List of con artists

This is a list of notable individuals who exploited confidence tricks.

Born or active in the 17th century

• William Chaloner (1650–1699): Serial counterfeiter and confidence trickster proven guilty by Sir Isaac Newton. ^[1]

Born or active in the 18th century

• Gregor MacGregor (1786–1845): Scottish con man who tried to attract investment and settlers for the non-existent country of "Poyais". ^[2]
• Jeanne of Valois-Saint-Rémy (1756–1791): Chief conspirator in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace, which further tarnished the French royal family's already-poor reputation and, along with other causes, eventually led to the French Revolution. ^[3]

Born or active in the 19th century

• William Rockefeller Sr. (1810–1906): an American businessman, lumberman, herbalist, salesman, and con-artist. ^[4] Two of his sons were Standard Oil co-founders John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and William Avery Rockefeller Jr.
• George Appo (1856–1930): American fraudster, operated in New York and was involved in green goods scams. Wrote an autobiography and also had a biography written about him which discusses prison conditions and various other socio-economic conditions in the later 19th century.
• Lou Blonger (1849–1924): American pickpocket and fraudster, organized a massive ring of con men in Denver in the early 1900s. ^[5]
• C. L. Blood (1835–1908): American patent medicine huckster, fraudster, and blackmailer. ^[6]
• Amy Bock (1859–1943): Tasmanian-born New Zealand con artist who committed numerous petty scams and frauds, and in 1909 impersonated a man in order to marry a wealthy woman.
• Cassie Chadwick (1857–1907): Canadian woman who defrauded banks out of millions by pretending to be the illegitimate daughter (and heir) of Andrew Carnegie ^[7]
• Eduardo de Valfierno (1850–1931): Argentine con man who posed as a marqués and allegedly masterminded the theft of the Mona Lisa in 1911.
• Lord Gordon Gordon (1840–1874): British man who defrauded $1 million from Jay Gould, who was fighting for control of the Erie Railroad.
• Bertha Heyman (born c. 1851): American con artist, also known as "Big Bertha"; active in the United States in the late 19th century. ^{[8] [9]}
• Canada Bill Jones (c.1837–1880): King of the three-card monte men ^[5]
• John E.W. Keely (1837–1898): American mechanic and carnival barker who claimed to have discovered a new "force" on the likes of Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla and bilked investors and socialites until the day of his death. ^{[10] [11]}
• David Lamar (1877–1934): American con artist known as "The Wolf of Wall Street".
• Daniel Levey (c. 1875–?): American swindler and gambler, specialized in passing fake checks and stealing goods under the pretense of brokering sales for their owners.
• Victor Lustig (1890–1947): Born in Bohemia (today's Czech Republic) and known as "the man who sold the Eiffel Tower twice". ^[12]
• William McCloundy (1859–19??): American con artist, convicted of selling the Brooklyn Bridge to a tourist.
• Phillip Musica (1877–1938): Italian fraudster known for tax and securities frauds, culminating in the McKesson and Robbins scandal in 1938.
• George C. Parker (1860–1936): American con man who sold New York City monuments to tourists, including the Brooklyn Bridge, which he sold twice a week for years. The saying "I'll sell you the Brooklyn Bridge" originated from this con. ^[13]
• Charles Ponzi (1882–1949): Italian swindler and con artist; "Ponzi scheme" is a type of fraud named after him. ^[14]
• Soapy Smith (1860–1898): American con artist and gangster in Denver and Creede, Colorado and Skagway, Alaska, in the 1880s and 1890s ^[15]
• Adele Spitzeder (1832–1895): German actress that arguably was the first to perpetrate a Ponzi scheme between 1869 and 1872 when she defrauded thousands of people by promising them 10% return of interest monthly which she paid with the money of new investors.
• William Thompson (fl. 1840–1849): American criminal whose deceptions caused the term confidence man to be coined. ^[16]
• Ferdinand Ward (1851–1925): American swindler whose victims included Thomas Nast and the former U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant. ^[17]
• Joseph Weil (1875–1976): American con man. ^[18]
• Fernando Wood (1812–1881): U.S. Congressman, Mayor of New York City, and a con artist who defrauded his brother-in-law and three others of $20,000 in a scheme involving the charter of a ship to sell goods during the California Gold Rush. ^[19]

Born or active in the 20th century

• Harry Anderson (1952–2018) American actor, comedian and magician. Anderson was towed around the country by his mother, a grifter, where he learned the trade. He funneled that into a career as a magician and a comedian landing his own TV show.
• Archibald Stansfeld Belaney a.k.a. Grey Owl (1888–1938), a British-born conservationist, fur trapper, and writer impersonated a Native American man.
• Alan Conway (1934–1998): American con man best known for impersonating film director Stanley Kubrick.
• Gregory Caplinger (1953–2009): American conman who perpetrated cancer and investment scams. Prosecuted by the FBI, he died in prison. ^[20]
• Bernie Cornfeld (1927–1995): Ran the Investors Overseas Service, alleged to be a Ponzi scheme. ^[21]
• Ferdinand Waldo Demara (1921–1982): Famed as "the Great Imposter".
• David Hampton (1964–2003): American actor and impostor who posed as Sidney Poitier's son "David" in 1983, which inspired a play and a film, Six Degrees of Separation.
• Susanna Mildred Hill: Perpetrator of the “lonely hearts scam”.
• Marie Sophie Hingst (1987–2019): Blogger and historian who claimed to be descended from Holocaust survivors. ^[22]
• Sharmel Iris (1889–1967), poet who used pseudonyms to publish praise of himself and used false claims to obtain benefits. ^[23]
• Harry Jelinek (1905–1986): Czech con artist alleged to have sold the Karlstejn Castle to American industrialists.
• Sante Kimes (1934–2014): Convicted of fraud, robbery, murder, and over 100 other crimes along with her son Kenneth Kimes, Jr. ^[24]
• Edgar Laplante (?–1944): Claimed to be "Chief White Elk." Stole from aristocratic European women and gave away large quantities of the money in cash. Presented to Mussolini as a visiting foreign dignitary. ^{[25] [26] [27]}
• Don Lapre (1964–2011): American TV pitchman known for peddling various get-rich-quick schemes.
• Daniel Levey (c. 1875–?): American swindler and gambler, specialized in passing fake checks and stealing goods under the pretense of brokering sales for their owners.
• Bernard Madoff (1938–2021): Former American stock broker and non-executive chairman of the NASDAQ stock market who admitted to the operation of the largest Ponzi scheme in history. ^[28]
• Gaston Means (1879–1938): American con-man and associate of the Ohio Gang.
• Natwarlal (1912–2009): Legendary Indian con man known for having repeatedly "sold" the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, the Rashtrapati Bhavan and the Parliament House of India. ^[29]
• Lou Pearlman (1954–2016): Former boy band impresario, convicted for perpetrating a large and long-running Ponzi scheme. ^[30]
• Riley Shepard (1918–2009): Country musician who used numerous pseudonyms to break the terms of his recording contracts and defraud investors. ^[31]
• Reed Slatkin (1949–2015): American investor and co-founder of EarthLink, sentenced in 2003 to 14 years in prison for running one of the largest Ponzi schemes in US history, scamming more than $600 million from 800 investors. ^[32]
• Jerry Tarbot (?–?): Claimed he was amnesic victim of World War I.
• Alvin Clarence "Titanic Thompson" Thomas (1892–1974): Gambler, golf hustler, proposition bet conman.
• Barton H. Watson (1960–2004): Former CEO of global technology company CyberNET who died of suicide after the FBI raided his offices. Watson was accused of stealing millions as a con man, but died before being arrested. Prior to CyberNET he embezzled funds from customers as an E.F. Hutton broker and embezzled funds from his former business partner in WS Services.
• Alessandro Zarrelli (1984–2018): Italian amateur footballer who posed as a fictitious Italian Football Federation official and attempted to dupe clubs in the United Kingdom in to signing a supposed talented young professional player (himself) in a bid to earn a pro contract and kick start a career in the sport. ^[33]

Living people

• Frank Abagnale, Jr. (1948): U.S. check forger and impostor turned FBI consultant; his autobiography was made into the movie Catch Me If You Can. ^[34] Abagnale impersonated a PanAm pilot, and claimed to have impersonated a doctor, a lawyer, and a teacher to illegally make over $2.5 million. ^[35]
• Ramon Olorunwa Abbas (1982): also known as Hushpuppi, Nigerian con artist that perfected a business email compromise internet scam that he operated from Dubai. ^{[36] [37] [38]}
• Samantha Azzopardi (1988): An Australian con artist who has been accused of many instances of conning families and authorities in Australia, Ireland and Canada. She has often posed as a child victim of abuse or trafficking, and has no apparent financial motive. She first made news headlines in October 2013 when a young girl was found in a distressed state outside the General Post Office, Dublin and was taken into the care of the Garda Síochána (the Irish Police), but was unwilling to speak and remained unidentified for month. ^{[39] [40] [41]}
• Gilbert Chikli (1966): Together with Anthony Lasarevitsch (born 1985), impersonated French foreign defence minister Jean-Yves Le Drian using silicone masks on video conference software to appeal to politicians and business executives for money. Fraudulently obtained €55 million. ^[42]
• Steve Comisar (1961): Career confidence trickster best known for selling over one million solar-powered clothes dryers for $49.95 each which turned out to be clotheslines. ^[43]
• Ali Dia (1965): Senegalese semi-professional footballer, duped the manager of Premier League team Southampton into signing him after posing as World Player of The Year George Weah in a phone call in which he gave himself a fake reference ^[44]
• Marc Dreier (1950): Founder of attorney firm Dreier LLP. Convicted of selling approximately $700 million worth of fictitious promissory notes, and other crimes ^[45]
• Frank Dux (1956): A Canadian born American Marine Corps Reservist who is used as an example in the 1998 book Stolen Valor.
• Kevin Foster (1958/59): British investment fraudster, convicted of running a Ponzi scheme ^[46]
• Anthony Gignac (1970): Falsely impersonated members of Saudi or Middle Eastern royalty to entrap victims in investment scams and other schemes, currently serving an 18-year jail sentence ^[47]
• Randy Glass: Defrauded jewelry traders and became involved in the entrapment of undercover arms dealers ^[48]
• Robert Hendy-Freegard (1971): Briton who kidnapped people by impersonating an MI5 agent and conned them out of money ^[49]
• Elizabeth Holmes (1984): CEO of Theranos. Convicted of criminal fraud in United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al. for defrauding investors. ^[50]
• James Arthur Hogue (1959): U.S. impostor who most famously entered Princeton University by posing as a self-taught orphan ^[51]
• Brian Kim (1975/76): Hedge fund manager who pleaded guilty to a Ponzi scheme, passport fraud, and other crimes ^{[52] [53]}
• Russel King, convicted fraudster known for his part in the doomed purchase of Notts County Football Club, claiming non existent connections to the Bahraini royal family. ^[54] In 2019 he was there sentenced to six years imprisonment. ^[55] He was released in 2021. ^[56]
• Bashar Kiwan (1966): Mastermind of the Comoros passport sales scandal, in which he duped the government of the Comoros Islands into believing that they would receive hundreds of millions in investments from rich Gulf countries in exchange for selling Comorian citizenships to Bidoon stateless residents. Passports were sold outside official channels to Iranians attempting to skirt international sanctions, and proceeds from the scheme were illegally siphoned off to Bachar Kiwan and his associates. ^{[57] [58]}
• Steven Kunes (1956): Former television screenwriter convicted for forgery, grand theft, and false use of financial information; ^[59] he attempted to sell a faked interview with J. D. Salinger to People magazine ^{[60] [61]}
• Rudy Kurniawan (wine connoisseur and collector) (b. 1976): Pulled off the biggest wine scam in history. Famously consigned several lots of Clos St. Denis from Domaine Ponsot from vintages long prior to any recorded production of Ponsot wines from that vineyard.
• Anthony Lasarevitsch (1985): Together with Gilbert Chikli (born 1966), impersonated French foreign defence minister Jean-Yves Le Drian using silicone masks on video conference software to appeal to politicians and business executives for money. Fraudulently obtained €55 million. ^[42]
• Simon Leviev (1990): Known as the Tinder Swindler is an Israeli con artist who swindled more than $10 million from several women in Europe, Israel, United States etc., by pretending to be a son of a billionaire diamond magnate; inspired the Netflix documentary The Tinder Swindler . ^[62]
• Simon Lovell (1957): English comedy magician, card shark actor and con man
• Jho Low (1981): Claimed to be a financial expert and trusted by Malaysian prime minister, Najib Razak, in managing 1MDB, a Malaysian sovereign wealth fund. He abused his position and stole billions of US dollars, causing Malaysia to end up in heavy debt and further devaluation of its currency. ^[63]
• Gina Marks (1973): American "psychic" con artist ^[64]
• Matt the Knife (1987): American-born con artist, card cheat and pickpocket who, from the ages of approximately 14 through 21, bilked dozens of casinos, corporations and at least one Mafia crime family ^{[65] [66] [67]}
• Billy McFarland (1991): Organizer of the Fyre Festival. ^[68]
• Barry Minkow (1967): Known for the ZZZZ Best scam ^[69]
• Richard Allen Minsky (1944): Scammed female victims for sex by pretending to be jailed family members over the phone ^[70]
• Jim Norman (musician) (1948): Used the ESPAVO Foundation and Thrum Records to defraud millions of dollars in a cross-border advance fee scam, and was eventually convicted of conspiracy to commit wire fraud ^[71]
• Christophe Rocancourt (1967): French con artist who scammed affluent people by masquerading in turn as a French nobleman, the heir to the Rockefeller family or family member of a celebrity. ^[72]
• Steven Jay Russell (1957): Georgia police officer who impersonated several individuals to escape from a Texas prison; embezzled from the North American Medical Management corporation; inspired the movie I Love You Phillip Morris ^[73]
• Anna Sorokin (1991): Russian-born German con artist who pretended to be a wealthy German heiress under the name Anna Delvey. Inspired the Netflix limited series Inventing Anna. ^[74]
• Ong Kean Swan (1982): Ran multi-level pyramid schemes in China, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan; walked away with an estimated US$35 million ^[75]
• Craig Steven Wright (1970): Australian businessman who claimed to be Satoshi Nakamoto (the inventor of Bitcoin) and attempted to prove it in courts with countless poorly forged documents. ^[76]

See also

• List of fraudsters
• Impostor

References

1. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; Paul Hopkins and Stuart Handley, 'Chaloner, William (d. 1699)'
2. "Document of the Month January 2005". The Scottish Executive. January 2005. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
3. Haslip, Joan (1987). Marie Antoinette. New York, NY: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN   9781555841836.
4. Chernow, Ron (2007-12-18). Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-307-42977-3.
5. Maurer, David W. (1940). The Big Con: The Story of the Confidence Man and the Confidence Game. Bobbs Merrill. OCLC   1446571.
6. "A Man of Ominous Name". The Inter Ocean . 1890-02-19. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
7. "Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: CHADWICK, CASSIE L." ech.cwru.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
8. Byrnes, Thomas (1886), Professional Criminals of America, New York: Cassell & Company, pp. 200–201.
9. Jay, Ricky (February 2011), "Grifters, Bunco Artists & Flimflam Men", Wired , vol. 19, no. 2, p. 92.
10. Pilkington, Mark (2003-12-11). "Keeley's trickster engine". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2023-10-18.
11. "John E.W Keely : Etheric Generator ~ Articles, Photos & Patent".
12. Johnson, James F.; Miller, Floyd (1961), The Man Who Sold the Eiffel Tower, Doubleday
13. Cohen, Gabriel (27 November 2005). "For You, Half Price". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
14. Zuckoff, Mitchell (March 8, 2005). Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend . Random House. ISBN   1-4000-6039-7.
15. Smith, Jeff (2009). Alias Soapy Smith: The Life and Death of a Scoundrel, Klondike Research. ISBN   0-9819743-0-9
16. "Arrest of the Confidence Man". New York Herald. 1849. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
17. "Son's Gems Claimed By Ferdinand Ward" (PDF). New York Times. 6 April 1909.
18. Weil, Joseph (1948). "Yellow Kid" Weil: The Autobiography of America's Master Swindler. Ziff-Davis. ISBN   0-7812-8661-1.
19. Allen, Oliver E. (1993). The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p.  63. ISBN   0-201-62463-X.
20. "Gregory Caplinger and His Cancer Scam | Quackwatch". 7 February 2019.
21. "The Fund Industry's Black Eye". Brian Trumbore, StocksandNews.com. 2002-04-19. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
22. Doerry, Martin (6 June 2019). "The Historian Who Invented 22 Holocaust Victims". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
23. Abbott, Craig S. (2007). Forging fame: the strange career of Scharmel Iris. DeKalb, Ill: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN   978-0-87580-376-0.
24. "Life Terms For Pair". The New York Times. 2005-03-22. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
25. Dirda, Michael (August 8, 2018). "Book Review : The most shameless con artist of the Jazz Age knew that the biggest lies work best". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
26. Willetts, Paul (August 8, 2018). "White Elk, Black Shirt by Paul Willetts". Powell's. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
27. "Con-man Edgar Laplante's Oregon connections discovered in new publication". Oregon Digital Newspaper Program. July 21, 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
28. "Madoff Confessed $50 Billion Fraud Before FBI Arrest". Bloomberg. 2008-12-12. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
29. "Natwarlal leaves 'em guessing even in death". Hindustan Times. 29 July 2009. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
30. Liston, Barbara (2008-05-21). "Boy band mogul Pearlman sentenced to 25 years". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
31. "The Cowboy Philosopher: A Tale Of Obsession, Scams, And Family". National Public Radio: Hidden Brain. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
32. • "Stealing $$$ From Scientologists and the Art of Fraud". American Greed . CNBC. February 20, 2008. Archived from the original on August 15, 2008.
    • "Stealing $$$ from Scientologists : Evidence Files". CNBC . July 18, 2012.
33. "Alert over Italian soccer 'star'". BBC News. 10 October 2005.
34. Frank W. Abagnale Jr.; Stan Redding (1980). Catch Me if You Can. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN   0-671-64091-7.
35. Abagnale, Frank W. (2000). Catch me if you can : the amazing true story of the youngest and most daring con man in the history of fun and profit. Redding, Stan (1st Broadway books trade pbk. ed.). New York: Broadway Books. ISBN   0767905385. OCLC   43542209.
36. Faith Karimi (12 July 2020). "He flaunted private jets and luxury cars on Instagram. Feds used his posts to link him to alleged cyber crimes". CNN. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
37. "Money laundering: US court to sentence Hushpuppi on Valentine's Day". Punch Newspapers. 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
38. Ratliff, Evan. "The Fall of the Billionaire Gucci Master". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
39. "'GPO Girl' who pretended to be trafficking victim pleads guilty to kidnapping charges in Australia". 30 March 2021.
40. "GPO girl".
41. "Four years after 'GPO girl' mystery, the woman behind it appeals jail sentence in Australia". 4 November 2017.
42. Agence France-Presse in Paris (March 11, 2020). "Gang impersonated Jean-Yves Le Drian, sometimes with lookalike mask, to dupe rich and famous". www.theguardian.com. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
43. Erdely, Sabrina Rubin (August 2003). "The Creep with the Golden Tongue" (PDF). GQ . pp. 126–156.
44. Gibbs, Thom (7 February 2011). "Five terrible debuts to make Fernando Torres feel better". The Daily Telegraph. London.
45. "N.Y. lawyer arraigned in alleged $700M fraud". CNNMoney.com. March 19, 2009. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
46. "KF Concept £34 million Ponzi scheme organiser convicted". Serious Fraud Office. 9 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
47. "Fake Saudi prince Anthony Gignac jailed for $8m fraud". BBC News. BBC. BBC. 1 June 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
48. Mintz, John (2002-08-02). "U.S. Reopens Arms Case In Probe for Taliban Role". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
49. "Fake spy guilty of kidnapping con". BBC. 2005-06-23. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
50. Griffith, Erin; Woo, Erin (July 15, 2018). "Elizabeth Holmes is found guilty of four counts of fraud". The New York Times.
51. "Princeton 'Student' Gets Jail Sentence". The New York Times . 1992-10-25. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
52. "Hedge Fund Founder Kim Gets Five to 15 Years for Scheme". Businessweek.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
53. "Ex-NY hedge fund head who fled admits $4M swindle". Crain's New York Business. March 16, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
54. "Fraud office looks at scamming of Sven-Goran Eriksson". BBC News. 2011-04-18.
55. Maguire, Jack (24 April 2019). "Fraudster who fled to Bahrain after stealing £670K from Jersey company is finally jailed". www.jerseyeveningpost.com. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
56. "The football scam that took Eriksson to North Korea". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
57. "As sanctions bit, Iranian executives bought African passports". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
58. "Comoros ex-president Sambi jailed for life for 'high treason'". MSN. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
59. Hayden, Tyler (31 March 2011). "A Tale Stranger Than Fiction". Santa Barbara Independent . Retrieved 4 August 2014.
60. Associated Press "Lawsuit by Salinger muzzles his imitator" Ottawa Citizen November 5, 1982, p. 65, col. 1
61. "J.D. Salinger in Accord On Impersonation Suit". The New York Times. 6 November 1982.
62. "Tinder Swindler". Verdens Gang . 2019-02-16. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
63. "Malaysia's 1 Trillion Ringgit Government Debt Explained". 2019-03-07. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
64. McAfee, David G. (11 February 2018). ""Psychic" Convicted of Stealing $340K from Her Clients, Blames Racism Against Gypsies". Patheos.com. Patheos. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
65. "American Voices". American Voices. October 12, 2008.
66. Schwartz, Dan (August 2007). "From Grifter To Guinness". Providence Monthly: 14.
67. Perry, Rachel (January 17, 2007). "Matt The Knife: Fire-Teething Never Looked So Good". Play (Philadelphia Edition): 10–12.
68. Larson, Erik (October 12, 2018). "Fyre Festival Frauster Who Targeted Status Seekers Gets 6 Years". Bloomberg News.
69. Leung, Rebecca (May 22, 2005). "It Takes One To Know One". 60 Minutes .
70. Gorman, Anna (2001-12-01). "Rapist in Sex Scam Case Sentenced to Life in Prison". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010-06-27.
71. "Canadian Citizen Sentenced in Manhattan Federal Court to 20 Years in Prison in Connection with $7 Million Advance-Fee Fraud Scheme".
72. Bryan Burrough (October 3, 2007). "The Counterfeit Rockefeller". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
73. "Master Manipulator". Texas Observer . 2003-07-03. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
74. "Fake heiress Anna Sorokin: 'Crime pays, in a way'". BBC News . 2021-03-10. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
75. "大马王子在澳门狂赢1.3亿然后大撒币？真相原来是丨无路可套" (in Chinese). 知乎专栏. 15 July 2018. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018.
76. "Self-proclaimed bitcoin inventor is not 'Satoshi Nakamoto', UK judge rules". Reuters . 2024-03-14. Retrieved 13 October 2014.