Sex and drugs

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Sex and drugs refers to the influence of substances on sexual function and experience. Sex and drugs date back to ancient humans and have been interlocked throughout human history. Sexual performance is known as the execution of the act of sex and the quality of sexual activity. This includes elements such as libido (a person's sexual drive), sexual function (including erection in males and vaginal lubrication in females), sensation (the ability to achieve orgasm). Drugs are termed as any chemical substance that produces a physiological and or psychological change in an organism. Drugs categorized as psychoactive drugs, antihypertensive drugs, antihistamines, cancer treatment, and hormone medication have a significant impact on sexual performance. Various drugs result in different effects, both positive and negative. Negative effects may include low libido, erection issues (in males), vaginal dryness (in females) and anorgasmia. Positive effects usually address these issues, overall enhancing sexual performance and contributing to a more enjoyable sexual experience. It is crucial to know that the impact of drugs on sexual performance varies among individuals, especially among different genders.

Contents

Understanding sexual performance

Understanding sexual performance involves recognizing various factors that are responsible for a person's combined sexual experience and function. This includes libido, a person's overall sexual desire, and drive; sexual function, which encompasses the male's erectile function and a female's vaginal lubrication; and sensations, which in this context refers to a person's ability to have orgasms and/or ejaculations.

Libido

Libido is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus, where sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen), and neurotransmitters (dopamine, oxytocin and serotonin), are the main components that influence sex drive. [1] [2] A decreased libido is predominantly caused by low testosterone in males [2] For females, serotonin acts as a inhibitor for sexual desire as it reduces the ability of stimulatory systems for sexual cues. [3]

Sexual function

Diagram of the major divisions of the nervous system NSdiagram.svg
Diagram of the major divisions of the nervous system

Penile erection for men is a vascular event caused by the innervation of both autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and somatic nervous systems (sensory and motor). [4] Sensory information is received from the genitals towards these nervous systems, in which neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline would be released to control erectile function. [5]

Vaginal dryness refers to the situation when the vagina lacks lubrication which leads to serious pain during sexual intercourse. [6] The production of lubricants in the vagina are highly sensitive to changes in hormones such as estrogen and testosterone, that are also responsible for blood flow. [7] Low estrogen and testosterone circulating in the body contributes to vaginal dryness. [7]

Sensations

Orgasms are sensory phenomena that take place in the cerebral cortex with an association with the spinal reflex. [8] Men can achieve orgasm through the penis, and can be categorised to two parts: emission and ejaculation. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine affect ejaculation in males the most. [9] For women, orgasms are induced by stimulation of erotic sites, currently there are no definitive explanations on the chemical triggers for female orgasm. [10]  

Disinhibition

Drugs are frequently associated with reduced sexual inhibition, both when used voluntarily in social circumstances, and involuntarily, as in the case of some date rape drugs. Because the use of drugs, including alcohol, is commonly presented as an excuse for risky or socially unacceptable behavior, it is necessary to treat the idea of a direct causal relation between drug use and unsafe sex with caution. Drugs may provide a socially acceptable excuse for engaging in sexual behaviors in which people may want to engage but perhaps feel that they should not. [11]

Sexual function

Some forms of sexual dysfunction such as erectile dysfunction can be treated with drugs. Because of their effects, erectile dysfunction drugs are sometimes used for recreational purposes. Many drugs, both legal and illegal, some sold online, have side effects that affect the user's sexual function. Many drugs can cause loss of libido as a side effect. [12]

Since a partial cause of the refractory period is the inhibition of dopamine by an orgasm-induced secretion of prolactin, [13] such potent dopamine receptor agonists as cabergoline may help achieve multiple orgasms as well as the retention of sexual arousal for longer periods of time. [13]

Sexual activity, drug use, and risks

According to some studies, up to 22.1% of teenagers abused substances during their most recent sexual experience. [14]

Likewise, studies have shown adolescents who regularly abuse substances are more likely to initiate sexual activity at an earlier age, [15] have a more significant number of sexual partners, [16] and engage in unprotected sex more often. [17]

Additionally, substance abuse has been linked to an increased risk of sexually transmitted infection (STI). [18]

Types of drugs that affect sexual performance

Drugs on the market provide both benefits and detrimental effects to the person, especially regarding sexual performance, depending on the use and dosage. [19] Drugs are classified into different categories in respect to their functions, including psychoactive drugs, antihypertensive drugs, antihistamines, cancer treatment drugs and hormone medication.

Psychoactive drugs

Psychoactive drugs refer to chemical substances that affect an individual's mental processes, such as emotions, cognition, perception, and consciousness. [20] These substances directly impact your central nervous system (CNS), which also has an impact on one's neurophysiologic phases of sexual response. [21] Antidepressants are a group of drugs that treat individuals with clinical depression, as well as other mental disorders. [22] This group of drugs have shown to affect sexual functions in both male and females. [23] Alcohol is a group of psychoactive substances where signals of pleasure, rewards are sent to the human brain. It also causes a series of adverse effects on the body, including the brain and the liver, leading to health problems and sexual dysfunction. [24] [25] Antipsychotics are drugs that treat mental disorders such as schizophrenia, and other psychoses. [26] These drugs block certain pathways in humans that contribute to sexual dysfunction, including reduced arousal and sexual desire. [27]

Alcohol

Alcohol inhibits neuronal excitability through acting on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. [28] Alcohol is often accessible in a number of social situations across many cultures and is frequently connected with uninhibited social activities. Alcohol has been shown in human research to have surprising effects on the human libido.

While some studies indicates that alcohol improves sexual behavior and desire, other research indicates that alcohol impairs sexual function.

The conditions under which the drinking occurs, laboratory research vs self-report studies from users, as well as the amounts of alcohol consumed, may all contribute to these controversial outcomes. [29] [30]

Laboratory studies have demonstrated that while low blood alcohol levels have no effect on or slightly enhance sexual arousal and responsiveness in men, elevated blood alcohol levels result in decreased erectile responsiveness, decreased arousal, and impaired ability to ejaculate. [29] [30] Other laboratory research, on the other hand, found no significant influence of either low or high blood alcohol levels on measures of arousal. [31]

Even with mild alcohol use, women have decreased vaginal flow responses. In apparent contrast, women self-report heightened sexual desire and pleasure when they consume more alcohol and are more likely to engage in sexual activities with someone when intoxicated. [30]

Heavy alcohol intake impairs sexual and reproductive function, erectile, and ejaculatory dysfunction in males, and sexual arousal, interest, and orgasm in women. [29] [32]

Alcohol and sex although alcohol may have varying impacts on sexual performance depending on the amount drank, it generally impairs sexual functioning and contributes to increased sexual risk taking. [33] [34]

Antidepressants

Psychiatrists and doctors commonly prescribe different types of antidepressants to patients. SSRIs, SNRIs, and NDRIs are the most common types of antidepressants. [35] Each has slightly different effects on sexual functioning, but generally, it has been found that antidepressants can delay/decrease orgasms and cause females to have breast enlargement. [36] Dapoxetine in particular takes advantage of the side effect of delayed orgasm and is approved specifically as a medication for the treatment of premature ejaculation rather than as an antidepressant.

The side effects on sexual functioning can impact mental health and quality of life. [36] However, the decrease in depressive symptoms from antidepressants make it worth the sexual side effects for many people. They can be managed by changing the dose, switching drugs, or taking "antidotes". [37] Maca, a plant that grows in central Peru, aids with sexual dysfunction caused by antidepressant drugs for women. There are specific Maca products that can also increase sexual desire in men.[ citation needed ]

2C-B

2C-B was first sold commercially in 5 mg pills as a purported aphrodisiac under the trade name "Erox", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle. [38] While being primarily a psychedelic it is also a mild entactogen. 5-MeO-MiPT is another psychedelic that some users find to be euphoric and tactile in low to moderate doses of 4-8 milligrams. [39]

Antihypertensive drugs

Antihypertensive drugs are a group of drugs that prevent, control and treat hypertension. Hypertension imposes negative sexual effects on both men and women, where antihypertensive drugs help alleviate erectile dysfunction in men. [40]

Antihistamines

Antihistamines are used for relieving symptoms of allergies and hay fever. [41] Antihistamines may cause a drying effect of the mouth, nose and throat but can also cause a drying effect on other parts of the body, such as the vagina, decreasing moisture and lubrication. [42]

Cancer treatment

There are a variety of treatment types for cancer, depending on the cancer type. [43] The therapies for treating cancer vary, including hormone therapy, medications that treat pain, depression, nerves and blood vessels. These therapies will affect one's sexual desire and pose possible consequences on sexual response. [44]

Hormone medications

Hormone therapy directs its treatment towards hormones in the body, including reproductive hormones. One type is hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), which is used to supply menopausal women that lack estrogen and progesterone, increasing vaginal lubrication. [45] Another type is testosterone replacement therapy, which treats men with hypogonadism and it helps increase libido. [46] On the contractionary, selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) lead to a drop in oestrogen levels that would cause vaginal dryness. [47]

Amphetamines

Amphetamines may lead to an increase in sexual drive and delay in orgasm. [48]

Cocaine

Cocaine is a potent psycho-stimulant that boosts dopamine levels by inhibiting dopamine transporters. It has been often linked to enhanced libido and risk-taking behavior in humans. [49]

Cocaine has been observed to increase sexual arousal or to trigger spontaneous erections and orgasms. [50]

In contrast, other data has shown that persistent cocaine use impairs sexual desire and the capacity of both men and females to achieve orgasm. [30]

Cannabis

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance. [51] [52] Studies on cannabis and sex have shown that THC has been linked to improved sexual desire and function. Specifically, in one study, 70 percent of users said marijuana was an aphrodisiac, and 81 percent said it improved their sexual pleasure and satisfaction. [53]

Other research has found that long-term marijuana use lowers testosterone levels and other reproductive hormones, causing erectile dysfunction in males. [54] [48]

MDMA

MDMA or "ecstasy" originally gained popularity in the 1980s among college students. According to a survey conducted, 10% of college students at a big US institution reported using MDMA, with alcohol and marijuana being the most often used substances. [55] MDMA users report increased enjoyment in physical contact and proximity rather than a sexual experience. [56] [57] MDMA has been shown to impair sexual performance, including erectile dysfunction and delayed orgasm, [58] [59] as well as to suppress sex desire. [60] [61] [62]

Opioids

Opioids (also known as narcotics) such as morphine and heroin attach to opioid receptors in the brain. These substances have long been known to inhibit sexual behavior. [63]

Similar to the effects of psycho-stimulants, both men and women who use heroin report engaging in high-risk sexual practices.

Subjects typically report having several sexual partners, using condoms seldom or not at all, and having a high frequency of STI diagnosis. [64]

While small doses of heroin may enhance sexual desire and performance, [65] chronic opiate use, including methadone and buprenorphine, synthetic and semi-synthetic opiates prescribed for opiate addiction treatment, results in decreased sexual desire, response, and orgasms for both men and women, as well as erectile, ejaculatory dysfunction, and vaginismus. [50] [65] [30]

Positive Effects of Drugs on Sexual Performance

Increased libido

Sildenafil 100 milligram tablets Sildenafil 100 milligram tablets - (prescription in the European Union) - Transgender shows the four-pack of 100 milligrams of tablet - Image 002n) - Transgender zeigt den Vierpack der je 100 Milligramm Tablette - Bild 002.jpg
Sildenafil 100 milligram tablets

Libido refers to a person's overall sexual desire and drive. Since low testosterone levels are associated with low sexual desire, testosterone replacement therapy can be prescribed for increasing testosterone in the body, increasing libido and restoring hormonal balance. [66] While Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors such as sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, and avanafil are primarily known for treating erectile dysfunction, it also has a positive effect on libido. [67]

Flibanserin is a drug that is both a serotonin antagonist and agonist that treats hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) for premenopausal women. The drug acts as antagonist and agonist on two different receptors. The binding of flibanserin causes downstream release of dopamine and noradrenaline and reduces the production of serotonin, increasing sex drive. [68] However, currently there is still no evidence that this drug would enhance sexual performance, therefore this drug still needs to be further investigated. [68]

Increased sexual function

For males, several drugs increases the blood flow to the penis which allows for the achievement and maintenance of an erection. [69] Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors are widely known and commonly prescribed for erectile dysfunction. [70] PDE5 enzymes are blocked by PDE5 inhibitors to prevent their function, this allows for the relaxation of penile blood vessels and muscles, facilitating increased blood circulation to the penis. [71] Alprostadil injections as a vasodilator are also used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, expanding blood vessels that result in increasing blood flow to the penis. [72]

For females, vaginal lubricant production can be increased by hormone replacement therapy (HRT) medicine such as vaginal estrogen. [73] Vaginal dryness results from a declined level in circulating estrogen within the body, most likely during menopause. [74] Treatment for vaginal dryness typically involves the use of localised estrogen, such as HRT medicine. This drug works by increasing estrogen in the body circulation, thereby enhancing lubrication production in the vaginal area. [74]

Achieving orgasm

Delayed ejaculation, a type of male sexual disorder that is characterised by the delay of ejaculation or inability to achieve ejaculation. [75] There are no approved drugs for the treatment of delayed ejaculation as of now, The majority of medications used for treating delayed ejaculation are primarily intended for treating different medical conditions. [76] Amantadine, a Parkinson's medication, is known to enhance dopamine agonist release and activate dopamine receptors, which helps with ejaculation. [77] However, there is not sufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of these medications on delayed ejaculation. [77]

Negative Effects of Drugs on Sexual Performance

Decreased libido

Several common medications can contribute to low libido. Antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) antidepressants, increase serotonin levels that decrease testosterone, leading to a decrease in libido. [78] Antipsychotic drugs create blockages of dopamine D2 receptors that are responsible for dopamine production can lead to a low libido. [27] Additionally, these drugs can increase production of prolactin in males which contribute to lower levels of testosterone. [27] [79] Chemotherapy drugs also lead to a decrease in testosterone but it is only temporary during the course of therapy. [27]

Conversion of testosterone to estradiol by aromatase Testosterone estradiol conversion.png
Conversion of testosterone to estradiol by aromatase

Drinking large amounts of alcohol regularly can lead to low libido due to a process called aromatisation. [80] This process refers to the conversion of testosterone or its precursors into estrogen, leading to a decrease in testosterone levels in circulation. [80]

Decreased sexual function

Impotence refers to the inability of a male's penis to become erect for sexual intercourse, in which the male is not able to get or maintain an erection. [81] The medical term for this phenomenon is erectile dysfunction. Drugs such as antihypertensives including thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, and beta-blockers used for lowering blood pressure limiting blood flow to the penis area, making it difficult to get or maintain an erection. [82] Direct effects caused by antihypertensives on the penile vascular smooth muscle lead to vasoconstriction which leads to impaired perfusion. [83] Antipsychotic drugs are also responsible for several mechanisms that lead to erectile dysfunction. Mechanisms such as acetylcholine receptor antagonism and alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonism reduces periphery vasodilation, inducing erectile dysfunction. [27]

Overindulgence in alcohol may also cause temporary inability to achieve an erection. Alcohol, being a diuretic, can cause a person to urinate more frequently, resulting in dehydration. [84] Dehydration reduces the volume of blood in the body, consequently decreasing blood flow towards the penis [84] Additionally, dehydration also increases angiotensin levels in the body, which is a hormone associated with erectile dysfunction. [84]

Birth control pills affect hormone levels in the body such as a decrease in estrogen, leading to vaginal dryness by thinning and shrinking of the vaginal tissue. [7] Moreover, SERMs such as Evista and Tamoxifen which are used to treat breast cancer, results in vaginal dryness. [47]

Antihistamines narrow blood vessels, leading to lowering of moisture levels as well as mucous production, which includes lubricant production in the vagina. [47] Anti-hypertensive drugs help reduce blood pressure by decreasing blood flow to organs in the body, resulting in decreased vaginal lubrication as well. [85]

Reduced sensations

Antidepressants, particularly SSRIs, cause delayed ejaculation and orgasm due to its function of retaining serotonin, which inhibits ejaculation. [86] Similarly, antipsychotics also contribute to delayed ejaculation by affecting dopamine transporters, where dopamine plays a role in ejaculation via D2 receptors. [87] [88]

SSRI prevents reuptake of serotonin, thereby increasing serotonin in the body and decreasing their ability to produce lubricant in the vagina. It has been reported that around 42% of women that intake this type of medication have problems with orgasm production. [89] Other medications such as antipsychotic drugs also reported signs of impaired orgasm. [90]

Intake of too much alcohol can potentially cause depressant effects on the central nervous system (CNS). [91] These effects contribute to sensory dullness, which leads to a delay effect on orgasm and ejaculation. [91]

Date rape drugs

A date rape drug is any drug that is an incapacitating agent which—when administered to another person—incapacitates the person and renders them vulnerable to a drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), including rape. One of the most common types of DFSA are those in which a victim consumes a recreational drug such as alcohol that was administered surreptitiously. [92] The other most common form of DFSA involves the non-surreptitiously administered consumption of alcohol. [93] Here, the victims in these cases are drinking voluntarily which then makes them unable to make informed decisions or give consent.

Society and culture

Chemsex

Party and play, or chemsex, is the consumption of drugs to facilitate sexual activity. Sociologically, both terms refer to a subculture of recreational drug users who engage in high-risk sexual activities under the influence of drugs within groups. [94] The term PnP is commonly used by gay men [94] [ failed verification ] and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in North America, while chemsex is more associated with the gay scene in Europe. [95] The drug of choice is typically methamphetamine, known as tina or T, [96] but other drugs are also used, such as mephedrone, GHB, GBL [97] and alkyl nitrites (known as poppers). [98]

Contraception and abortion

Drug-based contraception has been available since the development of the contraceptive pill. As well as their contraceptive effects, contraceptive drugs can also have adverse sexual and reproductive side-effects. Prior to the availability of effective contraceptives, some substances were also used as abortifacients to terminate pregnancy; medical abortion exists as a modern medical practice.

See also

Related Research Articles

In psychology, libido is psychic drive or energy, usually conceived of as sexual in nature, but sometimes conceived of as including other forms of desire. The term libido was originally developed by Sigmund Freud, the pioneering originator of psychoanalysis. With direct reference to Plato's Eros, the term initially referred only to specific sexual desire, later expanded to the concept of a universal psychic energy that drives all instincts and whose great reservoir is the id. The libido - in its abstract core differentiated partly according to its synthesising, partly to its analytical aspect called life- and death-drive - thus becomes the source of all natural forms of expression: the behaviour of sexuality as well as striving for social commitment, skin pleasure, food, knowledge and victory in the areas of species- and self-preservation.

An aphrodisiac is a substance alleged to increase libido, sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior. These substances range from a variety of plants, spices, and foods to synthetic chemicals. Natural aphrodisiacs, such as cannabis or cocaine, are classified into plant-based and non-plant-based substances. Synthetic aphrodisiacs include MDMA and methamphetamine. Aphrodisiacs can be classified by their type of effects. Aphrodisiacs that contain hallucinogenic properties, such as bufotenin, have psychological effects that can increase sexual desire and sexual pleasure. Aphrodisiacs that have smooth muscle relaxing properties, such as yohimbine, have physiological effects that can affect hormone concentrations and increase blood flow.

Anorgasmia is a type of sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve orgasm despite adequate sexual stimulation. Anorgasmia is far more common in females than in males and is especially rare in younger men. The problem is greater in women who are post-menopausal. In males, it is most closely associated with delayed ejaculation. Anorgasmia can often cause sexual frustration.

Sexual dysfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or partners during any stage of normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal, or orgasm. The World Health Organization defines sexual dysfunction as a "person's inability to participate in a sexual relationship as they would wish". This definition is broad and is subject to many interpretations. A diagnosis of sexual dysfunction under the DSM-5 requires a person to feel extreme distress and interpersonal strain for a minimum of six months. Sexual dysfunction can have a profound impact on an individual's perceived quality of sexual life. The term sexual disorder may not only refer to physical sexual dysfunction, but to paraphilias as well; this is sometimes termed disorder of sexual preference.

Sex therapy is a therapeutic strategy for the improvement of sexual function and treatment of sexual dysfunction. This includes dysfunctions such as premature ejaculation and delayed ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, lack of sexual interest or arousal, and painful sex ; as well as problems imposed by atypical sexual interests (paraphilias), gender dysphoria, highly overactive libido or hypersexuality, a lack of sexual confidence, and recovering from sexual abuse ; and also includes sexual issues related to aging, illness, or disability.

Sexual medicine or psychosexual medicine as defined by Masters and Johnsons in their classic Textbook of Sexual Medicine, is "that branch of medicine that focuses on the evaluation and treatment of sexual disorders, which have a high prevalence rate." Examples of disorders treated with sexual medicine are erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, and prostate cancer. Sexual medicine often uses a multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, mental health professionals, social workers, and sex therapists. Sexual medicine physicians often approach treatment with medicine and surgery, while sex therapists often focus on behavioral treatments.

An anaphrodisiac is a substance that quells or blunts the libido. It is the opposite of an aphrodisiac, something that enhances sexual appetite. The word anaphrodisiac comes from the Greek privative prefix ἀν-, denoting negation, and aphrodisiac, from the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite. Some people use anaphrodisiacs in order to curb a very high libido or due to hypersexuality. However anaphrodisiacs are also used by those with an average libido, at times due to having incessant schedules.

Female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) is a disorder characterized by a persistent or recurrent inability to attain sexual arousal or to maintain arousal until the completion of a sexual activity. The diagnosis can also refer to an inadequate lubrication-swelling response normally present during arousal and sexual activity. The condition should be distinguished from a general loss of interest in sexual activity and from other sexual dysfunctions, such as the orgasmic disorder (anorgasmia) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder, which is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity for some period of time.

Hypospermia is a condition in which a man has an unusually low ejaculate volume, less than 1.5 mL. It is the opposite of hyperspermia, which is a semen volume of more than 5.5 mL. It should not be confused with oligospermia, which means low sperm count. Normal ejaculate when a man is not drained from prior sex and is suitably aroused is around 1.5–6 mL, although this varies greatly with mood, physical condition, and sexual activity. Of this, around 1% by volume is sperm cells. The U.S.-based National Institutes of Health defines hypospermia as a semen volume lower than 2 mL on at least two semen analyses.

Delayed ejaculation (DE) is a man's inability or persistent difficulty in achieving orgasm, despite typical sexual desire and sexual stimulation. Generally, a man can reach orgasm within a few minutes of active thrusting during sexual intercourse, whereas a man with delayed ejaculation either does not have orgasms at all or cannot have an orgasm until after prolonged intercourse which might last for 30–45 minutes or more. Delayed ejaculation is closely related to anorgasmia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flibanserin</span> Medication

Flibanserin, sold under the brand name Addyi, is a medication approved for the treatment of pre-menopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). The medication improves sexual desire, increases the number of satisfying sexual events, and decreases the distress associated with low sexual desire. The most common side effects are dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep and dry mouth.

Postorgasmic illness syndrome (POIS) is a syndrome in which human males have chronic physical and cognitive symptoms following ejaculation. The symptoms usually onset within seconds, minutes, or hours, and last for up to a week. The cause and prevalence are unknown; it is considered a rare disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcohol and sex</span>

Alcohol and sex deals with the effects of the consumption of alcohol on sexual behavior. The effects of alcohol are balanced between its suppressive effects on sexual physiology, which will decrease sexual activity, and its suppression of sexual inhibitions. A large portion of sexual assaults involve alcohol consumption by the perpetrator, victim, or both.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</span> Class of antidepressant medication

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and other psychological conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dapoxetine</span> Medication used to treat premature ejaculation

Dapoxetine, marketed as Priligy, among others, is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used for the treatment of premature ejaculation (PE) in men 18–64 years old. Dapoxetine works by inhibiting the serotonin transporter, increasing serotonin's action at the postsynaptic cleft, and as a consequence promoting ejaculatory delay. As a member of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) family, dapoxetine was initially created as an antidepressant. However, unlike other SSRIs, dapoxetine is absorbed and eliminated rapidly in the body. Its fast-acting property makes it suitable for the treatment of PE, but not as an antidepressant.

Sexual anhedonia, also known as pleasure dissociative orgasmic disorder, is a condition in which an individual cannot feel pleasure from an orgasm. It is thought to be a variant of hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

Sexual motivation is influenced by hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. In most mammalian species, sex hormones control the ability and motivation to engage in sexual behaviours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexuality after spinal cord injury</span> Aspect of human sexuality

Although spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes sexual dysfunction, many people with SCI are able to have satisfying sex lives. Physical limitations acquired from SCI affect sexual function and sexuality in broader areas, which in turn has important effects on quality of life. Damage to the spinal cord impairs its ability to transmit messages between the brain and parts of the body below the level of the lesion. This results in lost or reduced sensation and muscle motion, and affects orgasm, erection, ejaculation, and vaginal lubrication. More indirect causes of sexual dysfunction include pain, weakness, and side effects of medications. Psycho-social causes include depression and altered self-image. Many people with SCI have satisfying sex lives, and many experience sexual arousal and orgasm. People with SCI may employ a variety of adaptations to help carry on their sex lives healthily, by focusing on different areas of the body and types of sexual acts. Neural plasticity may account for increases in sensitivity in parts of the body that have not lost sensation, so people often find newly sensitive erotic areas of the skin in erogenous zones or near borders between areas of preserved and lost sensation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prolactin modulator</span> Drug class

A prolactin modulator is a drug which affects the hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis by modulating the secretion of the pituitary hormone prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin inhibitors suppress and prolactin releasers induce the secretion of prolactin, respectively.

Drugs and sexual desire is about sexual desire being manipulated through drugs from various approaches. Sexual desire is generated under the effects from sex hormones and microcircuits from brain regions. Neurotransmitters play essential roles in stimulating and inhibiting the processes that lead to libido production in both men and women. For instance, a positive stimulation is modulated by dopamine from the medial preoptic area in the hypothalamus and norepinephrine. At the same time, inhibition occurs when prolactin and serotonin are released for action.

References

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