Phishing

Last updated
Not to be confused with Fishing or Pishing.For the rock band, see Phish.
Example phishing email.svg
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Typical components of phishing emails
1
Fraudulent but similar domain name for sender
2
Incorrect branding
3
Generic information
4
Spelling errors
5
Sense of urgency
6
Fake link
7
Incorrect name

Phishing is a form of social engineering and a scam where attackers deceive people into revealing sensitive information [1] or installing malware such as viruses, worms, adware, or ransomware. Phishing attacks have become increasingly sophisticated and often transparently mirror the site being targeted, allowing the attacker to observe everything while the victim navigates the site, and transverses any additional security boundaries with the victim. [2] As of 2020, it is the most common type of cybercrime, with the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center reporting more incidents of phishing than any other type of cybercrime. [3]

Contents

The term "phishing" was first recorded in 1995 in the cracking toolkit AOHell, but may have been used earlier in the hacker magazine 2600 . [4] [5] [6] It is a variation of fishing and refers to the use of lures to "fish" for sensitive information. [5] [7] [8]

Measures to prevent or reduce the impact of phishing attacks include legislation, user education, public awareness, and technical security measures. [9] The importance of phishing awareness has increased in both personal and professional settings, with phishing attacks among businesses rising from 72% in 2017 to 86% in 2020, [10] already rising to 94% in 2023. [11]

Types

Email phishing

Phishing attacks, often delivered via email spam, attempt to trick individuals into giving away sensitive information or login credentials. Most attacks are "bulk attacks" that are not targeted and are instead sent in bulk to a wide audience. [12] The goal of the attacker can vary, with common targets including financial institutions, email and cloud productivity providers, and streaming services. [13] The stolen information or access may be used to steal money, install malware, or spear phish others within the target organization. [14] Compromised streaming service accounts may also be sold on darknet markets. [15]

This type of social engineering attack can involve sending fraudulent emails or messages that appear to be from a trusted source, such as a bank or government agency. These messages typically redirect to a fake login page where users are prompted to enter their credentials.

Spear phishing

Spear phishing is a targeted phishing attack that uses personalized messaging, especially e‑mails, [16] to trick a specific individual or organization into believing they are legitimate. It often utilizes personal information about the target to increase the chances of success. [17] [18] [19] [20] These attacks often target executives or those in financial departments with access to sensitive financial data and services. Accountancy and audit firms are particularly vulnerable to spear phishing due to the value of the information their employees have access to. [21]

The Russian government-run Threat Group-4127 (Fancy Bear) (GRU Unit 26165) targeted Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign with spear phishing attacks on over 1,800  Google accounts, using the  accounts-google.com  domain to threaten targeted users. [22] [23]

A study on spear phishing susceptibility among different age groups found that 43% of youth aged 18–25 years and 58% of older users clicked on simulated phishing links in daily e‑mails over 21 days. Older women had the highest susceptibility, while susceptibility in young users declined during the study, but remained stable among older users. [24]

Voice phishing (Vishing)

Voice over IP (VoIP) is used in vishing or voice phishing attacks, [25] where attackers make automated phone calls to large numbers of people, often using text-to-speech synthesizers, claiming fraudulent activity on their accounts. The attackers spoof the calling phone number to appear as if it is coming from a legitimate bank or institution. The victim is then prompted to enter sensitive information or connected to a live person who uses social engineering tactics to obtain information. [25] Vishing takes advantage of the public's lower awareness and trust in voice telephony compared to email phishing. [26]

SMS phishing (smishing)

SMS phishing [27] or smishing [28] [29] is a type of phishing attack that uses text messages from a cell phone or smartphone to deliver a bait message. [30] The victim is usually asked to click a link, call a phone number, or contact an email address provided by the attacker. They may then be asked to provide private information, such as login credentials for other websites. The difficulty in identifying illegitimate links can be compounded on mobile devices due to the limited display of URLs in mobile browsers. [31] Smishing can be just as effective as email phishing, as many smartphones have fast internet connectivity. Smishing messages may also come from unusual phone numbers. [32]

Page hijacking

Page hijacking involves redirecting users to malicious websites or exploit kits through the compromise of legitimate web pages, often using cross site scripting. Hackers may insert exploit kits such as MPack into compromised websites to exploit legitimate users visiting the server. Page hijacking can also involve the insertion of malicious inline frames, allowing exploit kits to load. This tactic is often used in conjunction with watering hole attacks on corporate targets. [33]

Quishing

A relatively new trend in online scam activity is "Quishing". The term is derived from "QR" (Quick Response) codes and "phishing", as scammers exploit the convenience of QR codes to trick users into giving up sensitive data, by scanning a code containing an embedded malicious web site link. Unlike traditional phishing, which relies on deceptive emails or websites, quishing uses QR codes to bypass email filters [34] [35] and increase the likelihood that victims will fall for the scam, as people tend to trust QR codes and may not scrutinize them as carefully as a URL or email link. The bogus codes may be sent by email, social media, or in some cases hard copy stickers are placed over legitimate QR codes on such things as advertising posters and car park notices. [36] [37] When victims scan the QR code with their phone or device, they are redirected to a fake website designed to steal personal information, login credentials, or financial details. [34]

As QR codes become more widely used for things like payments, event check-ins, and product information, quishing is emerging as a significant concern for digital security. Users are advised to exercise caution when scanning unfamiliar QR codes and ensure they are from trusted sources, although the UK's National Cyber Security Centre rates the risk as far lower than other types of lure. [38]

Techniques

Phishing attacks often involve creating fake links that appear to be from a legitimate organization. [39] These links may use misspelled URLs or subdomains to deceive the user. In the following example URL, http://www.yourbank.example.com/, it can appear to the untrained eye as though the URL will take the user to the example section of the yourbank website; this URL points to the "yourbank" (i.e. phishing subdomain) section of the example website (fraudster's domain name). Another tactic is to make the displayed text for a link appear trustworthy, while the actual link goes to the phisher's site. To check the destination of a link, many email clients and web browsers will show the URL in the status bar when the mouse is hovering over it. However, some phishers may be able to bypass this security measure. [40]

Internationalized domain names (IDNs) can be exploited via IDN spoofing [41] or homograph attacks [42] to allow attackers to create fake websites with visually identical addresses to legitimate ones. These attacks have been used by phishers to disguise malicious URLs using open URL redirectors on trusted websites. [43] [44] [45] Even digital certificates, such as SSL, may not protect against these attacks as phishers can purchase valid certificates and alter content to mimic genuine websites or host phishing sites without SSL. [46]

Social engineering

A fake virus notification Computer virus scam.jpg
A fake virus notification

Phishing often uses social engineering techniques to trick users into performing actions such as clicking a link or opening an attachment, or revealing sensitive information. It often involves pretending to be a trusted entity and creating a sense of urgency, [47] like threatening to close or seize a victim's bank or insurance account. [48]

An alternative technique to impersonation-based phishing is the use of fake news articles to trick victims into clicking on a malicious link. These links often lead to fake websites that appear legitimate, [49] but are actually run by attackers who may try to install malware or present fake "virus" notifications to the victim. [50]

History

Early history

Early phishing techniques can be traced back to the 1990s, when black hat hackers and the warez community used AOL to steal credit card information and commit other online crimes. The term "phishing" is said to have been coined by Khan C. Smith, a well-known spammer and hacker, [51] and its first recorded mention was found in the hacking tool AOHell, which was released in 1994. AOHell allowed hackers to impersonate AOL staff and send instant messages to victims asking them to reveal their passwords. [52] [53] In response, AOL implemented measures to prevent phishing and eventually shut down the warez scene on their platform. [54] [55]

2000s

In the 2000s, phishing attacks became more organized and targeted. The first known direct attempt against a payment system, E-gold, occurred in June 2001, and shortly after the September 11 attacks, a "post-9/11 id check" phishing attack followed. [56] The first known phishing attack against a retail bank was reported in September 2003. [57] Between May 2004 and May 2005, approximately 1.2 million computer users in the United States suffered losses caused by phishing, totaling approximately US$929 million. [58] Phishing was recognized as a fully organized part of the black market, and specializations emerged on a global scale that provided phishing software for payment, which were assembled and implemented into phishing campaigns by organized gangs. [59] [60] The United Kingdom banking sector suffered from phishing attacks, with losses from web banking fraud almost doubling in 2005 compared to 2004. [61] [62] In 2006, almost half of phishing thefts were committed by groups operating through the Russian Business Network based in St. Petersburg. [63] Email scams posing as the Internal Revenue Service were also used to steal sensitive data from U.S. taxpayers. [64] Social networking sites are a prime target of phishing, since the personal details in such sites can be used in identity theft; [65] In 2007, 3.6 million adults lost US$3.2 billion due to phishing attacks. [66] The Anti-Phishing Working Group reported receiving 115,370 phishing email reports from consumers with US and China hosting more than 25% of the phishing pages each in the third quarter of 2009. [67]

2010s

Phishing in the 2010s saw a significant increase in the number of attacks. In 2011, the master keys for RSA SecurID security tokens were stolen through a phishing attack. [68] [69] Chinese phishing campaigns also targeted high-ranking officials in the US and South Korean governments and military, as well as Chinese political activists. [70] [71] According to Ghosh, phishing attacks increased from 187,203 in 2010 to 445,004 in 2012. In August 2013, Outbrain suffered a spear-phishing attack, [72] and in November 2013, 110 million customer and credit card records were stolen from Target customers through a phished subcontractor account. [73] CEO and IT security staff subsequently fired. [74] In August 2014, iCloud leaks of celebrity photos were based on phishing e-mails sent to victims that looked like they came from Apple or Google. [75] In November 2014, phishing attacks on ICANN gained administrative access to the Centralized Zone Data System; also gained was data about users in the system - and access to ICANN's public Governmental Advisory Committee wiki, blog, and whois information portal. [76] Fancy Bear was linked to spear-phishing attacks against the Pentagon email system in August 2015, [77] [78] and the group used a zero-day exploit of Java in a spear-phishing attack on the White House and NATO. [79] [80] Fancy Bear carried out spear phishing attacks on email addresses associated with the Democratic National Committee in the first quarter of 2016. [81] [82] In August 2016, members of the Bundestag and political parties such as Linken-faction leader Sahra Wagenknecht, Junge Union, and the CDU of Saarland were targeted by spear-phishing attacks suspected to be carried out by Fancy Bear. In August 2016, the World Anti-Doping Agency reported the receipt of phishing emails sent to users of its database claiming to be official WADA, but consistent with the Russian hacking group Fancy Bear. [83] [84] [85] In 2017, 76% of organizations experienced phishing attacks, with nearly half of the information security professionals surveyed reporting an increase from 2016. In the first half of 2017, businesses and residents of Qatar were hit with over 93,570 phishing events in a three-month span. [86] In August 2017, customers of Amazon faced the Amazon Prime Day phishing attack, when hackers sent out seemingly legitimate deals to customers of Amazon. When Amazon's customers attempted to make purchases using the "deals", the transaction would not be completed, prompting the retailer's customers to input data that could be compromised and stolen. [87] In 2018, the company block.one, which developed the EOS.IO blockchain, was attacked by a phishing group who sent phishing emails to all customers aimed at intercepting the user's cryptocurrency wallet key, and a later attack targeted airdrop tokens. [88]

2020s

Phishing attacks have evolved in the 2020s to include elements of social engineering, as demonstrated by the July 15, 2020, Twitter breach. In this case, a 17-year-old hacker and accomplices set up a fake website resembling Twitter's internal VPN provider used by remote working employees. Posing as helpdesk staff, they called multiple Twitter employees, directing them to submit their credentials to the fake VPN website. [89] Using the details supplied by the unsuspecting employees, they were able to seize control of several high-profile user accounts, including those of Barack Obama, Elon Musk, Joe Biden, and Apple Inc.'s company account. The hackers then sent messages to Twitter followers soliciting Bitcoin, promising to double the transaction value in return. The hackers collected 12.86 BTC (about $117,000 at the time). [90]

Anti-phishing

There are anti-phishing websites which publish exact messages that have been recently circulating the internet, such as FraudWatch International and Millersmiles. Such sites often provide specific details about the particular messages. [91] [92]

As recently as 2007, the adoption of anti-phishing strategies by businesses needing to protect personal and financial information was low. [93] There are several different techniques to combat phishing, including legislation and technology created specifically to protect against phishing. These techniques include steps that can be taken by individuals, as well as by organizations. Phone, web site, and email phishing can now be reported to authorities, as described below.

User training

Frame of an animation by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission intended to educate citizens about phishing tactics Phish.jpg
Frame of an animation by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission intended to educate citizens about phishing tactics

Effective phishing education, including conceptual knowledge [94] and feedback, [95] [96] is an important part of any organization's anti-phishing strategy. While there is limited data on the effectiveness of education in reducing susceptibility to phishing, [97] much information on the threat is available online. [48]

Simulated phishing campaigns, in which organizations test their employees' training by sending fake phishing emails, are commonly used to assess their effectiveness. One example is a study by the National Library of Medicine, in which an organization received 858,200 emails during a 1-month testing period, with 139,400 (16%) being marketing and 18,871 (2%) being identified as potential threats. These campaigns are often used in the healthcare industry, as healthcare data is a valuable target for hackers. These campaigns are just one of the ways that organizations are working to combat phishing. [98]

Nearly all legitimate e-mail messages from companies to their customers contain an item of information that is not readily available to phishers. Some companies, for example PayPal, always address their customers by their username in emails, so if an email addresses the recipient in a generic fashion ("Dear PayPal customer") it is likely to be an attempt at phishing. [99] Furthermore, PayPal offers various methods to determine spoof emails and advises users to forward suspicious emails to their spoof@PayPal.com domain to investigate and warn other customers. However it is unsafe to assume that the presence of personal information alone guarantees that a message is legitimate, [100] and some studies have shown that the presence of personal information does not significantly affect the success rate of phishing attacks; [101] which suggests that most people do not pay attention to such details.

Emails from banks and credit card companies often include partial account numbers, but research has shown that people tend to not differentiate between the first and last digits. [102]

A study on phishing attacks in game environments found that educational games can effectively educate players against information disclosures and can increase awareness on phishing risk thus mitigating risks. [103]

The Anti-Phishing Working Group, one of the largest anti-phishing organizations in the world, produces regular report on trends in phishing attacks. [104]

Technical approaches

A wide range of technical approaches are available to prevent phishing attacks reaching users or to prevent them from successfully capturing sensitive information.

Filtering out phishing mail

Specialized spam filters can reduce the number of phishing emails that reach their addressees' inboxes. These filters use a number of techniques including machine learning [105] and natural language processing approaches to classify phishing emails, [106] [107] and reject email with forged addresses. [108]

Browsers alerting users to fraudulent websites

Screenshot of Firefox 2.0.0.1 Phishing suspicious site warning Firefox 2.0.0.1 Phising Alert.png
Screenshot of Firefox 2.0.0.1 Phishing suspicious site warning

Another popular approach to fighting phishing is to maintain a list of known phishing sites and to check websites against the list. One such service is the Safe Browsing service. [109] Web browsers such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer 7, Mozilla Firefox 2.0, Safari 3.2, and Opera all contain this type of anti-phishing measure. [110] [111] [112] [113] [114] Firefox 2 used Google anti-phishing software. Opera 9.1 uses live blacklists from Phishtank, cyscon and GeoTrust, as well as live whitelists from GeoTrust. Some implementations of this approach send the visited URLs to a central service to be checked, which has raised concerns about privacy. [115] According to a report by Mozilla in late 2006, Firefox 2 was found to be more effective than Internet Explorer 7 at detecting fraudulent sites in a study by an independent software testing company. [116]

An approach introduced in mid-2006 involves switching to a special DNS service that filters out known phishing domains. [117]

To mitigate the problem of phishing sites impersonating a victim site by embedding its images (such as logos), several site owners have altered the images to send a message to the visitor that a site may be fraudulent. The image may be moved to a new filename and the original permanently replaced, or a server can detect that the image was not requested as part of normal browsing, and instead send a warning image. [118] [119]

Augmenting password logins

The Bank of America website [120] [121] was one of several that asked users to select a personal image (marketed as SiteKey) and displayed this user-selected image with any forms that request a password. Users of the bank's online services were instructed to enter a password only when they saw the image they selected. The bank has since discontinued the use of SiteKey. Several studies suggest that few users refrain from entering their passwords when images are absent. [122] [123] In addition, this feature (like other forms of two-factor authentication) is susceptible to other attacks, such as those suffered by Scandinavian bank Nordea in late 2005, [124] and Citibank in 2006. [125]

A similar system, in which an automatically generated "Identity Cue" consisting of a colored word within a colored box is displayed to each website user, is in use at other financial institutions. [126]

Security skins [127] [128] are a related technique that involves overlaying a user-selected image onto the login form as a visual cue that the form is legitimate. Unlike the website-based image schemes, however, the image itself is shared only between the user and the browser, and not between the user and the website. The scheme also relies on a mutual authentication protocol, which makes it less vulnerable to attacks that affect user-only authentication schemes.

Still another technique relies on a dynamic grid of images that is different for each login attempt. The user must identify the pictures that fit their pre-chosen categories (such as dogs, cars and flowers). Only after they have correctly identified the pictures that fit their categories are they allowed to enter their alphanumeric password to complete the login. Unlike the static images used on the Bank of America website, a dynamic image-based authentication method creates a one-time passcode for the login, requires active participation from the user, and is very difficult for a phishing website to correctly replicate because it would need to display a different grid of randomly generated images that includes the user's secret categories. [129]

Monitoring and takedown

Several companies offer banks and other organizations likely to suffer from phishing scams round-the-clock services to monitor, analyze and assist in shutting down phishing websites. [130] Automated detection of phishing content is still below accepted levels for direct action, with content-based analysis reaching between 80% and 90% of success [131] so most of the tools include manual steps to certify the detection and authorize the response. [132] Individuals can contribute by reporting phishing to both volunteer and industry groups, [133] such as cyscon or PhishTank. [134] Phishing web pages and emails can be reported to Google. [135] [136]

Multi-factor authentication

Organizations can implement two factor or multi-factor authentication (MFA), which requires a user to use at least 2 factors when logging in. (For example, a user must both present a smart card and a password). This mitigates some risk, in the event of a successful phishing attack, the stolen password on its own cannot be reused to further breach the protected system. However, there are several attack methods which can defeat many of the typical systems. [137] MFA schemes such as WebAuthn address this issue by design.

Video instruction by the US Federal Trade Commission on how to file a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission

On January 26, 2004, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission filed the first lawsuit against a Californian teenager suspected of phishing by creating a webpage mimicking America Online and stealing credit card information. [138] Other countries have followed this lead by tracing and arresting phishers. A phishing kingpin, Valdir Paulo de Almeida, was arrested in Brazil for leading one of the largest phishing crime rings, which in two years stole between US$18 million and US$37 million. [139] UK authorities jailed two men in June 2005 for their role in a phishing scam, [140] in a case connected to the U.S. Secret Service Operation Firewall, which targeted notorious "carder" websites. [141] In 2006, Japanese police arrested eight people for creating fake Yahoo Japan websites, netting themselves ¥100 million (US$870,000) [142] and the FBI detained a gang of sixteen in the U.S. and Europe in Operation Cardkeeper. [143]

Senator Patrick Leahy introduced the Anti-Phishing Act of 2005 to Congress in the United States on March 1, 2005. This bill aimed to impose fines of up to $250,000 and prison sentences of up to five years on criminals who used fake websites and emails to defraud consumers. [144] In the UK, the Fraud Act 2006 [145] introduced a general offense of fraud punishable by up to ten years in prison and prohibited the development or possession of phishing kits with the intention of committing fraud. [146]

Companies have also joined the effort to crack down on phishing. On March 31, 2005, Microsoft filed 117 federal lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington. The lawsuits accuse "John Doe" defendants of obtaining passwords and confidential information. March 2005 also saw a partnership between Microsoft and the Australian government teaching law enforcement officials how to combat various cyber crimes, including phishing. [147] Microsoft announced a planned further 100 lawsuits outside the U.S. in March 2006, [148] followed by the commencement, as of November 2006, of 129 lawsuits mixing criminal and civil actions. [149] AOL reinforced its efforts against phishing [150] in early 2006 with three lawsuits [151] seeking a total of US$18 million under the 2005 amendments to the Virginia Computer Crimes Act, [152] [153] and Earthlink has joined in by helping to identify six men subsequently charged with phishing fraud in Connecticut. [154]

In January 2007, Jeffrey Brett Goodin of California became the first defendant convicted by a jury under the provisions of the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003. He was found guilty of sending thousands of emails to AOL users, while posing as the company's billing department, which prompted customers to submit personal and credit card information. Facing a possible 101 years in prison for the CAN-SPAM violation and ten other counts including wire fraud, the unauthorized use of credit cards, and the misuse of AOL's trademark, he was sentenced to serve 70 months. Goodin had been in custody since failing to appear for an earlier court hearing and began serving his prison term immediately. [155] [156] [157] [158]

Notable incidents

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spamming</span> Unsolicited electronic messages, especially advertisements

Spamming is the use of messaging systems to send multiple unsolicited messages (spam) to large numbers of recipients for the purpose of commercial advertising, non-commercial proselytizing, or any prohibited purpose, or simply repeatedly sending the same message to the same user. While the most widely recognized form of spam is email spam, the term is applied to similar abuses in other media: instant messaging spam, Usenet newsgroup spam, Web search engine spam, spam in blogs, wiki spam, online classified ads spam, mobile phone messaging spam, Internet forum spam, junk fax transmissions, social spam, spam mobile apps, television advertising and file sharing spam. It is named after Spam, a luncheon meat, by way of a Monty Python sketch about a restaurant that has Spam in almost every dish in which Vikings annoyingly sing "Spam" repeatedly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pump and dump</span> Form of securities fraud

Pump and dump (P&D) is a form of securities fraud that involves artificially inflating the price of an owned stock through false and misleading positive statements (pump), in order to sell the cheaply purchased stock at a higher price (dump). Once the operators of the scheme "dump" (sell) their overvalued shares, the price falls and investors lose their money. This is most common with small-cap cryptocurrencies and very small corporations/companies, i.e. "microcaps".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cybercrime</span> Type of crime based in computer networks

Cybercrime encompasses a wide range of criminal activities that are carried out using digital devices and/or networks. These crimes involve the use of technology to commit fraud, identity theft, data breaches, computer viruses, scams, and expanded upon in other malicious acts. Cybercriminals exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems and networks to gain unauthorized access, steal sensitive information, disrupt services, and cause financial or reputational harm to individuals, organizations, and governments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social engineering (security)</span> Psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information

In the context of information security, social engineering is the psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. A type of confidence trick for the purpose of information gathering, fraud, or system access, it differs from a traditional "con" in the sense that it is often one of the many steps in a more complex fraud scheme. It has also been defined as "any act that influences a person to take an action that may or may not be in their best interests."

Internet security is a branch of computer security. It encompasses the Internet, browser security, web site security, and network security as it applies to other applications or operating systems as a whole. Its objective is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks over the Internet. The Internet is an inherently insecure channel for information exchange, with high risk of intrusion or fraud, such as phishing, online viruses, trojans, ransomware and worms.

Email fraud is intentional deception for either personal gain or to damage another individual using email as the vehicle. Almost as soon as email became widely used, it began to be used as a means to defraud people, just as telephony and paper mail were used by previous generations.

A spoofed URL involves one website masquerading as another, often leveraging vulnerabilities in web browser technology to facilitate a malicious computer attack. These attacks are particularly effective against computers that lack up-to-date security patches. Alternatively, some spoofed URLs are crafted for satirical purposes.

Email spoofing is the creation of email messages with a forged sender address. The term applies to email purporting to be from an address which is not actually the sender's; mail sent in reply to that address may bounce or be delivered to an unrelated party whose identity has been faked. Disposable email address or "masked" email is a different topic, providing a masked email address that is not the user's normal address, which is not disclosed, but forwards mail sent to it to the user's real address.

Voice phishing, or vishing, is the use of telephony to conduct phishing attacks.

Website spoofing is the act of creating a website with the intention of misleading readers that the website has been created by a different person or organization.

Internet safety, also known as online safety, cyber safety and electronic safety (e-safety), refers to the policies, practices and processes that reduce the harms to people that are enabled by the (mis)use of information technology.

Internet fraud prevention is the act of stopping various types of internet fraud. Due to the many different ways of committing fraud over the Internet, such as stolen credit cards, identity theft, phishing, and chargebacks, users of the Internet, including online merchants, financial institutions and consumers who make online purchases, must make sure to avoid or minimize the risk of falling prey to such scams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Credit card fraud</span> Financial crime

Credit card fraud is an inclusive term for fraud committed using a payment card, such as a credit card or debit card. The purpose may be to obtain goods or services or to make payment to another account, which is controlled by a criminal. The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard is the data security standard created to help financial institutions process card payments securely and reduce card fraud.

Social hacking describes the act of attempting to manipulate outcomes of social behaviour through orchestrated actions. The general function of social hacking is to gain access to restricted information or to a physical space without proper permission. Most often, social hacking attacks are achieved by impersonating an individual or group who is directly or indirectly known to the victims or by representing an individual or group in a position of authority. This is done through pre-meditated research and planning to gain victims’ confidence. Social hackers take great measures to present overtones of familiarity and trustworthiness to elicit confidential or personal information. Social hacking is most commonly associated as a component of “social engineering”.

Fancy Bear is a Russian cyber espionage group. Cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike has said with a medium level of confidence that it is associated with the Russian military intelligence agency GRU. The UK's Foreign and Commonwealth Office as well as security firms SecureWorks, ThreatConnect, and Mandiant, have also said the group is sponsored by the Russian government. In 2018, an indictment by the United States Special Counsel identified Fancy Bear as GRU Unit 26165. This refers to its unified Military Unit Number of the Russian army regiments. The headquarters of Fancy Bear and the entire military unit, which reportedly specializes in state-sponsored cyberattacks and decryption of hacked data, were targeted by Ukrainian drones on July 24, 2023, the rooftop on an adjacent building collapsed as a result of the explosion.

Charming Kitten, also called APT35, Phosphorus or Mint Sandstorm, Ajax Security, and NewsBeef, is an Iranian government cyberwarfare group, described by several companies and government officials as an advanced persistent threat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Twitter account hijacking</span> July 2020 compromise of multiple Twitter accounts to post scam tweets

On July 15, 2020, between 20:00 and 22:00 UTC, 130 high-profile Twitter accounts were reportedly compromised by outside parties to promote a bitcoin scam. Twitter and other media sources confirmed that the perpetrators had gained access to Twitter's administrative tools so that they could alter the accounts themselves and post the tweets directly. They appeared to have used social engineering to gain access to the tools via Twitter employees. Three individuals were arrested by authorities on July 31, 2020, and charged with wire fraud, money laundering, identity theft, and unauthorized computer access related to the scam.

The Nitro hacking attacks were a targeted malware campaign in 2011 suspected to be a case of corporate espionage. At least 48 confirmed companies were infected with a Trojan called Poison Ivy that transferred intellectual property to remote servers. Much of the information known about these attacks comes from a white paper published by cybersecurity company Symantec.

Between 2016 and 2021, multiple prepublication manuscripts were stolen via a phishing scheme that investigators believed were conducted by an industry insider or insiders. In 2022, the FBI arrested Filippo Bernardini, a 29-year-old Italian citizen living in London and working for Simon & Schuster.

References

  1. ↑ Jansson, K.; von Solms, R. (2011-11-09). "Phishing for phishing awareness". Behaviour & Information Technology. 32 (6): 584–593. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2011.632650. ISSN   0144-929X. S2CID   5472217.
  2. ↑ Ramzan, Zulfikar (2010). "Phishing attacks and countermeasures". In Stamp, Mark; Stavroulakis, Peter (eds.). Handbook of Information and Communication Security. Springer. ISBN   978-3-642-04117-4.
  3. ↑ "Internet Crime Report 2020" (PDF). FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center. U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  4. ↑ Ollmann, Gunter. "The Phishing Guide: Understanding and Preventing Phishing Attacks". Technical Info. Archived from the original on 2012-06-29. Retrieved 2006-07-10.
  5. 1 2 Wright, A; Aaron, S; Bates, DW (October 2016). "The Big Phish: Cyberattacks Against U.S. Healthcare Systems". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 31 (10): 1115–8. doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3741-z . ISSN   0884-8734. PMC   5023604 . PMID   27177913.
  6. ↑ Stonebraker, Steve (January 2022). "AOL Underground". aolunderground.com (Podcast). Anchor.fm.
  7. ↑ Mitchell, Anthony (July 12, 2005). "A Leet Primer". TechNewsWorld. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  8. ↑ "Phishing". Language Log, September 22, 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  9. ↑ Jøsang, Audun; et al. (2007). "Security Usability Principles for Vulnerability Analysis and Risk Assessment". Proceedings of the Annual Computer Security Applications Conference 2007 (ACSAC'07). Archived from the original on 2021-03-21. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  10. ↑ Lin, Tian; Capecci, Daniel E.; Ellis, Donovan M.; Rocha, Harold A.; Dommaraju, Sandeep; Oliveira, Daniela S.; Ebner, Natalie C. (September 2019). "Susceptibility to Spear-Phishing Emails: Effects of Internet User Demographics and Email Content". ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction. 26 (5): 32. doi:10.1145/3336141. ISSN   1073-0516. PMC   7274040 . PMID   32508486.
  11. ↑ "Email Nightmare: 94% of Firms Hit by Phishing Attacks in 2023". Infosecurity Magazine. Archived from the original on 2024-11-23. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  12. ↑ "2019 Data Breach Investigations Report" (PDF). PhishingBox. Verizon Communications. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  13. ↑ Furnell, Steven; Millet, Kieran; Papadaki, Maria (July 2019). "Fifteen years of phishing: can technology save us?". Computer Fraud & Security. 2019 (7): 11–16. doi:10.1016/S1361-3723(19)30074-0. S2CID   199578115 . Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  14. ↑ Spoofing and Phishing Federal Bureau of Investigation
  15. ↑ Waddell, Kaveh (11 February 2016). "The Black Market for Netflix Accounts". The Atlantic. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  16. ↑ "Spear phishing". Windows IT Pro Center. Retrieved 4 March 2019– via docs.microsoft.com.
  17. ↑ Stephenson, Debbie (2013-05-30). "Spear phishing: Who's getting caught?". Firmex.com. Archived from the original on 2014-08-11. Retrieved July 27, 2014.
  18. ↑ "NSA/GCHQ hacking gets personal: Belgian cryptographer targeted". Info Security magazine. 3 February 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  19. ↑ Leyden, John (4 April 2011). "RSA explains how attackers breached its systems". The Register . UK. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  20. ↑ Winterford, Brett (7 April 2011). "Epsilon breach used four-month-old attack" . Retrieved 10 September 2018– via itnews.com.au.
  21. ↑ O'Leary, Daniel E. (2019). "What phishing e‑mails reveal: An exploratory analysis of phishing attempts using text analyzes". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3427436. ISSN   1556-5068. S2CID   239250225. SSRN   3427436. Archived from the original on 2021-03-21. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  22. ↑ "Threat Group-4127 targets Google accounts". secureworks.com. 26 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2019-08-11. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
  23. ↑ Nakashima, Ellen; Harris, Shane (13 July 2018). "How the Russians hacked the DNC and passed its e‑mails to WikiLeaks". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  24. ↑ Alkhalil, Z. (2021). "Phishing attacks: A recent comprehensive study and a new anatomy". Frontiers in Computer Science. 3. doi: 10.3389/fcomp.2021.563060 .
  25. 1 2 Griffin, Slade E.; Rackley, Casey C. (2008). "Vishing". Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Information security curriculum development. pp. 33–35. doi:10.1145/1456625.1456635. ISBN   9781605583334.
  26. ↑ Wang, Xinyuan; Zhang, Ruishan; Yang, Xiaohui; Jiang, Xuxian; Wijesekera, Duminda (2008). "Voice pharming attack and the trust of VoIP". Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Security and privacy in communication netowrks. pp. 1–11. doi:10.1145/1460877.1460908. ISBN   9781605582412. S2CID   7874236.
  27. ↑ "Phishing, Smishing, and Vishing: What's the Difference?" (PDF). belvoircreditunion.org. August 1, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-01.
  28. ↑ Vishing and smishing: The rise of social engineering fraud Archived 2021-03-21 at the Wayback Machine , BBC, Marie Keyworth, 2016-01-01
  29. ↑ Steinmetz, Kevin F.; Holt, Thomas J. (2022-08-05). "Falling for Social Engineering: A Qualitative Analysis of Social Engineering Policy Recommendations". Social Science Computer Review. 41 (2): 592–607. doi:10.1177/08944393221117501. ISSN   0894-4393. S2CID   251420893.
  30. ↑ "SMS phishing article at ConsumerAffairs.com". 8 November 2006. Archived from the original on 2021-03-21. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  31. ↑ Mishra, Sandhya; Soni, Devpriya (August 2019). "SMS Phishing and Mitigation Approaches". 2019 Twelfth International Conference on Contemporary Computing (IC3). IEEE. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1109/ic3.2019.8844920. ISBN   978-1-7281-3591-5. S2CID   202700726.
  32. ↑ "What is Smishing?". Symantec Corporation. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  33. ↑ "What Is a Watering Hole Attack?". Fortinet. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  34. 1 2 Stacey, Stephanie (2024-10-27). "Banks and regulators warn of rise in 'quishing' QR code scams". Financial Times. The Financial Times Ltd. Retrieved 2024-11-05. Banks and regulators are warning that QR code phishing scams — also known as "quishing" — are slipping through corporate cyber defences and increasingly tricking customers into giving up their financial details.
  35. ↑ Lipson, Faye (2024-02-19). "5 scams you need to know about in 2024". Which?. Retrieved 2024-11-05. The criminals have cottoned on to the fact that we tend to assume such codes are genuine and scan them without a second thought.
  36. ↑ Morris, Joanna (2023-11-18). "Thornaby: Woman targeted in £13k railway station QR code scam". BBC News. Retrieved 2024-11-05. Fraudsters are thought to have covered a genuine code with one of their own in Thornaby Station's car park.
  37. ↑ Lipson, Faye (2024-02-19). "5 scams you need to know about in 2024". Which?. Retrieved 2024-11-05. For example, in recent years phoney QR codes stuck on parking meters by scammers have misdirected drivers to spoofed payment apps, where they end up unwittingly enrolling in costly monthly subscriptions.
  38. ↑ C, David (2024-03-11). "QR Codes - what's the real risk?". The National Cyber Security Centre. Retrieved 2024-11-05. ...but this type of scam is relatively small compared to other types of cyber fraud.
  39. ↑ "Get smart on Phishing! Learn to read links!". Archived from the original on December 17, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
  40. ↑ Cimpanu, Catalin (June 15, 2016). "Hidden JavaScript Redirect Makes Phishing Pages Harder to Detect". Softpedia News Center. Softpedia. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2017. Hovering links to see their true location may be a useless security tip in the near future if phishers get smart about their mode of operation and follow the example of a crook who recently managed to bypass this browser built-in security feature.
  41. ↑ Johanson, Eric. "The State of Homograph Attacks Rev1.1". The Shmoo Group. Archived from the original on August 23, 2005. Retrieved August 11, 2005.
  42. ↑ Evgeniy Gabrilovich & Alex Gontmakher (February 2002). "The Homograph Attack" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 45 (2): 128. doi:10.1145/503124.503156. S2CID   73840. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-04. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
  43. ↑ Leyden, John (August 15, 2006). "Barclays scripting SNAFU exploited by phishers". The Register. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  44. ↑ Levine, Jason. "Goin' phishing with eBay". Q Daily News. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
  45. ↑ Leyden, John (December 12, 2007). "Cybercrooks lurk in shadows of big-name websites". The Register. Archived from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  46. ↑ "Black Hat DC 2009". May 15, 2011. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  47. ↑ Cui, Xinyue; Ge, Yan; Qu, Weina; Zhang, Kan (2020). "Effects of Recipient Information and Urgency Cues on Phishing Detection". HCI International 2020 - Posters. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Vol. 1226. pp. 520–525. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50732-9_67. ISBN   978-3-030-50731-2. S2CID   220523895.
  48. 1 2 Williams, Emma J; Joinson, Adam N (2020-01-01). "Developing a measure of information seeking about phishing". Journal of Cybersecurity. 6 (1). doi: 10.1093/cybsec/tyaa001 . hdl: 1983/7ba801b9-f6b8-4fc1-8393-de5238e76b2f . ISSN   2057-2085.
  49. ↑ Lin, Tian; Capecci, Daniel E.; Ellis, Donovan M.; Rocha, Harold A.; Dommaraju, Sandeep; Oliveira, Daniela S.; Ebner, Natalie C. (September 2019). "Susceptibility to Spear-Phishing Emails: Effects of Internet User Demographics and Email Content". ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction. 26 (5). doi:10.1145/3336141. ISSN   1073-0516. PMC   7274040 . PMID   32508486.
  50. ↑ Tomlinson, Kerry (27 January 2017). "Fake news can poison your computer as well as your mind". archersecuritygroup.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  51. ↑ "EarthLink wins $25 million lawsuit against junk e-mailer". Archived from the original on 2019-03-22. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  52. ↑ Langberg, Mike (September 8, 1995). "AOL Acts to Thwart Hackers". San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  53. ↑ Rekouche, Koceilah (2011). "Early Phishing". arXiv: 1106.4692 [cs.CR].
  54. ↑ "Phishing". Word Spy. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
  55. ↑ "History of AOL Warez". Archived from the original on April 6, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
  56. ↑ "GP4.3 – Growth and Fraud — Case #3 – Phishing". Financial Cryptography. December 30, 2005. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
  57. ↑ Sangani, Kris (September 2003). "The Battle Against Identity Theft". The Banker. 70 (9): 53–54.
  58. ↑ Kerstein, Paul (July 19, 2005). "How Can We Stop Phishing and Pharming Scams?". CSO. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008.
  59. ↑ "In 2005, Organized Crime Will Back Phishers". IT Management. December 23, 2004. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010.
  60. ↑ Abad, Christopher (September 2005). "The economy of phishing: A survey of the operations of the phishing market". First Monday. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
  61. ↑ "UK phishing fraud losses double". Finextra. March 7, 2006. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2006.
  62. ↑ Richardson, Tim (May 3, 2005). "Brits fall prey to phishing". The Register. Archived from the original on June 10, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  63. ↑ Krebs, Brian (October 13, 2007). "Shadowy Russian Firm Seen as Conduit for Cybercrime". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  64. ↑ "Suspicious e-Mails and Identity Theft". Internal Revenue Service. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2006.
  65. ↑ Kirk, Jeremy (June 2, 2006). "Phishing Scam Takes Aim at MySpace.com". IDG Network. Archived from the original on June 16, 2006.
  66. ↑ McCall, Tom (December 17, 2007). "Gartner Survey Shows Phishing Attacks Escalated in 2007; More than $3 Billion Lost to These Attacks". Gartner. Archived from the original on November 18, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2007.
  67. ↑ APWG. "Phishing Activity Trends Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  68. ↑ "Anatomy of an RSA attack". RSA.com. RSA FraudAction Research Labs. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  69. ↑ Drew, Christopher; Markoff, John (May 27, 2011). "Data Breach at Security Firm Linked to Attack on Lockheed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  70. ↑ Keizer, Greg (2011-08-13). "Suspected Chinese spear-phishing attacks continue to hit Gmail users". Computerworld. Archived from the original on 2021-03-21. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  71. ↑ Ewing, Philip (2011-08-22). "Report: Chinese TV doc reveals cyber-mischief". Dod Buzz. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  72. ↑ "Syrian hackers Use Outbrain to Target The Washington Post, Time, and CNN" Archived 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine , Philip Bump, The Atlantic Wire, 15 August 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  73. ↑ O'Connell, Liz. "Report: Email phishing scam led to Target breach". Bring Me the News. Archived from the original on September 15, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  74. ↑ Ausick, Paul. "Target CEO Sack". Archived from the original on September 15, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  75. ↑ Prosecutors find that ‘Fappening’ celebrity nudes leak was not Apple’s fault Archived 2017-08-18 at the Wayback Machine March 15, 2016, Techcrunch
  76. ↑ "ICANN Targeted in Spear Phishing Attack | Enhanced Security Measures Implemented". icann.org. Archived from the original on 2019-08-07. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  77. ↑ Kube, Courtney (7 August 2015). "Russia hacks Pentagon computers: NBC, citing sources". Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  78. ↑ Starr, Barbara (7 August 2015). "Official: Russia suspected in Joint Chiefs email server intrusion". Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  79. ↑ Doctorow, Cory (August 28, 2015). "Spear phishers with suspected ties to Russian government spoof fake EFF domain, attack White House". Boing Boing. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  80. ↑ Quintin, Cooper (August 27, 2015). "New Spear Phishing Campaign Pretends to be EFF". EFF. Archived from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  81. ↑ Sanger, David E.; Corasaniti, Nick (14 June 2016). "D.N.C. Says Russian Hackers Penetrated Its Files, Including Dossier on Donald Trump". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  82. ↑ Economist, Staff of (24 September 2016). "Bear on bear". Economist. Archived from the original on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  83. ↑ Hyacinth Mascarenhas (August 23, 2016). "Russian hackers 'Fancy Bear' likely breached Olympic drug-testing agency and DNC, experts say". International Business Times . Retrieved September 13, 2016.
  84. ↑ "What we know about Fancy Bears hack team". BBC News. 2016-09-15. Archived from the original on 2019-03-22. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  85. ↑ Gallagher, Sean (6 October 2016). "Researchers find fake data in Olympic anti-doping, Guccifer 2.0 Clinton dumps". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  86. ↑ "Qatar faced 93,570 phishing attacks in first quarter of 2017". Gulf Times (in Arabic). 2017-05-12. Archived from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
  87. ↑ "Amazon Prime Day phishing scam spreading now!". The Kim Komando Show. Archived from the original on 2019-05-27. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
  88. ↑ "Cryptocurrency Hackers Are Stealing from EOS's $4 Billion ICO Using This Sneaky Scam". Jen Wieczner. Archived from the original on 2021-03-21. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
  89. ↑ "Twitter Investigation Report - Department of Financial Services". www.dfs.ny.gov. 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  90. ↑ "Three Individuals Charged For Alleged Roles In Twitter Hack". justice.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  91. ↑ "Millersmiles Home Page". Oxford Information Services. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
  92. ↑ "FraudWatch International Home Page". FraudWatch International. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
  93. ↑ Baker, Emiley; Wade Baker; John Tedesco (2007). "Organizations Respond to Phishing: Exploring the Public Relations Tackle Box". Communication Research Reports. 24 (4): 327. doi:10.1080/08824090701624239. S2CID   144245673.
  94. ↑ Arachchilage, Nalin; Love, Steve; Scott, Michael (June 1, 2012). "Designing a Mobile Game to Teach Conceptual Knowledge of Avoiding 'Phishing Attacks'". International Journal for E-Learning Security. 2 (1): 127–132. doi: 10.20533/ijels.2046.4568.2012.0016 .
  95. ↑ Ponnurangam Kumaraguru; Yong Woo Rhee; Alessandro Acquisti; Lorrie Cranor; Jason Hong; Elizabeth Nunge (November 2006). "Protecting People from Phishing: The Design and Evaluation of an Embedded Training Email System" (PDF). Technical Report CMU-CyLab-06-017, CyLab, Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 30, 2007. Retrieved November 14, 2006.
  96. ↑ Perrault, Evan K. (2017-03-23). "Using an Interactive Online Quiz to Recalibrate College Students' Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions About Phishing". Journal of Educational Computing Research. 55 (8): 1154–1167. doi:10.1177/0735633117699232. S2CID   64269078.
  97. ↑ Jampen, Daniel; Gür, Gürkan; Sutter, Thomas; Tellenbach, Bernhard (December 2020). "Don't click: towards an effective anti-phishing training. A comparative literature review". Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences. 10 (1): 33. doi: 10.1186/s13673-020-00237-7 . hdl: 11475/20346 . ISSN   2192-1962. S2CID   221084452.
  98. ↑ Priestman, Ward; Anstis, Tony; Sebire, Isabel G; Sridharan, Shankar; Sebire, Neil J (2019-09-04). "Phishing in healthcare organisations: threats, mitigation and approaches". BMJ Health & Care Informatics. 26 (1): e100031. doi:10.1136/bmjhci-2019-100031. ISSN   2632-1009. PMC   7062337 . PMID   31488498.
  99. ↑ "Protect Yourself from Fraudulent Emails". PayPal. Archived from the original on April 6, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2006.
  100. ↑ Zeltser, Lenny (March 17, 2006). "Phishing Messages May Include Highly-Personalized Information". The SANS Institute. Archived from the original on December 2, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2006.
  101. ↑ Markus Jakobsson & Jacob Ratkiewicz. "Designing Ethical Phishing Experiments". WWW '06. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  102. ↑ Markus Jakobsson; Alex Tsow; Ankur Shah; Eli Blevis; Youn-kyung Lim. "What Instills Trust? A Qualitative Study of Phishing" (PDF). informatics.indiana.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2007.
  103. ↑ Fatima, Rubia; Yasin, Affan; Liu, Lin; Wang, Jianmin (2019-10-11). "How persuasive is a phishing email? A phishing game for phishing awareness". Journal of Computer Security. 27 (6): 581–612. doi:10.3233/JCS-181253. S2CID   204538981.
  104. ↑ "APWG Phishing Attack Trends Reports". APWG. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  105. ↑ Olivo, Cleber K.; Santin, Altair O.; Oliveira, Luiz S. (July 2011). "Obtaining the Threat Model for E-mail Phishing". Applied Soft Computing. 13 (12): 4841–4848. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2011.06.016.
  106. ↑ Madhusudhanan Chandrasekaran; Krishnan Narayanan; Shambhu Upadhyaya (March 2006). "Phishing E-mail Detection Based on Structural Properties" (PDF). NYS Cyber Security Symposium. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2008.
  107. ↑ Ian Fette; Norman Sadeh; Anthony Tomasic (June 2006). "Learning to Detect Phishing Emails" (PDF). Carnegie Mellon University Technical Report CMU-ISRI-06-112. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
  108. ↑ "Landing another blow against email phishing (Google Online Security Blog)". Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
  109. ↑ "Google Safe Browsing". Archived from the original on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  110. ↑ "Safe Browsing (Google Online Security Blog)". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
  111. ↑ Franco, Rob (November 21, 2005). "Better Website Identification and Extended Validation Certificates in IE7 and Other Browsers". IEBlog. Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved Feb 10, 2020.
  112. ↑ "Bon Echo Anti-Phishing". Mozilla. Archived from the original on September 24, 2006. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
  113. ↑ "Safari 3.2 finally gains phishing protection". Ars Technica. November 13, 2008. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
  114. ↑ "Gone Phishing: Evaluating Anti-Phishing Tools for Windows". 3Sharp. September 27, 2006. Archived from the original on January 14, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2006.
  115. ↑ "Two Things That Bother Me About Google's New Firefox Extension". Nitesh Dhanjani on O'Reilly ONLamp. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
  116. ↑ "Firefox 2 Phishing Protection Effectiveness Testing". Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2007.
  117. ↑ Higgins, Kelly Jackson. "DNS Gets Anti-Phishing Hook". Dark Reading. Archived from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2006.
  118. ↑ Krebs, Brian (August 31, 2006). "Using Images to Fight Phishing". Security Fix. Archived from the original on November 16, 2006.
  119. ↑ Seltzer, Larry (August 2, 2004). "Spotting Phish and Phighting Back". eWeek. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
  120. ↑ Bank of America. "How Bank of America SiteKey Works For Online Banking Security". Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2007.
  121. ↑ Brubaker, Bill (July 14, 2005). "Bank of America Personalizes Cyber-Security". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  122. ↑ Stone, Brad (February 5, 2007). "Study Finds Web Antifraud Measure Ineffective". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
  123. ↑ Stuart Schechter; Rachna Dhamija; Andy Ozment; Ian Fischer (May 2007). "The Emperor's New Security Indicators: An evaluation of website authentication and the effect of role playing on usability studies" (PDF). IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
  124. ↑ "Phishers target Nordea's one-time password system". Finextra. October 12, 2005. Archived from the original on December 18, 2005. Retrieved December 20, 2005.
  125. ↑ Krebs, Brian (July 10, 2006). "Citibank Phish Spoofs 2-Factor Authentication". Security Fix. Archived from the original on November 10, 2006.
  126. ↑ Graham Titterington. "More doom on phishing". Ovum Research, April 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
  127. ↑ Schneier, Bruce (July 2005). "Security Skins". Schneier on Security. Retrieved December 3, 2006.
  128. ↑ Rachna Dhamija; J.D. Tygar (July 2005). "The Battle Against Phishing: Dynamic Security Skins" (PDF). Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS) 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
  129. ↑ "Dynamic, Mutual Authentication Technology for Anti-Phishing". Confidenttechnologies.com. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
  130. ↑ "Anti-Phishing Working Group: Vendor Solutions". Anti-Phishing Working Group. Archived from the original on January 21, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
  131. ↑ Xiang, Guang; Hong, Jason; Rose, Carolyn P.; Cranor, Lorrie (2011-09-01). "CANTINA+: A Feature-Rich Machine Learning Framework for Detecting Phishing Web Sites". ACM Transactions on Information and System Security. 14 (2): 21:1–21:28. doi:10.1145/2019599.2019606. ISSN   1094-9224. S2CID   6246617. Archived from the original on 2021-03-21. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  132. ↑ Leite, Cristoffer; Gondim, Joao J. C.; Barreto, Priscila Solis; Alchieri, Eduardo A. (2019). "Waste Flooding: A Phishing Retaliation Tool". 2019 IEEE 18th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA). Cambridge, MA, USA: IEEE. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1109/NCA.2019.8935018. ISBN   978-1-7281-2522-0. S2CID   209457656. Archived from the original on 2021-03-21. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  133. ↑ McMillan, Robert (March 28, 2006). "New sites let users find and report phishing". LinuxWorld. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009.
  134. ↑ Schneier, Bruce (October 5, 2006). "PhishTank". Schneier on Security. Archived from the original on January 9, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2007.
  135. ↑ "Report a Phishing Page". Archived from the original on 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
  136. ↑ How to report phishing scams to Google Archived 2013-04-14 at archive.today Consumer Scams.org
  137. ↑ Kan, Michael (7 March 2019). "Google: Phishing Attacks That Can Beat Two-Factor Are on the Rise". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  138. ↑ Legon, Jeordan (January 26, 2004). "Phishing scams reel in your identity". CNN. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2006.
  139. ↑ Leyden, John (March 21, 2005). "Brazilian cops net 'phishing kingpin'". The Register. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2005.
  140. ↑ Roberts, Paul (June 27, 2005). "UK Phishers Caught, Packed Away". eWEEK. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2005.
  141. ↑ "Nineteen Individuals Indicted in Internet 'Carding' Conspiracy". justice.gov. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  142. ↑ "8 held over suspected phishing fraud". Yomiuri Shimbun. May 31, 2006.
  143. ↑ "Phishing gang arrested in USA and Eastern Europe after FBI investigation". Archived from the original on April 6, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
  144. ↑ "Phishers Would Face 5 Years Under New Bill". InformationWeek. March 2, 2005. Archived from the original on February 19, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2005.
  145. ↑ "Fraud Act 2006". Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
  146. ↑ "Prison terms for phishing fraudsters". The Register. November 14, 2006. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  147. ↑ "Microsoft Partners with Australian Law Enforcement Agencies to Combat Cyber Crime". Microsoft . Archived from the original on November 3, 2005. Retrieved August 24, 2005.
  148. ↑ Espiner, Tom (March 20, 2006). "Microsoft launches legal assault on phishers". ZDNet. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2006.
  149. ↑ Leyden, John (November 23, 2006). "MS reels in a few stray phish". The Register. Archived from the original on June 10, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  150. ↑ "A History of Leadership – 2006". Archived from the original on May 22, 2007.
  151. ↑ "AOL Takes Fight Against Identity Theft To Court, Files Lawsuits Against Three Major Phishing Gangs". Archived from the original on January 31, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2006.
  152. ↑ "HB 2471 Computer Crimes Act; changes in provisions, penalty" . Retrieved March 8, 2006.
  153. ↑ Brulliard, Karin (April 10, 2005). "Va. Lawmakers Aim to Hook Cyberscammers". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  154. ↑ "Earthlink evidence helps slam the door on phisher site spam ring". Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
  155. ↑ Prince, Brian (January 18, 2007). "Man Found Guilty of Targeting AOL Customers in Phishing Scam". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  156. ↑ Leyden, John (January 17, 2007). "AOL phishing fraudster found guilty". The Register. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  157. ↑ Leyden, John (June 13, 2007). "AOL phisher nets six years' imprisonment". The Register. Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  158. ↑ Gaudin, Sharon (June 12, 2007). "California Man Gets 6-Year Sentence For Phishing". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.