Passing (gender)

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In the context of gender, passing is when someone is perceived as a gender they identify as or are attempting to be seen as, rather than their sex assigned at birth. Historically, this was common among women who served in occupations where women were prohibited, such as in combat roles in the military. [1] For transgender people, it is when the person is perceived as cisgender instead of the sex they were assigned at birth. [2] [3] For example, someone who is a transgender man is passing if he is perceived as a cisgender man.

Contents

The appropriateness of the term passing, and the desirability of blending into society, are both debated within the transgender community. A trans person who is perceived as cisgender may face less prejudice, harassment, and risk of violence, as well as better employment opportunities. This is sometimes termed passing privilege . [4]

Terminology

Gender attribution

Gender attribution is the process by which an observer decides which gender they believe another person to be. [5] [6] In most interactions, one cannot observe others' physical sex characteristics, such as their genitals, and instead use other cues to discern another's gender such as body shape, clothing, and voice. [7] [8] Once an observer makes an attribution of the person's gender, it can be difficult for the observer to change their mind and see the person as another gender. [9] Gender attribution can be an obstacle for those seeking to pass if their physical appearance leads them to be seen as a gender different than how they wish to present. [10]

Passing

Passing typically involves a mixture of physical gender cues, for example, hairstyle or clothing, and certain behavioral attributes that tend to be culturally associated with a particular gender.

Crossdresser in a prom dress Crossdresser in prom dress.jpg
Crossdresser in a prom dress

Clocked

Being clocked is when a transgender person is identified as transgender by observers, usually while trying to pass as cisgender. [11] [12]

Stealth

The term stealth refers to trans people who effectively pass as cisgender and do not disclose their gender history. [13] [14]

People may also choose to be stealth in some parts of their lives and not others, such as being stealth at work but openly transgender amongst friends. [15] Being stealth can be chosen as a protective measure against discrimination or violence. [14] According to Gillian Branstetter from the National Center for Transgender Equality, "People privilege the rights of others based off of how they look". People may feel safer being able to appear as a non-transgender person than if their gender identity was more easily identifiable. [16]

Privilege

Passing privilege is the concept that transgender people face less prejudice when they are perceived as cisgender, including less risk of harassment and violence, as well as better employment opportunities. [4] There is a lack of research about the impact that passing has on an individual's societal experience. [17] One study showed that passing can reduce one's likelihood of experiencing homelessness, as well as improve one's experience with homeless shelters; the study found that 11.4% of its transgender/gender non-conforming sample group stated that they had experienced homelessness directly related to their gender identity, and 16.3% indicated they needed to seek new or short-term living arrangements due to their identity. Among those dealing with direct homelessness[ specify ], those who lacked the ability to pass were more likely to experience a variety of difficulties including harassment from staff and other visitors, difficulties being accepted to and staying in the shelters themselves, and being less likely to seek assistance from shelters in the first place. [17]

Effects of passing and not passing

The risks of not fully passing for the gender one is presenting as can vary depending on the circumstances. There is a significant difference between drag queens, or those who otherwise dress for performances, and transgender persons. Risks tend to be much higher for those concerned with passing on a fairly constant basis as opposed to those attempting to pass in the context of a public or semi-public performance. [18]

Transgender people face high rates of harassment and violence, including sexual, physical, and verbal violence and harassment, sexual objectification, and social stigmatization. [19] [15] Job insecurity is a risk for transgender people as well, with a 2022 U.S transgender survey finding that 11 percent of respondents were fired, laid off, forced to resign, or lost a job due to their gender expression or gender identity. [20] Some trans people may stealth as cisgender for the sake of safety and/or security. [13] Additionally, being outed by one's physical attributes as a transgender or gender non-conforming individual can negatively impact one's cultural experience, resulting in neglect, abuse, or being disowned by one's community. [15]

Passing and choosing whether or not to be stealth can contribute to emotional stress. A study of 24 transgender and gender expansive (TGE) physicians found that "they reported a tension between wanting to be 'stealth'... and being out because of a sense of obligation to be visible for TGE patients and colleagues." [21] Passing can lead to a sense of dissonance with the LGBT+ community and limit in-group solidarity. [22]

Additionally, passing can result in confrontation and violence due to observers feeling tricked. DJ and transgender woman Infiniti says, "I was always upfront [about being transgender]...there were several instances where men would be like, 'You were trying to trick me' [and] getting violent.” [16]

Methods

Passing as female

Passing can involve altering the face and body appear feminine. These alterations fall into two categories: temporary items that are applied or worn, and medical alterations.

For people assigned male at birth, passing as female typically involves wearing a wig or styling hair in a manner typical of women in their culture, removing or disguising facial hair, and wearing makeup to make the face appear like that of a cisgender woman. [23] [24] [25] [26] Feminine clothing and accessories can be used as well. [26]

Other temporary alterations shape the body to appear more stereotypically feminine. Breast prostheses are sometimes used to create the appearance of a female chest. [26] If the clothing being worn will reveal breast cleavage, cleavage enhancement techniques can be used if there is not sufficient breast tissue to form cleavage. A feminine waist–hip ratio is created by either reducing the waist size with a corset and/or enlarging the hips and buttocks with padding. [27] [26] [28]

Tucking, the practice of hiding the penis and testicles so that they are not visible through tight clothing, can further contribute to passing as female. [29] The most effective method of tucking involves pushing the testicles up into the inguinal canal. Once this is done, the penis is pulled back between the legs and a tight pair of panties, a gaff, or another tight garment is then worn on top to hold everything in place. Tucking is often utilized when wearing more revealing clothing such as leggings or swimwear. For those who have not undergone or do not want to undergo genital reconstruction surgery, the penile crotch protrusion (sometimes known by the slang terms moose knuckle [30] [31] or bulge [32] [33] ) can be among the most conspicuous signs of birth sex.

For more permanent bodily changes, cross-sex hormones and/or cosmetic surgeries can be used. Hormone replacement therapy is a medical intervention that further contributes to a female appearance by causing more feminine body fat distribution, the development of breasts, and lower waist-hip ratio. [34] [35]

Cosmetic surgery procedures often used by transgender women include breast augmentation, liposuction and buttock augmentation, in addition to facial feminization surgery (FFS). FFS is not necessarily one individual procedure, but often many different procedures performed at the same time. FFS includes many procedures a patient can choose, such as rhinoplasty, brow lift, jaw reduction, chin augmentation, cheek implantation and lip augmentation. [36] [37]

Passing typically involves changes in the person’s voice as well. Cisgender women typically speak with an average fundamental frequency of 165–255 Hz (E3–C4), while cisgender men typically speak in a fundamental frequency range of 85–155 Hz (F2–D♯3). [38] In addition, the timbre of a male voice is typically different from that of a female one. This is due to male puberty typically enlarging the vocal cords, larynx, and sinus cavities. [39] These changes are typically not reversible without voice feminization surgery, such as cricothyroid approximation or Wendler glottoplasty, as the changes of male puberty on the vocal tract cannot be undone with feminizing hormone therapy. [40] [41] Many transgender women are successful at feminizing their voice through self-training or transgender voice therapy. [41] [42] [43]

Passing as male

For transgender men, drag kings, or any person born female trying to pass as male, this may include binding the breasts to create a flat-chested appearance, getting a short haircut, taking on a more masculine demeanor, and wearing masculine clothing. [26] Baggy or loose clothing is usually preferred because it hides characteristics like breasts and rounded hips. [26]

Packing creates the appearance of having penis through stuffing objects in one's crotch region. [44] [45] This appearance is sought out in order to accommodate the wearing of varied clothing styles, particularly more revealing clothing, to achieve the appearance of a crotch protrusion, [46] sometimes called a bulge. [32] [33] This is done on a daily basis for transgender men, sometimes for their entire lives; for other transgender men or cross-dressing women, packing is done on an as-needed basis for reasons including personal comfort and for drag performances.

Types of packers include soft packers, stand-to-pee packers, 3-in-1 packers, and pack and plays. [44] Soft packers serve only to create the look of a bulge, and stand-to-pee packers enable the wearer to urinate while standing. [44] Pack and plays, otherwise known as 2-in-1 packers, serve the additional purpose of sexual use and 3-in-1 packers accommodate both sexual use and standing urination. [47] Packers are held in place with tight underwear, harnesses, or fabric pouches with Velcro to adhere to underwear. [45] Some prosthetic packers can stay in place using surgical glue as well. [45]

Commercially sold chest binder GenderBender LLC zip binder.jpg
Commercially sold chest binder

Another common part of passing is chest binding to flatten one's chest. This is done with commercial binders, sports bras, or other compression athletic wear. [48] Other methods such as duct tape, elastic bandages (such as "Ace" brand bandages), and plastic wrap are advised against due to their ability to restrict blood flow and breathing as well as damage skin. [49] [50] It is also advised to take days off from wearing a binder when possible, wear properly sized binders, avoid sleeping in binders, and avoid wearing binders for more than 8 hours per day. [50] [51] [52] [53]

Masculinizing hormone therapy can contribute to a more male presentation by creating a more masculine physique and lowering one's voice. Transgender men undergoing cross-sex hormone therapy develop a more masculine body fat distribution and reduced hip circumference. [34] Testosterone therapy lengthens the vocal tract and reduces fundamental frequency when speaking. [54] If this does not bring the voice into a passable speaking range, transgender voice therapy and voice masculinizing surgery are available. [41]

History

Historically, there have been circumstances wherein people have impersonated the opposite sex for reasons other than gender identity. The most common reasons for women disguising themselves as men – often called "Passing Women" [1] – were so that they could go into battle as soldiers, or in order to work in male-dominated professions that would not hire women. [1]

Wartime

Hannah Snell (1723-1792) was a British woman who disguised herself as a man to become a soldier HannahSnell.jpg
Hannah Snell (1723–1792) was a British woman who disguised herself as a man to become a soldier

Reports exist of women doing this in both the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War. Examples include Mary Anne Talbot and Hannah Snell. [55]

Two of the most famous examples from earlier eras are Hua Mulan, who, according to legend, took her elderly father's place in the Chinese army; and Onorata Rodiani (1403–1452), an Italian mercenary who served as a cavalry soldier, disguised in male clothing and with a male name.

A Spaniard named Eleno de Céspedes began identifying as and as dressing as a man. After a first failed attempt, he was accepted into the army to then serve for several years successfully. [56]

Catalina de Erauso was a Spanish woman, originally a nun, who grew increasingly dissatisfied with religious life and in turn decided to dress as a man and flee to a new life. Joining the army a few years later, she did remarkably well in the military. According to source material, "After serving in several campaigns against the Indians of Chile and Peru, she distinguished herself sufficiently to be promoted to the rank of ensign." She reportedly earned a reputation of "courage and daring" while involved in campaigns. Outside of combat she was known to cause trouble frequently. Known for brawling, gambling, fighting, and killing people on a few occasions, her issues with violence would eventually lead her to reveal her true sex at what she thought at the time was the end of her life. Her female identity was revealed later in life, yet she maintained her masculine appearance until her death. [57]

Hannah Gray was a part of the British army under the name James Gray. Due to various circumstances and issues regarding the reveal of her gender Hannah eventually ended up joining the marines instead. She was noted to have "proved to be not only a brave warrior but a good drinking companion as well and was accepted by her mates as a man", engaging in the construct of masculinity and doing successful masculine gender. [58]

Working-class passing women

In Stone Butch Blues , Leslie Feinberg wrote about working class, butch lesbians in the 1960s who chose to pass as men in order to find jobs that would enable them to support their families. [59] While the 1993 novel is fiction, there are females, including Feinberg, who took testosterone in this era for these reasons. Factory jobs, in particular, usually only paid men a living wage that could also support a partner and children. Some of these passing women later identified as transgender, while others stopped taking hormones and returned to a butch female presentation once gains made by feminists allowed for better employment opportunities. [60] [61] [62]

Upper-class passing men

Cases of male impersonation by women appear to be more historically common than those of female impersonation of men. Outside of artistic expression, men who attempt to pass as women are not only less common but less socially accepted as a result. [63] Many known male to female cross dressers are those from the upper class who do not face the same socioeconomic risks in repercussion to their cross-dressing.

Henry III of France was a historic cross-dresser, noted to dress as the opposite sex at grand parties and events. He was reported to have "dressed as an Amazon" or "wearing a ball gown, makeup, earrings, and other jewelry, and attended by his so called mignons, or homosexual favorites". [64]

Musicians

American band leader Billy Tipton had a successful career as a jazz musician from the 1930s through the 1970s. Tipton was from the conservative Midwest. The world at large only discovered Tipton was assigned female at birth after his death. [65] [66] [67]

To maintain anonymity while in Bahrain, Michael Jackson wore women's clothes when out in public. [68]

Modern context

In the context of gender, passing refers to transgender people been perceived as the gender they identify as and/or being perceived as cisgender. [69] [70] Passing can be important the mental health and, for some transgender people, their safety. [14] [71] [22]

Other transgender people, including non-binary people, have different attitudes towards passing. For example, they might not try to pass at all, they may engage in genderfuck (sending consciously mixed signals), or they might be able to pass, but do not hide the fact that they are transgender. [15] Personal views on passing and the desire or need to pass are independent of whether an individual has had medical treatment or has legally changed their gender. [72]

Controversy

The term passing is widely used but debated within the transgender community; this is due to the perceived implication of dishonesty or deception about one's gender identity. [73] [74] Trans writer Janet Mock says that the term is "based on an assumption that trans people are passing as something that we are not" and that, in reality, a trans woman who is perceived as a woman "isn't passing; she is merely being". [75] The GLAAD Media Guide advises that "it is not appropriate" for mainstream media to use the term passing "unless it is in a direct quote". GLAAD instead recommends using a phrase such as "not perceived as transgender". [76]

See also

Related Research Articles

The word cisgender describes a person whose gender identity corresponds to their sex assigned at birth, i.e., someone who is not transgender. The prefix cis- is Latin and means on this side of. The term cisgender was coined in 1994 as an antonym to transgender, and entered into dictionaries starting in 2015 as a result of changes in social discourse about gender. The term has been and continues to be controversial and subject to critique.

Gender-affirming surgery is a surgical procedure, or series of procedures, that alters a person's physical appearance and sexual characteristics to resemble those associated with their identified gender. The phrase is most often associated with transgender health care and intersex medical interventions, although many such treatments are also pursued by cisgender and non-intersex individuals. It is also known as sex reassignment surgery, gender confirmation surgery, and several other names.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to transgender topics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans man</span> Man assigned female at birth

A trans man is a man who was assigned female at birth. Trans men have a male gender identity, and many trans men undergo medical and social transition to alter their appearance in a way that aligns with their gender identity or alleviates gender dysphoria.

Gender-affirming surgery for female-to-male transgender people includes a variety of surgical procedures that alter anatomical traits to provide physical traits more comfortable to the trans man's male identity and functioning.

Gender-affirming surgery for male-to-female transgender women or transfeminine non-binary people describes a variety of surgical procedures that alter the body to provide physical traits more comfortable and affirming to an individual's gender identity and overall functioning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gender transition</span> Changing gender presentation to accord with gender identity

Gender transition is the process of affirming and expressing one's internal sense of gender, as opposed to the gender assigned to them at birth. There are two major facets of gender transitioning: a social transition, and a medical transition; almost all transgender people will socially transition, and most will undergo some degree of medical transition.

Gender expression, or gender presentation, is a person's behavior, mannerisms, and appearance that are socially associated with gender, namely femininity or masculinity. Gender expression can also be defined as the external manifestation of one's gender identity through behavior, clothing, hairstyles, voice, or body characteristics. Typically, a person's gender expression is thought of in terms of masculinity and femininity, but an individual's gender expression may incorporate both feminine and masculine traits, or neither. A person's gender expression may or may not match their assigned sex at birth. This includes gender roles, and accordingly relies on cultural stereotypes about gender. It is distinct from gender identity.

The gender binary is the classification of gender into two distinct forms of masculine and feminine, whether by social system, cultural belief, or both simultaneously. Most cultures use a gender binary, having two genders.

"Voice therapy" or "voice training" refers to any non-surgical technique used to improve or modify the human voice. Because voice is a social cue to a person's sex and gender, transgender people may frequently undertake voice training or therapy as a part of gender transitioning in order to make their voices sound more typical of their gender, and therefore increase their likelihood of being perceived as that gender. Having voice and speech characteristics align with one's gender identity is often important to transgender individuals, whether their goal be feminization, neutralization or masculinization. Voice therapy can be seen as an act of gender- and identity-affirming care, in order to reduce gender dysphoria and gender incongruence, improve the self-reported wellbeing and health of transgender people, and alleviate concerns over an individual being recognized as transgender.

Gender incongruence is the state of having a gender identity that does not correspond to one's sex assigned at birth. This is experienced by people who identify as transgender or transsexual, and often results in gender dysphoria. The causes of gender incongruence have been studied for decades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transgender sexuality</span> Sexuality of transgender people

Sexuality in transgender individuals encompasses all the issues of sexuality of other groups, including establishing a sexual identity, learning to deal with one's sexual needs, and finding a partner, but may be complicated by issues of gender dysphoria, side effects of surgery, physiological and emotional effects of hormone replacement therapy, psychological aspects of expressing sexuality after medical transition, or social aspects of expressing their gender.

Masculinizing hormone therapy, also known as transmasculine hormone therapy or female-to-male hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy and gender affirming therapy which is used to change the secondary sexual characteristics of transgender people from feminine or androgynous to masculine. It is a common type of transgender hormone therapy, and is predominantly used to treat transgender men and other transmasculine individuals who were assigned female at birth. Some intersex people also receive this form of therapy, either starting in childhood to confirm the assigned sex or later if the assignment proves to be incorrect.

Feminizing hormone therapy, also known as transfeminine hormone therapy, is hormone therapy and sex reassignment therapy to change the secondary sex characteristics of transgender people from masculine or androgynous to feminine. It is a common type of transgender hormone therapy and is used to treat transgender women and non-binary transfeminine individuals. Some, in particular intersex people, but also some non-transgender people, take this form of therapy according to their personal needs and preferences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans woman</span> Woman assigned male at birth

A trans woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth. Trans women have a female gender identity and may experience gender dysphoria. Gender dysphoria may be treated with gender-affirming care.

Transgender hormone therapy, also called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), is a form of hormone therapy in which sex hormones and other hormonal medications are administered to transgender or gender nonconforming individuals for the purpose of more closely aligning their secondary sexual characteristics with their gender identity. This form of hormone therapy is given as one of two types, based on whether the goal of treatment is masculinization or feminization:

The real-life experience (RLE), sometimes called the real-life test (RLT), is a period of time or process in which transgender individuals live full-time in their identified gender role in order to be eligible to receive gender-affirming treatment. The purpose of the RLE has been to confirm that a given transgender person could function successfully as a member of said gender in society, as well as to confirm that they are sure they want to live as said gender for the rest of their life. A documented RLE was previously a requirement of many physicians before prescribing gender-affirming hormone therapy, and a requirement of most surgeons before performing gender-affirming surgery.

Transgender health care includes the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of physical and mental health conditions for transgender individuals. A major component of transgender health care is gender-affirming care, the medical aspect of gender transition. Questions implicated in transgender health care include gender variance, sex reassignment therapy, health risks, and access to healthcare for trans people in different countries around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Feminization laryngoplasty</span>

Feminization laryngoplasty is a reconstructive surgery surgical procedure that results in the increase of the pitch of a patient, making the voice sound higher and more feminine. It is a form of Open Laryngoplasty and effectively reaches its goals via a Partial Laryngectomy of the anterior portion of the larynx, thereby diminishing the size of the larynx to cisgender female proportions. It also changes the vocal weight or resonance quality of the voice by diminishing the size of the larynx. It is a type of voice feminization surgery (VFS) and an alternative to vocal therapy. Feminization laryngoplasty is performed as a treatment for both transgender women and non-binary people as part of their gender transition, and women with androphonia. The surgery can be categorized into two main steps: Incision and vocal fold modification followed by thyrohyoid elevation. Risks and complications include granuloma, dysphonia and tracheostomy. Patients are recommended to follow perioperative management such as voice rest to hasten recovery.

Cisnormativity or cissexual assumption is the assumption that everyone is, or ought to be, cisgender. The term can further refer to a wider range of presumptions about gender assignment, such as the presumption of a gender binary, or expectations of conformity to gender roles even when transgender identities are otherwise acknowledged. Cisnormativity is a form of cisgenderism, an ideology which promotes various normative ideas about gender, to the invalidation of individuals' own gender identities, analogous to heterosexism or ableism.

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