from the University of Portsmouth suggested the second most popular sites on Tor were darknet markets. [8]

Contents

Following on from the model developed by Silk Road, contemporary markets are characterized by their use of darknet anonymized access (typically Tor), Bitcoin or Monero payment with escrow services, and eBay-like vendor feedback systems. [9]

History

1970s to 2011

Though e-commerce on the dark web started around 2006, illicit goods were among the first items to be transacted using the internet, when in the early 1970s students at Stanford University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology used the ARPANET to coordinate the purchase of cannabis. [10] By the end of the 1980s, newsgroups like alt.drugs would become online centres of drug discussion and information; however, any related deals were arranged entirely off-site directly between individuals. [11] With the development and popularization of the World Wide Web and e-commerce in the 1990s, the tools to discuss or conduct illicit transactions became more widely available. One of the better-known web-based drug forums, The Hive, launched in 1997, serving as an information sharing forum for practical drug synthesis and legal discussion. The Hive was featured in a Dateline NBC special called The "X" Files in 2001, bringing the subject into public discourse. [12] From 2003, the "Research Chemical Mailing List" (RCML) would discuss sourcing "Research Chemicals" from legal and grey sources as an alternative to forums such as alt.drugs.psychedelics. However Operation Web Tryp led to a series of website shut downs and arrests in this area. [13]

Since the year 2000, some of the emerging cyber-arms industry operates online, including the Eastern European "Cyber-arms Bazaar", trafficking in the most powerful crimeware and hacking tools. [14] In the 2000s, early cybercrime and carding forums such as ShadowCrew experimented with drug wholesaling on a limited scale. [15]

The Farmer's Market was launched in 2006 and moved onto Tor in 2010. In 2012, it was closed and several operators and users were arrested as a result of Operation Adam Bomb, a two-year investigation led by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. [16] It has been considered a "proto-Silk Road" but the use of payment services such as PayPal and Western Union allowed law enforcement to trace payments and it was subsequently shut down by the FBI in 2012. [17] [18]

Silk Road and early markets

The first marketplace to use both Tor and Bitcoin escrow was Silk Road, founded by Ross Ulbricht under pseudonym "Dread Pirate Roberts" in February 2011. [19] In June 2011, Gawker published an article about the site, [20] [21] which led to "Internet buzz" [22] and an increase in website traffic. [19] This in turn led to political pressure from Senator Chuck Schumer on the US DEA and Department of Justice to shut it down, [23] which they finally did in October 2013 after a lengthy investigation. [24] Silk Road's use of all of Tor, Bitcoin escrow and feedback systems would set the standard for new darknet markets for the coming years. [25] The shutdown was described by news site DeepDotWeb as "the best advertising the dark net markets could have hoped for" following the proliferation of competing sites this caused, [26] and The Guardian predicted others would take over the market that Silk Road previously dominated. [27] [28]

The months and years after Silk Road's closure were marked by a greatly increased number of shorter-lived markets as well as semi-regular law enforcement take downs, hacks, scams and voluntary closures.

Atlantis, the first site to accept Litecoin as well as Bitcoin, closed in September 2013, just prior to the Silk Road raid, leaving users just one week to withdraw any coins. [29] [30] In October 2013, Project Black Flag closed and stole their users' bitcoins in the panic shortly after Silk Road's shut down. [30] [31] Black Market Reloaded's popularity increased dramatically after the closure of Silk Road and Sheep Marketplace; [32] however, in late November 2013, the owner of Black Market Reloaded announced that the website would be taken offline due to the unmanageable influx of new customers this caused. [33] Sheep Marketplace, which launched in March 2013, was one of the lesser known sites to gain popularity with Silk Road's closure. [34] Not long after those events, in December 2013, it ceased operation after two Florida men stole $6 million worth of users' Bitcoins. [35] [36] [37]

DOJ-OIG Audit (2020-12-18) Audit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Strategy and Efforts to Disrupt Illegal Dark Web Activities.pdf
DOJ-OIG Audit (2020-12-18)

Since Silk Road

From late 2013 through to 2014, new markets started launching with regularity, such as the Silk Road 2.0, run by the former Silk Road site administrators, as well as the Agora marketplace. [38] [39] Such launches were not always a success; in February 2014 Utopia, [40] the highly anticipated market based on Black Market Reloaded, [41] opened only to shut down eight days later following rapid actions by Dutch law enforcement. [42] February 2014 also marked the short lifespans of Black Goblin Market and CannabisRoad, two sites which closed after being deanonymized without much effort. [43]

November 2014 briefly shook the darknet market ecosystem, when Operation Onymous, executed by the United States' FBI and UK's National Crime Agency, led to the seizure of 27 hidden sites, including Silk Road 2.0, one of the largest markets at the time, [44] as well 12 smaller markets and individual vendor sites. [45] By September 2014, Agora was reported to be the largest market, avoiding Operation Onymous; as of April 2015, Agora has gone on to be the largest overall marketplace, [46] with more listings than the Silk Road at its height. [38]

Further market diversification occured in 2015, as did further developments around escrow and decentralization.

In March 2015, the Evolution marketplace performed an "exit scam", stealing escrowed bitcoins worth $12 million, half of the ecosystem's listing market share at that time. [47] The closure of Evolution led to a users redistributing to Black Bank and Agora. However Black Bank, which as of April 2015 captured 5% of the darknet market's listings, announced on May 18, 2015, its closure for "maintenance" [48] before disappearing in a similar scam. [49] Following these events commentators suggested that further market decentralization could be required, such as the service OpenBazaar, in order to protect buyers and vendors from this risk in the future as well as more widespread support from "multi-sig" cryptocurrency payments. [50] [51]

In April, TheRealDeal, the first open cyber-arms market for software exploits as well as drugs, launched to the interest of computer security experts. [52] In May, varied DDOS attacks were performed against different markets including TheRealDeal. The market owners set up a phishing website to get the attacker's password, and subsequently revealed collaboration between the attacker and the administrator of Mr Nice Guy's market who was also planning to scam his users. [53] This information was revealed to news site DeepDotWeb. [54] [55]

On July 31, the Italian police in conjunction with Europol shut down the Italian language Babylon darknet market seizing 11,254 Bitcoin wallet addresses and 1 million euros. [56] [57]

At the end of August, the leading marketplace Agora announced its imminent temporary closure after reporting suspicious activity on their server, suspecting some kind of deanonymization bug in Tor. [58]

By October 2015, AlphaBay was recognized as the largest market. [59] From then on, through to 2016 there was a period of extended stability for the markets, until in April when the large Nucleus marketplace collapsed for unknown reasons, taking escrowed coins with it. [60]

On April 28, investigations into the Italian Darknet Community (IDC) forum-based marketplace led to a number of key arrests. [61]

In May 2017, the Bloomsfield Market closed after investigations in Slovakia inadvertently led to the arrests of its operators. [62] Later that month, the long-lived Outlaw market closed down citing a major bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet theft; however, speculation remained that it was an exit scam. [63]

In July 2017, the markets experienced their largest disruptions since Operation Onymous, when Operation Bayonet culminated in coordinated multinational seizures of both the Hansa and leading AlphaBay markets, sparking worldwide law enforcement investigations. [64] The seizures brought in lots of traffic to other markets making TradeRoute and Dream Market the most popular markets at the time.

In October 2017, TradeRoute exit-scammed shortly after being hacked and extorted. [65]

In June 2018, the digital security organization Digital Shadows reported that, due to the climate of fear and mistrust after the closure of AlphaBay and Hansa, darknet market activity was switching away from centralized marketplace websites and towards alternatives such as direct chat on Telegram, or decentralized marketplaces like OpenBazaar. [66] [67]

In 2019, Dream Market was the most popular market by far, with over 120,000 current trade listings, followed at one time by Wall Street Market with under 10,000 listings.[ citation needed ] Dream Market was shut down in 2019, and Wall Street Market was seized by law enforcement in May 2019 [68] as part of an Internal Law Enforcement Operation Dark Huntor. [69] That same operation also shut down the Dark Markets: DeepSea, Berlusconi, [70] White House and Dark Market. [71]

The May 2019 seizure of news and links site DeepDotWeb for conspiring with the markets created a temporary disruption around market navigation. [72]

In 2021, authorities have taken down the largest dark web marketplace DarkMarket, along with arresting the Australian man who was believed to be the operator of the website. The 20 servers that hosted the website were seized. [73]

In August 2021, AlphaBay was relaunched after the return of one of the original security administrators DeSnake. [74]

Market features

Search and discussion

One of the central [75] discussion forums was Reddit's /r/DarkNetMarkets/, [76] [77] [78] which has been the subject of legal investigation, as well as the Tor-based discussion forum, The Hub. On March 21, 2018, Reddit administrators shut down the popular subreddit /r/DarkNetMarkets citing new changes to their content policy that forbids the sale of "Drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, or any controlled substances". [79] [80] This led to the rise of Dread, the dedicated darknet discussion forum [81] [72] and the news site Darknetlive.[ citation needed ]

Many market places maintain their own dedicated discussion forums and subreddits. [82] The majority of the marketplaces are in English, but some are opening up in Chinese, Russian, and Ukrainian. [83]

The dedicated market search engine Grams allowed the searching of multiple markets directly without login or registration. [84]

Dark web news and review sites such as the former [72] DeepDotWeb, [77] [85] and All Things Vice provide exclusive interviews and commentary into the dynamic markets. [86] Uptime and comparison services [87] provide sources of information about active markets as well as suspected scams and law enforcement activity. Due to the decentralized nature of these markets, phishing and scam sites are often maliciously or accidentally referenced. [88]

After discovering the location of a market, a user must register on the site, sometimes with a referral link, after which they can browse listings. A further PIN may be required to perform transactions, better protecting users against login credential compromise. [89]

Customer interactions

Flowchart of The Silk Road's payment system, produced as evidence in the trial of its owner. Silk road payment.jpg
Flowchart of The Silk Road's payment system, produced as evidence in the trial of its owner.

Transactions typically use Bitcoin [1] for payment, sometimes combined with tumblers [90] for added anonymity and PGP to secure communications between buyers and vendors from being stored on the site itself. [91] Many sites use Bitcoin multisig transactions to improve security and reduce dependency on the site's escrow.[ citation needed ] The discontinued Helix Bitcoin tumbler offered direct anonymized marketplace payment integrations. [92]

On making a purchase, the buyer must transfer cryptocurrency into the site's escrow, after which a vendor dispatches their goods then claims the payment from the site. On receipt or non-receipt of the item users may leave feedback against the vendor's account. Buyers may "finalize early" (FE), releasing funds from escrow to the vendor prior to receiving their goods in order to expedite a transaction, but leave themselves vulnerable to fraud if they choose to do so. [89]

Following Operation Onymous, there was a substantial increase in PGP support from vendors, with PGP use on two marketplaces near 90%. This suggests that law enforcement responses to cryptomarkets result in continued security innovations, thereby making markets more resilient to undercover law enforcement efforts. [93]

Market types

Items on a typical centralized darknet market are listed from a range of vendors in an eBay-like marketplace format. [94] Virtually all such markets have advanced reputation, search and shipping features similar to Amazon.com. [95]

By 2015, some of the most popular vendors had their own dedicated online shops separate from the large marketplaces. [96] Individual sites had returned to operating on the clearnet, with mixed success. [97]

Some criminal internet forums such as the defunct Tor Carding Forum [98] and the Russian Anonymous Marketplace function as markets with trusted members providing escrow services, and users engaging in off-forum messaging. [99] In May 2014 the "Deepify" service attempted to automate the process of setting up markets with a SAAS solution; [100] however, this closed a short time later. [101]

Following repeated problems associated with centralized infrastructure, a number of decentralized marketplace software alternatives were set up using blockchain or peer-to-peer technologies, including OpenBazaar [51] and Bitmarkets, [102]

Vendors

To list on a market, a vendor may have undergone an application process via referral, proof of reputation from another market or given a cash deposit to the market. [94]

Many vendors list their wares on multiple markets, ensuring they retain their reputation even should a single market place close. Grams have launched "InfoDesk" to allow central content and identity management for vendors as well as PGP key distribution. [103] [93]

Meanwhile, individual law enforcement operations regularly investigate and arrest individual vendors [104] and those purchasing significant quantities for personal use. [105]

A February 2016 report suggested that a quarter of all DNM purchases were for resale. [9]

Products

An analysis of the defunct Evolution marketplace shows the different types of products and vendors on a market Evolution vendor category relationships.png
An analysis of the defunct Evolution marketplace shows the different types of products and vendors on a market

Drugs

Whilst a great many products are sold, drugs dominate the numbers of listings, with the drugs including cannabis, MDMA, modafinil, [107] [108] [109] LSD, cocaine, and designer drugs.

Personal information

Personally identifying information, financial information like credit card and bank account information, and medical data from medical data breaches is bought and sold, mostly in darknet markets but also in other black markets. [110] People increase the value of the stolen data by aggregating it with publicly available data, and sell it again for a profit, increasing the damage that can be done to the people whose data was stolen. [111]

Fraud and hacking services

Cyber crime and hacking services for financial institutions and banks have also been offered over the dark web. [112] Markets such as AlphaBay Market have hosted a significant share of the commercial fraud market, featuring carding, counterfeiting and many related services. [113] Loyalty card information is also sold as it is easy to launder. [114]

Prohibitions and restrictions

Many markets refuse to list weapons [115] or poisons. [116] Markets such as the original Silk Road would refuse to list anything where the "purpose is to harm or defraud, such as stolen credit cards, assassinations, and weapons of mass destruction". [22]

Later markets such as Evolution ban "child pornography, services related to murder/assassination/terrorism, prostitution, Ponzi schemes, and lotteries", but allow the wholesaling of credit card data. [47]

The market in firearms appears to attract extra attention from law enforcement, [117] as does the selling of other weapons such as certain types of knives and blades. [118]

Market operations

Nachash, former proprietor of Doxbin, wrote a guide in early 2015 entitled So, You Want To Be a Darknet Drug Lord ... [119] [120]

Background research tasks included learning from past drug lords, researching legal matters, studying law enforcement agency tactics and obtaining legal representation. With regards to the prospective market's hosting, he recommends identifying a hosting country with gaps in their mutual legal assistance treaty with one's country of residence, avoiding overpriced bulletproof hosting and choosing a web host with Tor support that accepts suitably hard-to-trace payment. Patterns recommended to avoid include hiring hitmen like Dread Pirate Roberts, and sharing handles for software questions on sites like Stack Exchange.

He advises on running a secured server operating system with a server-side transparent Tor proxy server, [121] hardening web application configurations, Tor-based server administration, automated server configuration management rebuild and secure destruction with frequent server relocation rather than a darknet managed hosting service. [122] [123] To protect against guard node deanonymization he recommends obfuscating traffic by investing in Tor relays which the market site will exclusively use.

For a local machine configuration, he recommends a computer purchased for cash running Linux, using a local Tor transparent proxy. For operations security he suggests avoiding storing conversation logs, varying writing styles, avoiding mobile phone-based tracking and leaking false personal details to further obfuscate one's identity. Use of OTR and PGP are recommended.

He recommends verifying market employees carefully, and to weed out law enforcement infiltration through barium meal tests.

Law enforcement and intelligence agencies have expanded investigations of dark web markets, [124] [125]

Fraudulent markets

A large number of services pretend to be a legitimate vendor shop, or marketplace of some kind in order to defraud people. These include the notoriously unreliable gun stores,[ citation needed ] or even fake assassination websites. [126]

Exit scams

Graphical illustration of the life-cycle of vendors Darknet market exit scam model.png
Graphical illustration of the life-cycle of vendors

Centralized market escrow allows a market to close down and "exit" with the buyer's and vendor's cryptocurrency at any time. This has happened on several occasions such as with BlackBank, [48] Evolution, [47] and Wall Street Market. [128]

Individual vendors often reach a point of reputation maturity whereby they have sold sufficient product reliably to have gained a significant reputation and accumulated escrowed funds; many may choose to exit with the funds rather than compete at the higher-volume higher-priced matured product level. [127] [129]

Commentary

In December 2014, an exhibition by Carmen Weisskopf and Domagoj Smoljo entitled "The Darknet: From Memes to Onionland" explored Darknet culture. This featured a bot called the "Random Darknet Shopper" which spent $100 in BTC per week on products listed on Agora. [130] Their aim was to explore the ethical and philosophical implications of these markets, which, despite high-profile internationally co-ordinated raids, persist and flourish. [131]

James Martin's 2014 book Drugs on the Dark Net: How Cryptomarkets are Transforming the Global Trade in Illicit Drugs discusses some vendors who are even branding their opium or cocaine as "fair trade", "organic" or sourced from conflict-free zones. [132] In June 2015 journalist Jamie Bartlett gave a TED talk about the state of the darknet market ecosystem as it stood at the time. [133]

According to 2014 studies by Martin [134] [132] Aldridge & Décary-Hétu [135] and a January 2015 report from the Global Drug Policy Observatory, many harm reduction trends have been spotted. These include the reduced risks associated with street dealing such as being offered hard drugs. The vendor feedback system provides accountability for risks of mixing and side effects and protection against scammers. Online forum communities provide information about safe drug use in an environment where users can anonymously ask questions. Some users report the online element having a moderating effect on their consumption due to the increased lead time ordering from the sites compared to street dealing. [136]

Professor for addiction research Heino Stöver notes that the shops can be seen as a political statement, advancing drug legalization "from below". [137] The results of these markets are higher quality and lower prices of psychoactive substances as well as a lower risk of violent incidents. [138] A number of studies suggest that markets such as Silk Road may have helped users reduce the harm caused by illicit drug use, particularly compared with street-based drug marketplaces. Examples include the sale of high-quality products with low risk for contamination (including lacing and cutting), vendor-tested products, sharing of trip reports, and online discussion of harm reduction practices. Some health professionals such as "DoctorX" provide information, advice and drug-testing services on the darknet. [139] The quality of products is attributed to the competition and transparency of darknet markets [138] which involve user feedback and reputation features.

Europol reported in December 2014, "We have lately seen a large amount of physical crime move online, at least the 'marketing' and delivery part of the business ... [Buyers can] get the illegal commodity delivered risk-free to a place of their choice by the mailman or a courier, or maybe by drone in the future, and can pay with virtual currency and in full anonymity, without the police being able to identify either the buyer or the seller." [95]

In June 2015 the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) produced a report citing difficulties controlling virtual market places via darknet markets, social media and mobile apps. [140] In August 2015 it was announced that Interpol now offers a dedicated Dark Web training program featuring technical information on Tor and cybersecurity and simulated darknet market takedowns.

In October 2015 the UK's National Crime Agency and GCHQ announced the formation of a "Joint Operations Cell" to focus on cybercrime.[ citation needed ] In November 2015 this team would be tasked with tackling child exploitation on the dark web as well as other cybercrime. [141]

In February 2015, the EMCDDA produced another report citing the increased importance of customer service and reputation management in the marketplace, the reduced risk of violence and increased product purity. It estimated a quarter of all purchases were for resale and that the trend towards decentralization meant they are unlikely to be eliminated any time soon. [9]

A June 2016 report from the Global Drug Survey described how the markets are increasing in popularity, despite ongoing law enforcement action and scams. Other findings include consumers making purchases via friends operating Tor browser and Bitcoin payments, rather than directly. Access to markets in 79% of respondents' cases led to users trying a new type of drug. [142]

A 2017 study focused on a geographical analysis of trafficking on a darknet market. Researchers contended that previous studies have demonstrated variations in the types of substances available in different countries. These variations can be attributed to factors like geographic isolation, strict border controls, lenient laws on illegal items, high prices, tight internet control, and the general accessibility of illegal goods. [143]

Size of listings

The size of the darknet markets economy can be problematic to estimate. A study based on a combination of listing scrapes and feedback to estimate sales volume by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University captured some of the best data. A reviewed 2013 analysis put the Silk Road grossing $300,000 a day, extrapolating to over $100 million over a year. Subsequent data from later markets has significant gaps as well as complexities associated with analysing multiple marketplaces. [144]

10
20
30
40
50
October 2013
April 2014
August 2014
November 2014
March 2015
April 2015
  •   Silk Road
  •   Black Market Reloaded
  •   Sheep
  •   DeepBay
  •   Agora
  •   Pandora
  •   Evolution
  •   TOM
  •   Middle Earth
  •   Nucleus
  •   Abraxas
  •   Black Bank
  •   Alpha Bay
  •   Others

Digital Citizens Alliance [149]

In fiction

In the episode "eps2.3_logic-b0mb.hc" (ep. 5 of season 2) of the drama–thriller television series, Mr. Robot , the protagonist, Elliot, is supposed to be repairing a Tor hidden site which turns out to be a darknet market called "Midland City" styled after the Silk Road for the sale of guns, sex trafficked women, rocket launchers, drugs and hitmen for hire. [150] [151]

In the 2016 movie Nerve starring Emma Roberts and Dave Franco, the dark web plays a major role.

In Grand Theft Auto Online , players who purchase warehouses and garages for illicit cargo and stolen cars can buy/steal and sell them through trade on the "SecuroServ" syndicate website. After the Biker DLC, players can now purchase buildings for illegal drugs and counterfeit products manufacture, and distribute them through a darknet website called "The Open Road" where law enforcement cannot be notified of the player's trade.

In the first arc of the anime series Lupin the 3rd Part V , Lupin III steals digital currency from the "Marco Polo" darknet market.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silk Road (marketplace)</span> 2011–2013 darknet market most known for the sale of illegal drugs

Silk Road was an online black market and the first modern darknet market. It was launched in 2011 by its American founder Ross Ulbricht under the pseudonym "Dread Pirate Roberts." As part of the dark web, Silk Road operated as a hidden service on the Tor network, allowing users to buy and sell products and services between each other anonymously. All transactions were conducted with bitcoin, a cryptocurrency which aided in protecting user identities. The website was known for its illegal drug marketplace, among other illegal and legal product listings. Between February 2011 and July 2013, the site facilitated sales amounting to 9,519,664 Bitcoins.

The dark web is the World Wide Web content that exists on darknets that use the Internet but require specific software, configurations, or authorization to access. Through the dark web, private computer networks can communicate and conduct business anonymously without divulging identifying information, such as a user's location. The dark web forms a small part of the deep web, the part of the web not indexed by web search engines, although sometimes the term deep web is mistakenly used to refer specifically to the dark web.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sheep Marketplace</span> Darknet market

Sheep Marketplace was an anonymous marketplace set up as a Tor hidden service. It launched in March 2013 and was one of the lesser known sites to gain popularity with the well publicized closure of the Silk Road marketplace later that year. It ceased operation in December 2013, when it announced it was shutting down after a vendor stole $6 million worth of users' bitcoins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Onymous</span> International police operation targeting darknet markets

Operation Onymous was an international law enforcement operation targeting darknet markets and other hidden services operating on the Tor network.

Agora was a darknet market operating in the Tor network, launched in 2013 and shut down in August 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evolution (marketplace)</span> Former darknet market

Evolution was a darknet market operating on the Tor network. The site was founded by an individual known as 'Verto' who also founded the now defunct Tor Carding Forum. Evolution was active between 14 January 2014 and mid-March 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AlphaBay</span> Defunct darknet marketplace

AlphaBay was a darknet market operating at different times between September 2014 and February 2023. At times, it was both an onion service on the Tor network and an I2P node on I2P. After it was shut down in July 2017 following law enforcement action in the United States, Canada, and Thailand as part of Operation Bayonet, it was relaunched in August 2021 by the self-described co-founder and security administrator DeSnake. The alleged original founder, Alexandre Cazes, a Canadian citizen born on 19 October 1991, was found dead in his cell in Thailand several days after his arrest, with police suspecting suicide.

TheRealDeal was a darknet website and a part of the cyber-arms industry reported to be selling code and zero-day software exploits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Utopia (marketplace)</span> Former darknet market

Utopia was a darknet market similar to The Silk Road that facilitated sale of illegal items such as narcotics, firearms, stolen bank account information and forged identity documents. Utopia was based on Black Market Reloaded and has ties to it.

DeepDotWeb was a news site dedicated to events in and surrounding the dark web featuring interviews and reviews about darknet markets, Tor hidden services, privacy, bitcoin, and related news. The website was seized on May 7, 2019, during an investigation into the owners' affiliate marketing model, in which they received money for posting links to certain darknet markets, and for which they were charged with conspiracy to commit money laundering. In March 2021 site administrator Tal Prihar pleaded guilty to his charge of conspiracy to commit money laundering.

Grams was a search engine for Tor based darknet markets launched in April 2014, and closed in December 2017. The service allowed users to search multiple darknet markets for products like drugs and guns from a simple search interface, and also provided the capability for its users to hide their transactions through its bitcoin tumbler Helix.

The Hub is a discussion forum on Tor hidden services on the dark web focused on darknet market reviews, cryptocurrency and security.

All Things Vice is a blog that was started in 2012 by Australian author and journalist Eileen Ormsby about news in the dark web. Since her investigations into the Silk Road in 2012, the darknet market led her to blog about various happenings in the dark web and two books, Silk Road (2014) and The Darkest Web (2018).

Atlantis was a darknet market founded in March 2013, the third such type of market, concurrent with The Silk Road and Black Market Reloaded. It was the first market to accept Litecoin.

The Russian Anonymous Marketplace or RAMP was a Russian language forum with users selling a variety of drugs on the Dark Web.

The Tor Carding Forum (TCF) was a Tor-based forum specializing in the trade of stolen credit card details, identity theft and currency counterfeiting. The site was founded by an individual known as 'Verto' who also founded the now defunct Evolution darknet market.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cthulhu (developer)</span> British Tor hidden service developer and administrator

Thomas White aka Cthulhu is a British former Tor hidden service developer and administrator. He co-founded Silk Road 2.0 and DDoSecrets.

Hansa was an online darknet market which operated on a hidden service of the Tor network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dream Market</span> Online black market

Dream Market was an online darknet market founded in late 2013. Dream Market operated on a hidden service of the Tor network, allowing online users to browse anonymously and securely while avoiding potential monitoring of traffic. The marketplace sold a variety of content, including drugs, stolen data, and counterfeit consumer goods, all using cryptocurrency. Dream provided an escrow service, with disputes handled by staff. The market also had accompanying forums, hosted on a different URL, where buyers, vendors, and other members of the community could interact. It was one of the longest running darknet markets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dread (forum)</span> Online discussion forum hosted on the dark web

Dread is a Reddit-like dark web discussion forum featuring news and discussions around darknet markets. The site's administrators go by the alias of Paris and HugBunter.

References

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  8. ↑ Mark, Ward (30 December 2014). "Tor's most visited hidden sites host child abuse images". Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 Gayle, Damien (11 February 2016). "Online market 'is turning drug dealers from goons to geeks'". Archived from the original on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
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