Sex and drugs

Last updated

Sex and drugs date back to ancient humans and have been interlocked throughout human history. Both legal and illegal, the consumption of drugs and their effects on the human body encompasses all aspects of sex, including desire, performance, pleasure, conception, gestation, and disease.

Contents

There are many different types of drugs that are commonly associated with their effects on sex, including alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, MDMA, GHB, amphetamines, opioids, antidepressants, and many others.

Disinhibition

Drugs are frequently associated with reduced sexual inhibition, both when used voluntarily in social circumstances, and involuntarily, as in the case of some date rape drugs. Because the use of drugs, including alcohol, is commonly presented as an excuse for risky or socially unacceptable behavior, it is necessary to treat the idea of a direct causal relation between drug use and unsafe sex with caution. Drugs may provide a socially acceptable excuse for engaging in sexual behaviors in which people may want to engage but perhaps feel that they should not. [1]

Sexual function

Some forms of sexual dysfunction such as erectile dysfunction can be treated with drugs. Because of their effects, erectile dysfunction drugs are sometimes used for recreational purposes. Many drugs, both legal and illegal, some sold online, have side effects that affect the user's sexual function. Many drugs can cause loss of libido as a side effect. [2]

Since a partial cause of the refractory period is the inhibition of dopamine by an orgasm-induced secretion of prolactin, [3] such potent dopamine receptor agonists as cabergoline may help achieve multiple orgasms as well as the retention of sexual arousal for longer periods of time. [3]

Sexual activity, drug use, and risks

According to some studies, up to 22.1% of teenagers abused substances during their most recent sexual experience. [4]

Likewise, studies have shown adolescents who regularly abuse substances are more likely to initiate sexual activity at an earlier age, [5] have a more significant number of sexual partners, [6] and engage in unprotected sex more often. [7]

Additionally, substance abuse has been linked to an increased risk of sexually transmitted infection (STI). [8]

Types of drugs and effects

Cannabis

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance. [9] [10] Studies on cannabis and sex have shown that THC has been linked to improved sexual desire and function. Specifically, in one study, 70 percent of users said marijuana was an aphrodisiac, and 81 percent said it improved their sexual pleasure and satisfaction. [11]

Other research has found that long-term marijuana use lowers testosterone levels and other reproductive hormones, causing erectile dysfunction in males. [12] [13]

Alcohol

Alcohol inhibits neuronal excitability through acting on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. [14] Alcohol is often accessible in a number of social situations across many cultures and is frequently connected with uninhibited social activities. Alcohol has been shown in human research to have surprising effects on the human libido.

While some studies indicates that alcohol improves sexual behavior and desire, other research indicates that alcohol impairs sexual function.

The conditions under which the drinking occurs, laboratory research vs self-report studies from users, as well as the amounts of alcohol consumed, may all contribute to these controversial outcomes. [15] [16]

Laboratory studies have demonstrated that while low blood alcohol levels have no effect on or slightly enhance sexual arousal and responsiveness in men, elevated blood alcohol levels result in decreased erectile responsiveness, decreased arousal, and impaired ability to ejaculate. [15] [16] Other laboratory research, on the other hand, found no significant influence of either low or high blood alcohol levels on measures of arousal. [17]

Even with mild alcohol use, women have decreased vaginal flow responses. In apparent contrast, women self-report heightened sexual desire and pleasure when they consume more alcohol and are more likely to engage in sexual activities with someone when intoxicated. [16]

Heavy alcohol intake impairs sexual and reproductive function, erectile, and ejaculatory dysfunction in males, and sexual arousal, interest, and orgasm in women. [15] [18]

Alcohol and sex although alcohol may have varying impacts on sexual performance depending on the amount drank, it generally impairs sexual functioning and contributes to increased sexual risk taking. [19] [20]

Cocaine

Cocaine is a potent psycho-stimulant that boosts dopamine levels by inhibiting dopamine transporters. It has been often linked to enhanced libido and risk-taking behavior in humans. [21]

Cocaine has been observed to increase sexual arousal or to trigger spontaneous erections and orgasms. [22]

In contrast, other data has shown that persistent cocaine use impairs sexual desire and the capacity of both men and females to achieve orgasm. [16]

MDMA

MDMA or "ecstasy" originally gained popularity in the 1980s among college students. According to a survey conducted, 10% of college students at a big US institution reported using MDMA, with alcohol and marijuana being the most often used substances. [23] MDMA users report increased enjoyment in physical contact and proximity rather than a sexual experience. [24] [25] MDMA has been shown to impair sexual performance, including erectile dysfunction and delayed orgasm, [26] [27] as well as to suppress sex desire. [28] [29] [30]

2C-B

2C-B was first sold commercially in 5 mg pills as a purported aphrodisiac under the trade name "Erox", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle. [31] While being primarily a psychedelic it is also a mild entactogen. 5-MeO-MiPT is another psychedelic that some users find to be euphoric and tactile in low to moderate doses of 4-8 milligrams. [32]

Antidepressants

Psychiatrists and doctors commonly prescribe different types of antidepressants to patients. SSRIs, SNRIs, and NDRIs are the most common types of antidepressants. [33] Each has slightly different effects on sexual functioning, but generally, it has been found that antidepressants can delay/decrease orgasms and cause females to have breast enlargement. [34] Dapoxetine in particular takes advantage of the side effect of delayed orgasm and is approved specifically as a medication for the treatment of premature ejaculation rather than as an antidepressant.

The side effects on sexual functioning can impact mental health and quality of life. [34] However, the decrease in depressive symptoms from antidepressants make it worth the sexual side effects for many people. They can be managed by changing the dose, switching drugs, or taking “antidotes”. [35] Maca, a plant that grows in central Peru, aids with sexual dysfunction caused by antidepressant drugs for women. There are specific Maca products that can also increase sexual desire in men.[ citation needed ]

Opioids

Opioids (also known as narcotics) such as morphine and heroin attach to opioid receptors in the brain. These substances have long been known to inhibit sexual behavior. [36]

Similar to the effects of psycho-stimulants, both men and women who use heroin report engaging in high-risk sexual practices.

Subjects typically report having several sexual partners, using condoms seldom or not at all, and having a high frequency of STI diagnosis. [37]

While small doses of heroin may enhance sexual desire and performance, [38] chronic opiate use, including methadone and buprenorphine, synthetic and semi-synthetic opiates prescribed for opiate addiction treatment, results in decreased sexual desire, response, and orgasms for both men and women, as well as erectile, ejaculatory dysfunction, and vaginismus. [22] [38] [16]

Amphetamines

Amphetamines may lead to an increase in sexual drive and delay in orgasm. [13]

Date rape drugs

A date rape drug is any drug that is an incapacitating agent which—when administered to another person—incapacitates the person and renders them vulnerable to a drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), including rape. One of the most common types of DFSA are those in which a victim consumes a recreational drug such as alcohol that was administered surreptitiously. [39] The other most common form of DFSA involves the non-surreptitiously administered consumption of alcohol. [40] Here, the victims in these cases are drinking voluntarily which then makes them unable to make informed decisions or give consent.

Society and culture

Chemsex

Party and play, or chemsex, is the consumption of drugs to facilitate sexual activity. Sociologically, both terms refer to a subculture of recreational drug users who engage in high-risk sexual activities under the influence of drugs within groups. [41] The term PnP is commonly used by gay men [41] [ failed verification ] and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in North America, while chemsex is more associated with the gay scene in Europe. [42] The drug of choice is typically methamphetamine, known as tina or T, [43] but other drugs are also used, such as mephedrone, GHB, GBL [44] and alkyl nitrites (known as poppers). [45]

Contraception and abortion

Drug-based contraception has been available since the development of the contraceptive pill. As well as their contraceptive effects, contraceptive drugs can also have adverse sexual and reproductive side-effects. Prior to the availability of effective contraceptives, some substances were also used as abortifacients to terminate pregnancy; medical abortion exists as a modern medical practice.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MDMA</span> Psychoactive drug, often called ecstasy

3,4-Methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy, and molly or mandy, is a potent empathogen–entactogen with stimulant and minor psychedelic properties. Investigational indications include as an adjunct to psychotherapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. The purported pharmacological effects that may be prosocial include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, and pleasure. When taken by mouth, effects begin in 30 to 45 minutes and last three to six hours.

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also referred to as impotence, is a form of sexual dysfunction in males characterized by the persistent or recurring inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection with sufficient rigidity and duration for satisfactory sexual activity. It is the most common sexual problem in males and can cause psychological distress due to its impact on self-image and sexual relationships.

In psychology, libido is psychic drive or energy, usually conceived as sexual in nature, but sometimes conceived as including other forms of desire. The term libido was originally used by the neurologist and pioneering psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud who began by employing it simply to denote sexual desire. Over time it came to signify the psychic energy of the sexual drive, and became a vital concept in psychoanalytic theory. Freud's later conception was broadened to include the fundamental energy of all expressions of love, pleasure, and self-preservation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sildenafil</span> Drug for erectile dysfunction and hypertension

Sildenafil, sold under the brand name Viagra, among others, is a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is also sometimes used off-label for the treatment of certain symptoms in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. It is unclear if it is effective for treating sexual dysfunction in females. It can be taken orally, intravenously, or through the sublingual route. Onset when taken orally is typically within twenty minutes and lasts for about two hours.

An aphrodisiac is a substance alleged to increase libido, sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior. These substances range from a variety of plants, spices and foods to synthetic chemicals. Natural aphrodisiacs like cannabis or cocaine are classified into plant-based and non-plant-based substances. Synthetic aphrodisiacs include MDMA and methamphetamine. Aphrodisiacs can be classified by their type of effects. Aphrodisiacs that contain hallucinogenic properties like bufotenin have psychological effects on a person that can increase sexual desire and sexual pleasure. Aphrodisiacs that have smooth muscle relaxing properties like yohimbine have physiological effects on a person that can affect hormone levels and increase blood flow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Club drug</span> Category of recreational drugs

Club drugs, also called rave drugs or party drugs, are a loosely defined category of recreational drugs which are associated with discothèques in the 1970s and nightclubs, dance clubs, electronic dance music (EDM) parties, and raves in the 1980s to today. Unlike many other categories, such as opiates and benzodiazepines, which are established according to pharmaceutical or chemical properties, club drugs are a "category of convenience", in which drugs are included due to the locations they are consumed and/or where the user goes while under the influence of the drugs. Club drugs are generally used by adolescents and young adults.

Anorgasmia is a type of sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve orgasm despite adequate stimulation. Anorgasmia is far more common in females than in males and is especially rare in younger men. The problem is greater in women who are post-menopausal. In males, it is most closely associated with delayed ejaculation. Anorgasmia can often cause sexual frustration.

Sexual dysfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or partners during any stage of normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal, or orgasm. The World Health Organization defines sexual dysfunction as a "person's inability to participate in a sexual relationship as they would wish". This definition is broad and is subject to many interpretations. A diagnosis of sexual dysfunction under the DSM-5 requires a person to feel extreme distress and interpersonal strain for a minimum of six months. Sexual dysfunction can have a profound impact on an individual's perceived quality of sexual life. The term sexual disorder may not only refer to physical sexual dysfunction, but to paraphilias as well; this is sometimes termed disorder of sexual preference.

Sexual medicine or psychosexual medicine as defined by Masters and Johnsons in their classic Textbook of Sexual Medicine, is "that branch of medicine that focuses on the evaluation and treatment of sexual disorders, which have a high prevalence rate." Examples of disorders treated with sexual medicine are erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, and prostate cancer. Sexual medicine often uses a multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, mental health professionals, social workers, and sex therapists. Sexual medicine physicians often approach treatment with medicine and surgery, while sex therapists often focus on behavioral treatments.

An anaphrodisiac is a substance that quells or blunts the libido. It is the opposite of an aphrodisiac, something that enhances sexual appetite. The word anaphrodisiac comes from the Greek privative prefix ἀν-, denoting negation, and aphrodisiac, from the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite. Some people use anaphrodisiacs in order to curb a very high libido or due to hypersexuality. However anaphrodisiacs are also used by those with an average libido, at times due to having incessant schedules.

Female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) is a disorder characterized by a persistent or recurrent inability to attain sexual arousal or to maintain arousal until the completion of a sexual activity. The diagnosis can also refer to an inadequate lubrication-swelling response normally present during arousal and sexual activity. The condition should be distinguished from a general loss of interest in sexual activity and from other sexual dysfunctions, such as the orgasmic disorder (anorgasmia) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder, which is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity for some period of time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trazodone</span> Antidepressant medication

Trazodone, sold under many brand names, is an antidepressant medication. It is used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and insomnia. The medication is taken orally.

Delayed ejaculation (DE) describes a man's inability or persistent difficulty in achieving orgasm, despite typical sexual desire and sexual stimulation. Generally, a man can reach orgasm within a few minutes of active thrusting during sexual intercourse, whereas a man with delayed ejaculation either does not have orgasms at all or cannot have an orgasm until after prolonged intercourse which might last for 30–45 minutes or more. Delayed ejaculation is closely related to anorgasmia.

Alcohol and sex deals with the effects of the consumption of alcohol on sexual behavior. The effects of alcohol are balanced between its suppressive effects on sexual physiology, which will decrease sexual activity, and its suppression of psychological inhibitions, which may increase the desire for sex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</span> Class of antidepressant medication

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and other psychological conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexuality after spinal cord injury</span> Aspect of human sexuality

Although spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes sexual dysfunction, many people with SCI are able to have satisfying sex lives. Physical limitations acquired from SCI affect sexual function and sexuality in broader areas, which in turn has important effects on quality of life. Damage to the spinal cord impairs its ability to transmit messages between the brain and parts of the body below the level of the lesion. This results in lost or reduced sensation and muscle motion, and affects orgasm, erection, ejaculation, and vaginal lubrication. More indirect causes of sexual dysfunction include pain, weakness, and side effects of medications. Psycho-social causes include depression and altered self-image. Many people with SCI have satisfying sex lives, and many experience sexual arousal and orgasm. People with SCI may employ a variety of adaptations to help carry on their sex lives healthily, by focusing on different areas of the body and types of sexual acts. Neural plasticity may account for increases in sensitivity in parts of the body that have not lost sensation, so people often find newly sensitive erotic areas of the skin in erogenous zones or near borders between areas of preserved and lost sensation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cindy Meston</span> Canadian-American clinical psychologist

Cindy Meston is a Canadian-American clinical psychologist well-known for her research on the psychophysiology of female sexual arousal. She is a Full Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, Director of the Female Sexual Psychophysiology Laboratory, and author of Why Women Have Sex. In 2016, the BBC, London, England named Meston one of the 100 most influential and inspirational women in the world.

Marijuana use is commonly thought to enhance sexual pleasure. However, there is limited scientific research on the relationship between marijuana and sex, which are not well understood. The lack of research is in part due to U.S. drug policies centered on prohibition. In addition, the effects are difficult to study because sexual arousal and functioning are in themselves extremely complex and differ among individuals. Moreover, marijuana affects people differently. As a result, it is challenging to study. Men and women report greater sexual pleasure after having consumed marijuana, but there is no direct scientific evidence of the effects on the physiological components of the sexual response cycle when using the drug.

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is the use of prescribed doses of MDMA as an adjunct to psychotherapy sessions. Research suggests that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including Complex PTSD, might improve treatment effectiveness. In 2017, a Phase II clinical trial led to "breakthrough therapy" designation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for potential use as a treatment for PTSD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drugs and sexual consent</span>

Drugs and sexual consent is a topic that discusses the impacts of drugs on sexual activity that lead to changes in sexual consent. Sexual consent is the voluntary agreement to engage in sexual activity, which is essential in preventing sexual violence. Consent can be communicated verbally or nonverbally and should be freely offered. However, drug use, particularly psychoactive drugs that alter mental processes, can affect people’s decision-making and consent communication ability, potentially impacting the autonomous aspect of sexual consent.

References

  1. ↑ Race K (2009). Pleasure Consuming Medicine: The Queer Politics of Drugs. Duke University Press. p. 176. ISBN   978-0822390886.
  2. ↑ Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA (2006). "Medical issues associated with anabolic steroid use: are they exaggerated?". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 5 (2): 182–93. PMC   3827559 . PMID   24259990.
  3. 1 2 Krüger TH, Haake P, Haverkamp J, Krämer M, Exton MS, Saller B, et al. (December 2003). "Effects of acute prolactin manipulation on sexual drive and function in males". The Journal of Endocrinology. 179 (3): 357–65. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.484.4005 . doi:10.1677/joe.0.1790357. PMID   14656205.
  4. ↑ Kann, Laura; McManus, Tim; Harris, William A.; Shanklin, Shari L.; Flint, Katherine H.; Hawkins, Joseph; Queen, Barbara; Lowry, Richard; Olsen, Emily O’Malley; Chyen, David; Whittle, Lisa (2016-06-10). "Youth Risk Behavior SurveillanceUnited States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 65 (6): 1–174. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6506a1 . ISSN   1546-0738. PMID   27280474.
  5. ↑ Madkour, Aubrey S.; Farhat, Tilda; Halpern, Carolyn T.; Godeau, Emmanuelle; Gabhainn, Saoirse N. (October 2010). "Early Adolescent Sexual Initiation as a Problem Behavior: A Comparative Study of Five Nations". Journal of Adolescent Health. 47 (4): 389–398. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.02.008. ISSN   1054-139X. PMC   2945604 . PMID   20864009.
  6. ↑ Connell, Christian M.; Gilreath, Tamika D.; Hansen, Nathan B. (November 2009). "A Multiprocess Latent Class Analysis of the Co-Occurrence of Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Adolescents". Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 70 (6): 943–951. doi:10.15288/jsad.2009.70.943. ISSN   1937-1888. PMC   2776124 . PMID   19895772.
  7. ↑ Tucker, Joan S.; Ryan, Gery W.; Golinelli, Daniela; Ewing, Brett; Wenzel, Suzanne L.; Kennedy, David P.; Green, Harold D.; Zhou, Annie (2011-08-17). "Substance Use and Other Risk Factors for Unprotected Sex: Results from an Event-Based Study of Homeless Youth". AIDS and Behavior. 16 (6): 1699–1707. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-0017-9. ISSN   1090-7165. PMC   3244544 . PMID   21932093.
  8. ↑ Baker, R. R.; Dowdall, M. J.; Whittaker, V. P. (1975-12-26). "The involvement of lysophosphoglycerides in neurotransmitter release; the composition and turnover of phospholipids of synaptic vesicles of guinea-pig cerebral cortex and Torpedo electric organ and the effect of stimulation". Brain Research. 100 (3): 629–644. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90162-6. ISSN   0006-8993. PMID   129. S2CID   13958251.
  9. ↑ Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "Most Commonly Used Addictive Drugs". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  10. ↑ Volkow, Nora D. (2005). "NIDA Intensifies Focus on Marijuana Abuse". PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e414792005-007 . Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  11. ↑ Halikas, James; Weller, Ronald; Morse, Carolyn (January 1982). "Effects of Regular Marijuana Use on Sexual Performance". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 14 (1–2): 59–70. doi:10.1080/02791072.1982.10471911. ISSN   0279-1072. PMID   6981694.
  12. ↑ "Substance Abuse". JAMA. 279 (10): 802. 1998-03-11. doi:10.1001/jama.279.10.802-jbk0311-4-1. ISSN   0098-7484.
  13. 1 2 Ghadigaonkar DS, Murthy P (2019-04-01). "Sexual Dysfunction in Persons With Substance Use Disorders". Journal of Psychosexual Health. 1 (2): 117–121. doi: 10.1177/2631831819849365 .
  14. ↑ Kumar, Sandeep; Porcu, Patrizia; Werner, David F.; Matthews, Douglas B.; Diaz-Granados, Jaime L.; Helfand, Rebecca S.; Morrow, A. Leslie (September 2009). "The role of GABAA receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol: a decade of progress". Psychopharmacology. 205 (4): 529–564. doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1562-z. ISSN   0033-3158. PMC   2814770 . PMID   19455309.
  15. 1 2 3 Crowe, Leif C.; George, William H. (1989). "Alcohol and human sexuality: Review and integration". Psychological Bulletin. 105 (3): 374–386. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.374. ISSN   1939-1455. PMID   2660179.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Peugh, Jordon; Belenko, Steven (September 2001). "Alcohol, Drugs and Sexual Function: A Review". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 33 (3): 223–232. doi:10.1080/02791072.2001.10400569. ISSN   0279-1072. PMID   11718315. S2CID   27215932.
  17. ↑ George, William H.; Davis, Kelly Cue; Norris, Jeanette; Heiman, Julia R.; Schacht, Rebecca L.; Stoner, Susan A.; Kajumulo, Kelly F. (2006). "Alcohol and erectile response: The effects of high dosage in the context of demands to maximize sexual arousal". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 14 (4): 461–470. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.4.461. hdl:11603/18761. ISSN   1936-2293. PMC   3164266 . PMID   17115874.
  18. ↑ Manis, Emily (2023-07-01). "Women who drink alcohol have an increased risk of sexual dysfunction". Psypost - Psychology News. Retrieved 2023-07-03.
  19. ↑ Cheng JY, Ng EM, Chen RY, Ko JS (2007-05-31). "Alcohol consumption and erectile dysfunction: meta-analysis of population-based studies". International Journal of Impotence Research. 19 (4): 343–52. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901556 . PMID   17538641.
  20. ↑ Romer D (2003). Reducing Adolescent Risk: Toward an Integrated Approach . SAGE Publications. ISBN   9781452264462. OCLC   809772621.
  21. ↑ Rawson, Richard A; Washton, Arnold; Domier, Catherine P; Reiber, Chris (March 2002). "Drugs and sexual effects: role of drug type and gender". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 22 (2): 103–108. doi: 10.1016/s0740-5472(01)00215-x . ISSN   0740-5472. PMID   11932136.
  22. 1 2 Buffum, John (January 1982). "Pharmacosexology: The Effects of Drugs on Sexual Function – A Review". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 14 (1–2): 5–44. doi:10.1080/02791072.1982.10471907. ISSN   0279-1072. PMID   6126532.
  23. ↑ Boyd, Carol J.; McCabe, Sean Esteban; d'Arcy, Hannah (April 2003). "Ecstasy use among college undergraduates: gender, race and sexual identity". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 24 (3): 209–215. doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(03)00025-4. ISSN   0740-5472. PMID   12810141.
  24. ↑ Adler, Patricia A.; Adler, Peter; Beck, Jerome; Rosenbaum, Marsha (January 1995). "Pursuit of Ecstasy: The MDMA Experience". Contemporary Sociology. 24 (1): 96. doi:10.2307/2075131. ISSN   0094-3061. JSTOR   2075131.
  25. ↑ Monserrat, Georgette (2020-08-21). "Risky Sex and the Recreational Use of MDMA". Psychedelic Science Review. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
  26. ↑ Buffum, John; Moser, Charles (October 1986). "MDMA and Human Sexual Function". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 18 (4): 355–359. doi:10.1080/02791072.1986.10472369. ISSN   0279-1072. PMID   2880951.
  27. ↑ Zemishlany, Z.; Aizenberg, D.; Weizman, A. (March 2001). "Subjective effects of MDMA ('Ecstasy') on human sexual function". European Psychiatry. 16 (2): 127–130. doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(01)00551-x. ISSN   0924-9338. PMID   11311179. S2CID   232177772.
  28. ↑ Parrott, Andy C.; Milani, Raffaella M.; Parmar, Rishee; Turner, John J. (2001-09-11). "Recreational ecstasy/MDMA and other drug users from the UK and Italy: psychiatric symptoms and psychobiological problems". Psychopharmacology. 159 (1): 77–82. doi:10.1007/s002130100897. ISSN   0033-3158. PMID   11797073. S2CID   28092694.
  29. ↑ Passie, Torsten; Hartmann, Uwe; Schneider, Udo; Emrich, Hinderk M.; Krüger, Tillmann H.C. (January 2005). "Ecstasy (MDMA) mimics the post-orgasmic state: Impairment of sexual drive and function during acute MDMA-effects may be due to increased prolactin secretion". Medical Hypotheses. 64 (5): 899–903. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.11.044. ISSN   0306-9877. PMID   15780482.
  30. ↑ Topp, Libby; Hando, Julie; Dillon, Paul; Roche, Ann; Solowij, Nadia (June 1999). "Ecstasy use in Australia: patterns of use and associated harm". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 55 (1–2): 105–115. doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00002-2. ISSN   0376-8716. PMID   10402155.
  31. ↑ "Erowid Chemicals Vaults : Images : 2cb pack". www.erowid.org. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
  32. ↑ Palamar, Joseph J.; Acosta, Patricia (2020-01-07). "A qualitative descriptive analysis of effects of psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines". Human Psychopharmacology. 35 (1): e2719. doi:10.1002/hup.2719. ISSN   0885-6222. PMC   6995261 . PMID   31909513.
  33. ↑ "How Different Antidepressants Work". WebMD. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  34. 1 2 Higgins A, Nash M, Lynch AM (2010-09-09). "Antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction: impact, effects, and treatment". Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety. 2: 141–50. doi: 10.2147/DHPS.S7634 . PMC   3108697 . PMID   21701626.
  35. ↑ "Sex and antidepressants: When to switch drugs or try an antidote". www.mdedge.com. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  36. ↑ Pfaus JG, Gorzalka BB (1987-03-01). "Opioids and sexual behavior". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 11 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80002-7. PMID   3554038. S2CID   41155582.
  37. ↑ Raj, Anita; Saitz, Richard; Cheng, Debbie M.; Winter, Michael; Samet, Jeffrey H. (2007-01-01). "Associations Between Alcohol, Heroin, and Cocaine Use and High Risk Sexual Behaviors Among Detoxification Patients". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 33 (1): 169–178. doi:10.1080/00952990601091176. ISSN   0095-2990. PMID   17366258. S2CID   37439792.
  38. 1 2 Miller, Norman S.; Gold, Mark S. (January 1988). "The human sexual response and alcohol and drugs". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 5 (3): 171–177. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(88)90006-2. ISSN   0740-5472. PMID   3070052.
  39. ↑ Lyman MD (2006). Practical drug enforcement (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC. p. 70. ISBN   978-0849398087.
  40. ↑ "Alcohol Is Most Common 'Date Rape' Drug". Medicalnewstoday.com. MediLexicon International Ltd. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007.
  41. 1 2 "PSA tackles PNP: TV ad warns against crystal meth usage in the gay male community". metroweekly.com. 2007-09-21. Archived from the original on September 21, 2007. Retrieved 2015-12-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  42. ↑ "What is ChemSex". The Laurel Centre. 2018-06-02. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  43. ↑ Brown E (April 29, 2002). "Crystal Ball". NYMag.com. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  44. ↑ McCall H, Adams N, Mason D, Willis J (November 2015). "What is chemsex and why does it matter?". BMJ. 351: h5790. doi:10.1136/bmj.h5790. PMID   26537832. S2CID   29923795.
  45. ↑ "How gay culture bottled a formula that has broken down boundaries". The Independent. 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.