As a service

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"X as a service" (rendered as *aaS in acronyms) is a phrasal template for any business model in which a product use is offered as a subscription-based service rather than as an artifact owned and maintained by the customer. Originating from the software as a service concept that appeared in the 2010s with the advent of cloud computing, [1] [2] the template has expanded to numerous offerings in the field of information technology and beyond it. The term XaaS can mean "anything as a service". [lower-alpha 1]

Contents

The following is an alphabetical list of business models named in this way, including certain forms of cybercrime (criminal business models).

B

Backend as a service (BaaS)

Backend as a service (BaaS), sometimes also referred to as mobile backend as a service (MBaaS), [4] [5] [6] is a service for providing web app and mobile app developers with a way to easily build a backend to their frontend applications. Features available include user management, push notifications, and integration with social networking services. [7] These services are provided via the use of custom software development kits (SDKs) and application programming interfaces (APIs). BaaS is a relatively recent development in cloud computing, [8] with most BaaS startups dating from 2011 or later. [9] [10] [11] Some of the most popular service providers are AWS Amplify and Firebase.

Banking as a service (BaaS)

Banking as a service (BaaS) is the provision of banking products (such as current accounts and credit cards) to non-bank third parties through APIs. [12]

Blockchain as a service (BaaS)

Blockchain as a service (BaaS) is an enterprise-level software service [13] that allows businesses to use cloud-based solutions to build, host and use their own blockchain apps, smart contracts and functions on the blockchain infrastructure developed by a vendor. Just like the growing trend of using software-as-a-service (SaaS) [14]

where access to the software is provided on a subscription basis, BaaS provides a business with access to a blockchain network of its desired configuration without the business having to develop their own blockchain and build in-house expertise on the subject. [15]

C

Content as a service (CaaS)

Content as a service (CaaS) or managed content as a service (MCaaS) is a service-oriented model, where the service provider delivers the content on demand to the service consumer via web services that are licensed under subscription. The content is hosted by the service provider centrally in the cloud and offered to a number of consumers that need the content delivered into any applications or system, hence content can be demanded by the consumers as and when required.

Crimeware as a service

[16]

D

Data as a service (DaaS)

Data as a service (DaaS) is a cloud-based software tool used for working with data, such as managing data in a data warehouse or analyzing data with business intelligence. It is enabled by software as a service (SaaS). [17] Like all "as a service" (aaS) technology, DaaS builds on the concept that its data product can be provided to the user on demand, [18] regardless of geographic or organizational separation between provider and consumer. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) and the widespread use of APIs have rendered the platform on which the data resides as irrelevant. [19]

Database as a service (DBaaS)

With a database as a service model (DBaaS), users pay fees to a cloud provider for services and computing resources, reducing the amount of money and effort needed to develop and manage databases. [20] Users are given tools to create and manage database instances, and control users. Some cloud providers also offer tools to manage database structures and data. [21] Many cloud providers offer both relational (Amazon RDS, SQL Server) and NoSQL (MongoDB, Amazon DynamoDB) databases. [21] This is a type of software as a service (SaaS).

Data management as a service (DMaaS)

Data management can also be done through the "as a service" business model, according to the book Data Management as a Service for Dummies. [22]

DDoS as a service (DDoSaaS)

DDoS-as-a-Service (DDoSaaS) is a cybercrime model in which individuals can hire hackers to execute an distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack against a specified target for a fee, typically paid in cryptocurrency, making such attacks more accessible to those without technical expertise. [23]

Desktop as a service (DaaS)

This section is an excerpt from Desktop virtualization § Desktop as a service.[ edit ]

Remote desktop virtualization can also be provided via cloud computing similar to that provided using a software as a service model. This approach is usually referred to as cloud-hosted virtual desktops. Cloud-hosted virtual desktops are divided into two technologies:

  1. Managed VDI, which is based on VDI technology provided as an outsourced managed service, and
  2. Desktop as a service (DaaS), which provides a higher level of automation and real multi-tenancy, reducing the cost of the technology. The DaaS provider typically takes full responsibility for hosting and maintaining the computer, storage, and access infrastructure, as well as applications and application software licenses needed to provide the desktop service in return for a fixed monthly fee.

E

Energy storage as a service (ESaaS)

Energy storage as a service (ESaaS) allows a facility to benefit from the advantages of an energy storage system by entering into a service agreement without purchasing the system. Energy storage systems provide a range of services to generate revenue, create savings, and improve electricity resiliency. The operation of the ESaaS system is a unique combination of an advanced battery storage system, an energy management system, and a service contract which can deliver value to a business by providing reliable power more economically.

Exploit as a service (EaaS)

Exploit as a service (EaaS) is a scheme of cybercriminals whereby zero-day vulnerabilities are leased to hackers. [24] EaaS is typically offered as a cloud service. [25] By the end of 2021, EaaS became more of a trend among ransomware groups. [26]

Other "EaaS" business models

Under the acronym EaaS, the following business models have been discussed in journals and conferences:

F

Function as a service (FaaS)

Function as a service (FaaS) is a category of cloud computing services that provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage application functionalities without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app. [31] Building an application following this model is one way of achieving a "serverless" architecture, and is typically used when building microservices applications.

G

Games as a service (GaaS)

In the video game industry, games as a service (GaaS) (also referred to as a live service game) represents providing video games or game content on a continuing revenue model, similar to software as a service. Games as a service are ways to monetize video games either after their initial sale, or to support a free-to-play model. Games released under the GaaS model typically receive a long or indefinite stream of monetized new content over time to encourage players to continue paying to support the game. This often leads to games that work under a GaaS model to be called "living games" or "live games" since they continually change with these updates.

Ground segment as a service (GSaaS)

GSaaS means outsourcing ground operations to a third-party provider by the satellite operators. [32] [33] [34]

I

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing service model where a cloud services vendor provides computing resources such as storage, network, servers, and virtualization (which emulates computer hardware). This service frees users from maintaining their own data center, [35] but they must install and maintain the operating system and application software. [36] Iaas provides users high-level APIs to control details of underlying network infrastructure such as backup, data partitioning, scaling, security and physical computing resources. Services can be scaled on-demand by the user. According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), such infrastructure is the most basic cloud-service model. IaaS can be hosted in a public cloud (where users share hardware, storage, and network devices), a private cloud (users do not share resources), or a hybrid cloud (combination of both).

Integration platform as a service (IPaaS)

This paragraph is an excerpt from Cloud-based integration § Description.[ edit ]
Integration platform as a service (iPaaS) is a suite of cloud services enabling customers to develop, execute and govern integration flows between disparate applications. [37] Under the cloud-based iPaaS integration model, customers drive the development and deployment of integrations without installing or managing any hardware or middleware. [38] The iPaaS model allows businesses to achieve integration without big investment into skills or licensed middleware software.[ citation needed ] iPaaS used to be regarded primarily as an integration tool for cloud-based software applications, used mainly by small to mid-sized business. Over time, a hybrid type of iPaaS—Hybrid-IT iPaaS—that connects cloud to on-premises, is becoming increasingly popular. Additionally, large enterprises are exploring new ways of integrating iPaaS into their existing IT infrastructures.

IT as a service (ITaaS)

IT as a service (ITaaS) is an operational model where the information technology (IT) service provider delivers an information technology service to a business. [39] [40] The IT service provider can be an internal IT organization or an external IT services company. The recipients of ITaaS can be a line of business (LOB) organization within an enterprise or a small and medium business (SMB). The information technology is typically delivered as a managed service with a clear IT services catalog and pricing associated with each of the catalog items. At its core, ITaaS is a competitive business model where businesses have many options for IT services and the internal IT organization has to compete against those other external options in order to be the selected IT service provider to the business. Options for providers other than the internal IT organization may include IT outsourcing companies and public cloud providers.

K

Knowledge as a service (KaaS)

Knowledge as a service (KaaS) is a computing service that delivers information to users, backed by a knowledge model, which might be drawn from a number of possible models based on decision trees, association rules, or neural networks. [41] A knowledge as a service provider responds to knowledge requests from users through a centralised knowledge server, and provides an interface between users and data owners. [42] [43]

L

Logging as a service (LaaS)

Logging as a service (LaaS) is an IT architectural model for centrally ingesting and collecting any type of log files coming from any given source or location such as servers, applications, devices etc. The files are "normalized" or filtered for reformatting and forwarding to other dependent systems to be processed as “native” data, which can then be managed, displayed and ultimately disposed of according to a predesignated retention schedule based on any number of criteria.

Lighting as a service (LaaS)

Lighting as a service (LaaS), also known as light as a service, is a service-based business model in which light service is charged on a subscription basis rather than via a one-time payment. It is managed by third parties, [44] more precisely, by specialized service providers and may include light design, financing, installation, maintenance and other services. [45] The model enables customers to outsource lighting aspects of their business over a set time. [46]

M

Mobility as a service (MaaS)

Mobility as a service (MaaS) is a type of service that enables users to plan, book, and pay for multiple types of mobility services through a combined platform. [47] [48] Transportation services from public and private transportation providers are combined through a unified gateway, usually via an app or website, that creates and manages the trip and payments, including subscriptions, with a single account. The key concept behind MaaS is to offer travelers flexible mobility solutions based on their travel needs, thus "mobility as a service" also refers to the broader concept of a shift away from personally-owned modes of transportation and towards mobility provided as a service.

Monitoring as a service (MaaS)

Monitoring as a service (MaaS) is a cloud-based framework for the deployment of monitoring functionalities for various other services and applications within the cloud. The most common application for MaaS is online state monitoring, which continuously tracks certain states of applications, networks, systems, instances or any element that may be deployable within the cloud.

N

Network as a service (NaaS)

Network-as-a-Service(NaaS) is a term used to describe the provision of computer networking technology to an organisation as an integrated service. It is related to terms like Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS), and Software-Defined Networking (SDN).

O

Offshoring as a service (OaaS)

Offshoring as a service (OaaS) is a business model in which the offshore office is not owned by the entity itself, instead it is outsourced to a vendor. The concept of offshoring is not new; however, in the past, some companies have tried to open their own offshore offices. The OaaS model leans towards utilizing a team or company which specializes in offshoring work and uses them on a contractual basis as a part of their own team.

P

Payments as a service (PaaS)

Payments as a service (PaaS) is a marketing phrase used to describe software as a service to connect a group of international payment systems. The architecture is represented by a layer – or overlay – that resides on top of these disparate systems and provides for two-way communications between the payment system and the PaaS. Communication is governed by standard APIs created by the PaaS provider.

Philanthropy as a service (PHaaS)

Philanthropy as a service (PHaaS) is a type of philanthropy in which charitable giving is managed through technology and donor-advised funds. [49]

Platform as a service (PaaS)

Platform as a service (PaaS) or application platform as a service (aPaaS) or platform-based service is a cloud computing service model where users provision, instantiate, run and manage a modular bundle of a computing platform and applications, without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure associated with developing and launching application(s), and to allow developers to create, develop, and package such software bundles. [50] [51]

R

Ransomware as a service (RaaS)

Ransomware as a service (RaaS) is a cybercrime business model where ransomware operators write software and affiliates pay to launch attacks using said software. [52] Affiliates do not need to have technical skills of their own but rely on the technical skills of the operators. [53]

Recovery as a service (RaaS)

Recovery as a service (RaaS), [54] sometimes referred to as disaster recovery as a service (DRaaS), is a category of cloud computing used for protecting an application or data from a natural or human disaster or service disruption at one location by enabling a full recovery in the cloud. RaaS differs from cloud-based backup services by protecting data and providing standby computing capacity on demand to facilitate more rapid application recovery. RaaS capacity is delivered in a cloud-computing model so recovery resources are only paid for when they are used, making it more efficient than a traditional disaster recovery warm site or hot site where the recovery resources must be running at all times.

Robot as a service (RaaS)

Robot as a service or robotics as a service (RaaS) is a cloud computing unit that facilitates the seamless integration of robot and embedded devices into Web and cloud computing environment. In terms of service-oriented architecture (SOA), a RaaS unit includes services for performing functionality, a service directory for discovery and publishing, and service clients for user's direct access. [55] [56] The current RaaS implementation facilitates SOAP and RESTful communications between RaaS units and the other cloud computing units. Hardware support and standards are available to support RaaS implementation. Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS) defines implementation constraints to enable secure Web Service messaging, discovery, description, and eventing on resource-constrained devices between Web services and devices.

S

Search as a service (SaaS)

Search as a service is a branch of software as a service (SaaS), focused on enterprise search or site-specific web search.

Security as a service (SECaaS)

Security as a service (SECaaS) is a business model in which a service provider integrates their security services into a corporate infrastructure on a subscription basis more cost-effectively than most individuals or corporations can provide on their own when the total cost of ownership is considered. [57] SECaaS is inspired by the "software as a service" model as applied to information security type services and does not require on-premises hardware, avoiding substantial capital outlays. [58] [59] These security services often include authentication, anti-virus, anti-malware/spyware, intrusion detection, Penetration testing, [60] and security event management, among others. [61]

Software as a service (SaaS)

This paragraph is an excerpt from Software as a service.[ edit ]
Software as a service (SaaS /sæs/ [62] ) is a cloud computing service model where the provider offers use of application software to a client and manages all needed physical and software resources. [63] Unlike other software delivery models, it separates "the possession and ownership of software from its use". [64] SaaS use began around 2000, and by 2023 was the main form of software application deployment.

T

Transportation as a Service

Transportation as a Service (TaaS) is a transportation system where customers have use of a vehicle over just the time they need it and use of the vehicle may also be shared with other customers.

W

Workspace as a Service

Workspace as a Service (WaaS) is a desktop virtualization utilised by companies to offer to employees a complete computer environment with remote accesss.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ sometimes called EaaS or "Everything as a Service" [3]

Related Research Articles

The software industry includes businesses for development, maintenance and publication of software that are using different business models, mainly either "license/maintenance based" (on-premises) or "Cloud based". The industry also includes software services, such as training, documentation, consulting and data recovery. The software and computer services industry spends more than 11% of its net sales for Research & Development which is in comparison with other industries the second highest share after pharmaceuticals & biotechnology.

Software as a service is a cloud computing service model where the provider offers use of application software to a client and manages all needed physical and software resources. Unlike other software delivery models, it separates "the possession and ownership of software from its use". SaaS use began around 2000, and by 2023 was the main form of software application deployment.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing service model where a cloud services vendor provides computing resources such as storage, network, servers, and virtualization. This service frees users from maintaining their own data center, but they must install and maintain the operating system and application software. Iaas provides users high-level APIs to control details of underlying network infrastructure such as backup, data partitioning, scaling, security and physical computing resources. Services can be scaled on-demand by the user. According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), such infrastructure is the most basic cloud-service model. IaaS can be hosted in a public cloud, a private cloud, or a hybrid cloud.

Platform as a service (PaaS) or application platform as a service (aPaaS) or platform-based service is a cloud computing service model where users provision, instantiate, run and manage a modular bundle of a computing platform and applications, without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure associated with developing and launching application(s), and to allow developers to create, develop, and package such software bundles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cloud computing</span> Form of shared internet-based computing

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user. Large clouds often have functions distributed over multiple locations, each of which is a data center. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and typically uses a pay-as-you-go model, which can help in reducing capital expenses but may also lead to unexpected operating expenses for users.

Data as a service (DaaS) is a cloud-based software tool used for working with data, such as managing data in a data warehouse or analyzing data with business intelligence. It is enabled by software as a service (SaaS). Like all "as a service" (aaS) technology, DaaS builds on the concept that its data product can be provided to the user on demand, regardless of geographic or organizational separation between provider and consumer. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) and the widespread use of APIs have rendered the platform on which the data resides as irrelevant.

IT as a service (ITaaS) is an operational model where the information technology (IT) service provider delivers an information technology service to a business. The IT service provider can be an internal IT organization or an external IT services company. The recipients of ITaaS can be a line of business (LOB) organization within an enterprise or a small and medium business (SMB). The information technology is typically delivered as a managed service with a clear IT services catalog and pricing associated with each of the catalog items. At its core, ITaaS is a competitive business model where businesses have many options for IT services and the internal IT organization has to compete against those other external options in order to be the selected IT service provider to the business. Options for providers other than the internal IT organization may include IT outsourcing companies and public cloud providers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cloud computing architecture</span>

Cloud computing architecture refers to the components and subcomponents required for cloud computing. These components typically consist of a front end platform, back end platforms, a cloud based delivery, and a network. Combined, these components make up cloud computing architecture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HP Cloud</span> Set of cloud computing services

HP Cloud was a set of cloud computing services available from Hewlett-Packard. It was the combination of the previous HP Converged Cloud business unit and HP Cloud Services, an OpenStack-based public cloud. It was marketed to enterprise organizations to combine public cloud services with internal IT resources to create hybrid clouds, or a mix of private and public cloud environments, from around 2011 to 2016.

Backend as a service (BaaS), sometimes also referred to as mobile backend as a service (MBaaS), is a service for providing web app and mobile app developers with a way to easily build a backend to their frontend applications. Features available include user management, push notifications, and integration with social networking services. These services are provided via the use of custom software development kits (SDKs) and application programming interfaces (APIs). BaaS is a relatively recent development in cloud computing, with most BaaS startups dating from 2011 or later. Some of the most popular service providers are AWS Amplify and Firebase.

Network-as-a-Service(NaaS) is a term used to describe the provision of computer networking technology to an organisation as an integrated service. It is related to terms like Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS), and Software-Defined Networking (SDN).

Cloud-based integration is a form of systems integration business delivered as a cloud computing service that addresses data, process, service-oriented architecture (SOA) and application integration.

Recovery as a service (RaaS), sometimes referred to as disaster recovery as a service (DRaaS), is a category of cloud computing used for protecting an application or data from a natural or human disaster or service disruption at one location by enabling a full recovery in the cloud. RaaS differs from cloud-based backup services by protecting data and providing standby computing capacity on demand to facilitate more rapid application recovery. RaaS capacity is delivered in a cloud-computing model so recovery resources are only paid for when they are used, making it more efficient than a traditional disaster recovery warm site or hot site where the recovery resources must be running at all times.

PaaSage is a project partially funded by the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development, sometimes abbreviated to FP7. PaaSage is a European Union funded research project involving partners such as ERCIM, SINTEF, STFC, University of Stuttgart, INRIA, CETIC, FORTH, BE.WAN, EVRY, Sysfera, Flexiant, Lufthansa Systems, GWDG, ASCS, University of Ulm, University of Oslo, AGH, IBSAC and University of Cyprus that aims at creating a development and deployment platform together with an appropriate methodology for helping software engineers creating new applications and migrating old applications that can run on multiple Cloud platforms. PaaSage is a notable example of European research efforts in the field of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

Cloud computing is used by most people every day, but there are issues that limit its widespread adoption. It is one of the fast developing area that can instantly supply extensible services by using internet with the help of hardware and software virtualization. Cloud computing biggest advantage is flexible lease and release of resources as per the requirement of the user. Its other advantages include efficiency, compensating the costs in operations and management. It curtails down the high prices of hardware and software

Computation offloading is the transfer of resource intensive computational tasks to a separate processor, such as a hardware accelerator, or an external platform, such as a cluster, grid, or a cloud. Offloading to a coprocessor can be used to accelerate applications including: image rendering and mathematical calculations. Offloading computing to an external platform over a network can provide computing power and overcome hardware limitations of a device, such as limited computational power, storage, and energy.

Content as a service (CaaS) or managed content as a service (MCaaS) is a service-oriented model, where the service provider delivers the content on demand to the service consumer via web services that are licensed under subscription. The content is hosted by the service provider centrally in the cloud and offered to a number of consumers that need the content delivered into any applications or system, hence content can be demanded by the consumers as and when required.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oracle Cloud</span> Cloud computing service

Oracle Cloud is a cloud computing service offered by Oracle Corporation providing servers, storage, network, applications and services through a global network of Oracle Corporation managed data centers. The company allows these services to be provisioned on demand over the Internet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banking as a service</span>

Banking as a service (BaaS) is the provision of banking products to non-bank third parties through APIs.

Oracle Cloud Platform refers to a Platform as a Service (PaaS) offerings by Oracle Corporation as part of Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. These offerings are used to build, deploy, integrate and extend applications in the cloud. The offerings support a variety of programming languages, databases, tools and frameworks including Oracle-specific, open source and third-party software and systems.

References

  1. ↑ "What is XaaS (Anything as a Service)?". SearchCloudComputing. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  2. ↑ Robin Hastings, Making the Most of the Cloud: How to Choose and Implement the Best Services (2013), p. 3.
  3. ↑ Duan, Yucong; Fu, Guohua; Zhou, Nianjun (2015). Everything as a Service(XaaS) on the Cloud: Origins, Current and Future Trends. IEEE 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 621–628. doi:10.1109/CLOUD.2015.88.
  4. ↑ Monroe, Martin. "The Gospel of MBaaS (Part 1 of 2)". InfoQ. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  5. ↑ Monroe, Martin. "The Gospel of MBaaS (Part 2)". InfoQ. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
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  9. ↑ Tan, Aaron (30 September 2012). "FatFractal ups the ante in backend-as-a-service market". Techgoondu.com. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
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  15. ↑ Frankenfield, Jake. "Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS)". Investopedia . Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  16. ↑ Allum, Felia; Gilmour, Stan (2021). Routledge Handbook of Transnational Organized Crime. Routledge. p. 388. ISBN   978-1-000-48416-8.
  17. ↑ Machan, Dyan (August 19, 2009). "DaaS:The New Information Goldmine". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-06-09. Unfortunately, the business world has given this baby a jargony name: data as a service, or its diminutive, DaaS.
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  20. ↑ Chao, Lee (2014). Cloud database development and management. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-4665-6506-7. OCLC   857081580.
  21. 1 2 McHaney, Roger (2021). Cloud technologies: an overview of cloud computing technologies for managers. Hoboken, NJ. ISBN   978-1-119-76951-4. OCLC   1196822611.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  23. ↑ Basta, Alfred; Basta, Nadine; Anwar, Waqar (2024). Pen Testing from Contract to Report. John Wiley & Sons. p. 334. ISBN   978-1-394-17680-9.
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  25. ↑ "New type of cloud: Exploits as a Service (EaaS)". 2021-01-19. Archived from the original on 2021-01-19. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
  26. ↑ "Zero-day Flaws and Exploit-as-a-Service Trending Among Ransomware Groups | Cyware Alerts - Hacker News". 2021-12-01. Archived from the original on 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
  27. ↑ Varghese, Blesson; Wang, Nan; Li, Jianyu; Nikolopoulos, Dimitrios S. (October 27, 2017). Edge-as-a-Service: Towards Distributed Cloud Architectures. EdgeComp Symposium 2017. Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Computing. arXiv: 1710.10090 .
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  47. ↑ Smith, Göran. "Making Mobility-as-a-Service: Towards Governance Principles and Pathways" . Retrieved 2020-09-25.
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