Party and play

Last updated
Methamphetamine is the drug most associated with party and play. Methamphetamine pure.jpg
Methamphetamine is the drug most associated with party and play.

Party and play (PnP), also known as chemsex or wired play, refers to the practice of consuming drugs to enhance sexual activity. This sexual subculture involves recreational drug users engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors under the influence of drugs, often within specific sub-groups. [1] Activities may include unprotected sex with multiple partners during sessions over extended periods, sometimes lasting days. The drug of choice is typically methamphetamine, commonly referred to as crystal meth, tina, or T. [2] Other substances like mephedrone, GHB, GBL, [3] and alkyl nitrites (known as poppers) are also used. [4] The term slamsex is used for injection drug users. [5]

Contents

Studies indicate that individuals participating in such activities have a higher likelihood of acquiring sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS, due to unprotected sex with numerous partners. Consequently, addressing this issue is considered a significant public health priority. [3]

Terminology

The practice is commonly referred to as "party 'n' play" (PNP or PnP) by some participants, while others use the term "high 'n' horny" (HnH). An academic study has labeled it "sexualized drug use" (SDU). [6] The term PnP is widely used among gay men [1] [ failed verification ] and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in North America and Australia. Conversely, the term chemsex is more common in Europe. [7] In certain Southeast Asian countries, it is commonly known as "chem fun" (CF or Cf).

Participants and drugs

A selection of poppers HOpoppers.jpg
A selection of poppers

Methamphetamine is often used recreationally for its effects as a potent aphrodisiac, euphoriant, and stimulant. [8] It has been further described that "an entire subculture known as party and play is based around methamphetamine use." [8] Gay men belonging to this subculture will typically meet up through internet dating sites to have sex. [8] On such sites, men often include notations such as "chems" or "PnP". [8] Since stimulant drugs such as methamphetamine drastically delay the need for sleep, increase sexual arousal, and tend to inhibit ejaculation, PNP sexual encounters can continue for many hours or even days. [8]

Methamphetamine taken in excess of amounts prescribed or recommended will prolong symptoms of intoxication for up to eight hours. [9] In some cases, these sexual encounters will sometimes occur continuously for several days along with repeated methamphetamine use. [8] Methamphetamine is used to create euphoria, "heighten sexual appetite", and increase sexual stamina. [10] The crash following the use of methamphetamine in this manner is very often severe, with marked hypersomnia. [8]

Ketamine is very different from the main chemsex drugs, as it is a dissociative hallucinogen that distorts perception and causes dissociation. Ketamine is used in chemsex encounters to "improve the experience of receptive anal intercourse or fisting". [10]

A study of sauna participants in Barcelona, Spain, in 2016, found that the most commonly used drugs in chemsex are "GHB/GBL, cocaine, ecstasy, silver bars (MDMA), poppers and Viagra". [11]

A 2014 study on chemsex in London, UK, indicated that the drugs associated with chemsex include mephedrone, GHB/GBL, crystal meth, ketamine, and cocaine. [10]

Internet posts by men seeking PnP experiences often resort to slang to identify what drug they are partying with. [12] [13] These drugs tend to inhibit penile erection, [8] [9] a phenomenon known by the slang term crystal penis or tweaker dick. Consequently, many men who engage in PnP use erectile dysfunction drugs such as sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil. [14] Imodium is often taken by participants in passive anal sex in order to be clean for longer.

For some PnP participants, substance use may facilitate a process of "cognitive disengagement” or moral disengagement from the fears and stipulations associated with sex in the time of HIV/AIDS. Popular discourses of "disinhibition" provide a commonly accepted alibi for activities engaged in when under the influence of stimulants. [14]

Risks

The use of drugs like mephedrone, GHB/GBL, and crystal meth before or during sex, can have physical effects. These can include dehydration, a higher risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and drug-related injuries. Dehydration is a widespread problem with chemsex. This can lead to serious health problems, including seizures and even death. GHB/GBL and crystal meth can also increase the risk of injuries due to accidents or sexual encounters that go wrong. These injuries can be as minor as cuts and bruises, but they can also be dangerous in severe cases, such as haemorrhages, anal fissures, ripped anuses, anal prolapse, suffocation, and more. Furthermore, the use of these drugs can affect erection and ejaculation. Gay/Bisexual men often will use Viagra or other ED drugs to overcome this issue. Unfortunately, this means that their body has to cope with drug interactions that very often go wrong leading, in many cases, to overdose, seizures, drug induced heart attacks, stroke, paralysis, neurological damage and even death. These physical risks are particularly higher in older men and those with pre-existing medical conditions.[ citation needed ]

The same drug-induced loss of inhibitions makes PNP enthusiasts more vulnerable to more immediate threats, such as robbery, date rape, assault, or murder, by someone whom they meet for sex. [15] Men in the chemsex scene have stated that sexual consent is not clearly defined and there can be a perception that anyone at a "party and play" get-together is assumed to consent. [16]

The phrase party and play – and pay has emerged as a warning that partying and playing may result in neurological damage, [17] and leads to bareback sex which increases the chances of contracting HIV, and of resistance to HIV drugs. [12]

The use of crystal methamphetamine or mephedrone for chemsex is associated with "high-risk sexual behaviour… with little regard to consequences, poor [ antiretroviral drug] adherence for HIV, poor use of condoms, extended episodes of (often traumatic) sexual pursuits (e.g. fisting) typically lasting two to three days, [and] multiple sexual partners. Men who have sex with men in the chemsex scene who inject drugs tend to use 'clumsy injecting practices and knowledge', which increases the risks of injection problems. As well, since most chemsex takes place in private home parties, it is hard for public health staff to reach these participants to inform them of safer practices, as compared to reaching gay men in nightclubs, who can be approached by outreach workers". [18]

Methamphetamine suppresses autonomic response and can cause sores and abrasions in the mouth. Open wounds or damaged mucous membranes can turn typically low-HIV-risk sex acts such as oral sex into much-higher-risk sexual activity [19] unless all HIV-positive participants are undetectable on HAART, or all HIV-negative participants are taking TRUVADA for pre-exposure prophylaxis in strict accordance with prescription instructions.

Statistics

Men who PNP with methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA, and ketamine are twice as likely to have unprotected sex (meaning sex without using a condom or taking PrEP), according to British research from 2006. The study also found that up to 20% of gay men from central London gyms had tried methamphetamine, the drug most associated with PNPing. [20]

History and cultural significance

Party and play has been associated with the sauna and bathhouse scene. Pictured is the Club Z bathhouse in Seattle. Seattle - Club Z 02.jpg
Party and play has been associated with the sauna and bathhouse scene. Pictured is the Club Z bathhouse in Seattle.

Subcultures of psychoactive drug use have long existed within urban gay communities, since the 1970s disco era and before. These substances have been used for dancing, socializing, communal celebration and other purposes. [21] The rise of online websites and hookup apps in the 1990s gave men new ways of cruising and meeting sexual partners, including the ability to arrange private sexual gatherings in their homes. [22]

From the early 2000s, historic venues of gay socialization such as bars, clubs, and dance events reduced in number in response to a range of factors, including gentrification, zoning laws, licensing restrictions, and the increased number of closeted or sexually labile men who are under the influence of drugs and the increasing popularity of digital technologies for sexual and social purposes. [23]

In this context, PNP emerged as an alternative form of sexualized partying that enabled participants to avoid the public scrutiny and potentially judgmental and anxiety-provoking nature of the "public space". Newly popular drugs such as methamphetamine and GHB/GBL replaced dance drugs such as Ecstasy within this context.[ citation needed ]

While PNP sessions tend to be organized around sex, there is some evidence that they can serve a range of social purposes for their participants, including the opportunity to meet other gay men, become friends, and engage in erotic play and experimentation. In some instances, PNP sessions play a part in the formation of loose social networks that are valued and relied upon by participants. [22] For other men, increasing reliance on hookup apps and websites to arrange sex may result in a sense of isolation that may exacerbate the risk of drug dependence, especially in the context of a lack of other venues for gay socializing and sexual community-formation. [23]

A 2014 study found that one of the key reasons for taking drugs before and during sex was to boost sexual confidence and reduce feelings of self-doubt, regarding feelings of "internalised homophobia" from society, concerns about an HIV diagnosis, or "guilt related to having or desiring gay sex". A key self-confidence issue for study participants was "body image", a concern that was heightened by the focus on social networking apps on appearance, because on these apps, there is a focus on idealized male bodies that are "toned and muscular". Men were also anxious about their sexual performance, and as such, taking drugs can reduce these anxieties and enable them to enjoy sex more. [10] [24]

Criticism

It has been observed that reliable data and relevant research are generally lacking and this situation is generating a climate of moral panic. In an opinion piece published by The Guardian , it has been argued that an exaggerated reporting might give the public a distorted impression of the magnitude of this phenomenon and that may increase the level of collective anxiety. [25]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Club drug</span> Category of recreational drugs

Club drugs, also called rave drugs or party drugs, are a loosely defined category of recreational drugs which are associated with discothèques in the 1970s and nightclubs, dance clubs, electronic dance music (EDM) parties, and raves in the 1980s to today. Unlike many other categories, such as opiates and benzodiazepines, which are established according to pharmaceutical or chemical properties, club drugs are a "category of convenience", in which drugs are included due to the locations they are consumed and/or where the user goes while under the influence of the drugs. Club drugs are generally used by adolescents and young adults.

Down-low is a slang term that typically refers to a sexual subculture of men who usually identify as heterosexual but actively seek sexual encounters and relations with other men, and practice gay cruising. They generally avoid disclosing their same-sex sexual activities, even if they have female sexual partner(s), they are married to a woman, or they are single. The term is also used to refer to a related sexual identity. Down-low has been viewed as "a type of impression management that some of the informants use to present themselves in a manner that is consistent with perceived norms about masculine attribute, attitudes, and behavior". Although the term has its origins in African-American slang, it has since expanded to all races.-

A circuit party is a large dance event. It extends through the night and into the following day, almost always with a number of affiliated events in the days leading up to and following the main event. Proto-circuit parties in the late 1970s, the precursors of what later became circuit parties, were called disco parties. They lasted only one evening and were held in various large venues in metropolitan areas with large gay populations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GMHC</span> New York City–based non-profit AIDS service organization

The GMHC is a New York City–based non-profit, volunteer-supported and community-based AIDS service organization whose mission statement is to "end the AIDS epidemic and uplift the lives of all affected." Founded in 1982, it is often billed as the "world's oldest AIDS service organization," as well as the "nation's oldest HIV/AIDS service organization."

A date rape drug is any drug that incapacitates another person and renders that person vulnerable to sexual assault, including rape. The substances are associated with date rape because of reported incidents of their use in the context of two people dating, during which the victim is sexually assaulted or raped or suffers other harm. However, substances have also been exploited during retreats, for example ayahuasca retreats. The substances are not exclusively used to perpetrate sexual assault or rape, but are the properties or side-effects of substances normally used for legitimate medical purposes. One of the most common incapacitating agents for date rape is alcohol, administered either surreptitiously or consumed voluntarily, rendering the victim unable to make informed decisions or give consent.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) refers to all men who engage in sexual activity with other men, regardless of sexual identity. The term was created by epidemiologists in the 1990s, to better study and communicate the spread of sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS between all sexually active males, not strictly those identifying as gay or bisexual, but also for example male prostitutes. The term is often used in medical literature and social research to describe such men as a group. It does not describe any specific kind of sexual activity, and which activities are covered by the term depends on context. An alternative term, males who have sex with males is sometimes considered more accurate in cases where those described may not be legal adults.

gamma-Butyrolactone Chemical compound

Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or γ-butyrolactone is a hygroscopic, colorless, water-miscible liquid with a weak, characteristic odor. It is the simplest 4-carbon lactone. It is mainly used as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bareback (sexual act)</span> Sexual penetration without the use of a condom

Bareback sex is physical sexual activity, especially sexual penetration, without the use of a condom. The topic primarily concerns anal sex between men without the use of a condom, and may be distinguished from unprotected sex because bareback sex denotes the deliberate act of forgoing condom use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meth mouth</span> Tooth decay caused by methamphetamine use

Meth mouth is a colloquial term used to describe severe tooth decay and tooth loss, as well as tooth fracture, acid erosion, and other oral problems that are often symptomatic to extended use of the drug methamphetamine. The condition is thought to be caused by a combination of side effects of the drug and lifestyle factors, which may be present in long-term users. However, the legitimacy of meth mouth as a unique condition has been questioned because of the similar effects of some other drugs on teeth. Images of diseased mouths are often used in anti-drug campaigns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT stereotypes</span> Stereotypes around LGBTQ people and communities

LGBT stereotypes are stereotypes about lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people are based on their sexual orientations, gender identities, or gender expressions. Stereotypical perceptions may be acquired through interactions with parents, teachers, peers and mass media, or, more generally, through a lack of firsthand familiarity, resulting in an increased reliance on generalizations.

Sex and drugs date back to ancient humans and have been interlocked throughout human history. Both legal and illegal, the consumption of drugs and their effects on the human body encompasses all aspects of sex, including desire, performance, pleasure, conception, gestation, and disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methamphetamine</span> Central nervous system stimulant

Methamphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity. Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine. Methamphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms, but the hydrochloride salt, commonly called crystal meth, is widely used. Methamphetamine is rarely prescribed over concerns involving human neurotoxicity and potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant, among other concerns, as well as the availability of safer substitute drugs with comparable treatment efficacy such as Adderall and Vyvanse. Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger CNS stimulant than levomethamphetamine.

Crystal Meth Anonymous (CMA) is a California-based non-profit, public-benefit corporation founded in 1994. The members of the fellowship of Crystal Meth Anonymous work a twelve-step program of recovery with recovering crystal meth addicts. Participants in local groups meet in order to help others recover from methamphetamine addiction. CMA advocates complete abstinence from methamphetamine, alcohol, inhalants, and all other psychoactive drugs not taken as prescribed.

Since reports of emergence and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States between the 1970s and 1980s, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has frequently been linked to gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) by epidemiologists and medical professionals. It was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco in 1981. The first official report on the virus was published by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) on June 5, 1981, and detailed the cases of five young gay men who were hospitalized with serious infections. A month later, The New York Times reported that 41 homosexuals had been diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma, and eight had died less than 24 months after the diagnosis was made.

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are central nervous system stimulants used to treat a variety of conditions. When used recreationally, they are colloquially known as "speed" or sometimes "crank". Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu, who named it phenylisopropylamine. Around the same time, Japanese organic chemist Nagai Nagayoshi isolated ephedrine from the Chinese ephedra plant and later developed a method for ephedrine synthesis. Methamphetamine was synthesized from ephedrine in 1893 by Nagayoshi. Neither drug had a pharmacological use until 1934, when Smith, Kline & French began selling amphetamine as an inhaler under the trade name Benzedrine for congestion.

Jeffrey T. Parsons is an American psychologist, researcher, and educator; he was a Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) and was the Director of Hunter College's Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies & Training, which he founded in 1996. Parsons was trained as a developmental psychologist and applied this training to understand health, with a particular emphasis on HIV prevention and treatment. He was known for his research on HIV risk behaviors of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), HIV-related syndemics, and sexual compulsivity. He resigned his positions at CUNY on July 3, 2019, following a year-long university investigation of misconduct allegations against him. In 2023, the U.S. Attorney's Office announced that he was required to pay a $375,000 settlement for engaging in fraud against the federal government for many years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">56 Dean Street</span> Sexual health clinic in London

56 Dean Street, based in Dean Street in London's Soho district, is a sexual health clinic. Part of the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, it also has a second branch, Dean Street Express, located at 34 Dean Street, which offers a fast-turnaround testing service. As of 2017, the clinic was the largest HIV clinic in Europe. In addition to its specialism in HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, it also offers general sexual health care services, including contraception. The clinic also runs TransPlus - the UK’s first integrated NHS gender dysphoria, sexual health and HIV service.

Francesco Spagnesi is a Roman Catholic priest from the Italian Catholic Diocese of Prato, in Tuscany Italy, who was sentenced to three years in prison in late 2021 for "stealing thousands of euros in church funds and donations to buy drugs for gay sex parties that he hosted". According to Costanza Malerba, the attorney representing Spagnesi, as of mid-September 2021 Spagnesi had "already confessed" to having supplied drugs at his house parties and will "soon" be confessing "to misappropriating church funds". Also as of mid-September, police were interviewing approximately "200 people" who are said to have attended Spagnesi’s parties over the last few years. Spagnesi is accused of withdrawing "more than" €100,000 ($117,000) from his parish's bank account, and after his access to the account was cut off by his bishop, taking money from the church "collection plate and soliciting money directly from parishioners", insisting he was raising money for low-income families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drugs and sexual consent</span>

Drugs and sexual consent is a topic that discusses the impacts of drugs on sexual activity that lead to changes in sexual consent. Sexual consent is the voluntary agreement to engage in sexual activity, which is essential in preventing sexual violence. Consent can be communicated verbally or nonverbally and should be freely offered. However, drug use, particularly psychoactive drugs that alter mental processes, can affect people’s decision-making and consent communication ability, potentially impacting the autonomous aspect of sexual consent.

References

  1. 1 2 "PSA tackles PNP: TV ad warns against crystal meth usage in the gay or bisex male community". metroweekly.com. 2007-09-21. Archived from the original on September 21, 2007. Retrieved 2015-12-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ↑ Brown, Ethan (April 29, 2002). "Crystal Ball". NYMag.com. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  3. 1 2 McCall, Hannah; Adams, Naomi; Mason, David; Willis, Jamie (2015-11-03). "What is chemsex and why does it matter?". BMJ. 351: h5790. doi:10.1136/bmj.h5790. ISSN   1756-1833. PMID   26537832. S2CID   29923795.
  4. ↑ "How gay culture bottled a formula that has broken down boundaries" . The Independent. 2016-01-22. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
  5. ↑ "Gay 'chemsex' is fuelling urban HIV epidemics, AIDS experts warn". Reuters. 2019-09-12. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
  6. ↑ González-Baeza, Alicia; Dolengevich-Segal, Helen; Pérez-Valero, Ignacio; Cabello, Alfonso; Téllez, María Jesús; Sanz, José; Pérez-Latorre, Leire; Bernardino, José Ignacio; Troya, Jesús; De La Fuente, Sara; Bisbal, Otilia; Santos, Ignacio; Arponen, Sari; Hontañon, Víctor; Casado, José Luis (2018). "Sexualized Drug Use (Chemsex) Is Associated with High-Risk Sexual Behaviors and Sexually Transmitted Infections in HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men: Data from the U-SEX GESIDA 9416 Study". AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 32 (3): 112–118. doi:10.1089/apc.2017.0263. ISSN   1087-2914. PMID   29620925. S2CID   196490472.
  7. ↑ "What is ChemSex". 2018-06-02. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 San Francisco Meth Zombies (TV documentary). National Geographic Channel. August 2013. ASIN   B00EHAOBAO.
  9. 1 2 "Desoxyn Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Bourne A, Reid D, Hickson F, Torres Rueda S, Weatherburn P (2014) The Chemsex study: drug use in sexual settings among gay & bisexual men in Lambeth, Southwark & Lewisham. London: Sigma Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. www.sigmaresearch.org.uk/chemsex
  11. ↑ Dávila, Percy Fernández. "ChemSex in the sauna ": An ethnographic study on the use of drugs in a gay sex venue in Barcelona". European ChemSex Forum. April 2016. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1895.7205, Londres, CEEISCAT; Stop Sida, DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.1895.7205
  12. 1 2 Frederick, B.J. (2012). Partying with a purpose: Finding meaning in an online "party 'n' play" subculture [Masters thesis]. California State University, Long Beach.
  13. ↑ Frederick, Brian J.; Perrone, Dina (2014-11-02). ""Party N Play" on the Internet: Subcultural Formation, Craigslist, and Escaping from Stigma" (PDF). Deviant Behavior. 35 (11): 859–884. doi:10.1080/01639625.2014.897116. ISSN   0163-9625. S2CID   143549167.
  14. 1 2 Race K (2009): Pleasure Consuming Medicine: The queer politics of drugs Durham: Duke University Press.
  15. ↑ Frederick, BJ (11 July 2013). Dangerous Liaisons: The Risks of Using Gay/MSM 'Hookup' Technologies [Conference presentation]. International Congress on Gender Violence, International Institute for the Sociology of Law, Onati, Spain.
  16. ↑ Zane, Zachary (11 September 2017). "It's Time to Talk About Chemsex and Consent". www.advocate.com. Advocate. Retrieved 7 July 2018. Consent often isn't clearly defined among men who engage in chemsex. Various men have told me that consent is given up upon using drugs. "When I went into these situations, I went in with the knowledge that anything goes," says Sam.
  17. ↑ Brecht, M.L.; O’brien, A.; Von Mayrhauser, C.; Anglin, M.D. (2004). "Methamphetamine use behaviors and gender differences". Addict Behav. 29 (1): 89–106. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(03)00082-0. PMID   14667423.
  18. ↑ "ChemSex and hepatitis C: a guide for healthcare providers" (PDF). /www.chelwest.nhs.uk. Chelseau West. December 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  19. ↑ Moore, Patrick (June 17, 2005). "The Queer Issue: The Crystal Crisis". Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  20. ↑ "Up to 20 per cent of gay men have tried crystal meth". PinkNews. 2006-07-14. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  21. ↑ Race, K. (2011). Party Animals: The significance of drug practices in the materialization of urban gay identity. In Suzanne Fraser and David Moore (Eds.), The Drug Effect: Health, Crime and Society, (pp. 35-56). Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press.
  22. 1 2 Race, Kane (2015-03-01). "'Party and Play': Online hook-up devices and the emergence of PNP practices among gay men". Sexualities. 18 (3): 253–275. doi:10.1177/1363460714550913. ISSN   1363-4607. S2CID   148459157.
  23. 1 2 Race, Kane (2014-09-01). "Complex Events: Drug Effects and Emergent Causality". Contemporary Drug Problems. 41 (3): 301–334. doi:10.1177/009145091404100303. ISSN   0091-4509. S2CID   141558703.
  24. ↑ Voices in the dark – Sex & Relationships Series – We Need To Talk About Chemsex, feat. David Stuart, archived from the original on 2021-12-13, retrieved 2019-09-01
  25. ↑ "Gay men need clear information about 'chemsex', not messages about morality". The Guardian. 2015-11-10. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2017-07-09.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.