Nickel organic acid salts

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The nickel organic acid salts are organic acid salts of nickel. In many of these the ionised organic acid acts as a ligand.

Nickel acetate has the formula (CH3COO)2Ni·4H2O. It has monodentate acetate and hydrogen bonding. A dihydrate also exists. Nickel acetate is used to seal anodised aluminium. [1]

Nickel formate Ni(HCOO)2.2H2O decomposes when heated to yield carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, water and finely divided porous nickel. [2] All the nickel atoms are six coordinated, but half have four water molecules and two formate oxygens close to the atom, and the other half are coordinated by six oxygens of formate groups. [3]

Aspergillus niger is able to dispose of otherwise toxic levels of nickel in its environment by forming nickel oxalate dihydrate crystals. [4] nickel oxalate can also be formed in to various nanorods and nanofibres by use of surfacants. [5] When heated nickel oxalate dihydrate dehydrates at 258° and decomposes to Ni metal [6] over 316 °C. [7] Double oxalate salts where oxalate is a ligand on the nickel atom may be called oxalatonickelates.

Other organic acid salts of nickel include nickel oleate, nickel propionate, nickel butyrate, nickel caprylate, nickel lactate, nickel benzoate, nickel bis(acetyl acetonate), nickel salicylate, nickel alkyl phenyl salicylate. Nickel stearate forms a green solution, however when precipitated with alcohol a gel is produced, that also contains a mixture of basic salts, and free stearic acid. [8]

Nickel malonate, and nickel hydrogen malonate both crystallise with two molecules of water. They decomposes when heated to yield gaseous water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ethanol, acetic acid, methyl formate and ethyl formate. Nickel acetate exists as an intermediate and the final result is that solid nickel, nickel oxide, Ni3C and carbon remain. [9] With malonate nickel can form a bis-malonato-nickelate anion, which can form double salts. [10] Nickel maleate can be made from maleic acid and nickel carbonate in boiling water. A dihydrate crystallises from the water solution. [11] Nickel fumarate prepared from fumaric acid and nickel carbonate is pale green as a tetrahydrate, and mustard coloured as an anhydride. It decomposes when heated to 300° to 340° in vacuum. Decomposition mostly produces nickel carbide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane. But also produced were butanes, benzene, toluene, and organic acid. [12]

Nickel succinate can form metal organic framework compounds. [13]

Nickel citrate complexes are found in leaves of some nickel accumulating plant species in New Caledonia such as Pycnandra acuminata . [14] Citrate complexes include NiHcit, NiHcit23−, Nicit−, Nicit24−, and Ni2H2cit24−. (ordered from low to high pH). Also there is Ni4H4cit35−. Nickel citrate is important in nickel plating. [15] When precipitation of nickel citrate is attempted a gel forms. This apparently consists of tangled fibres of [(C6H6O7)Ni]n, which can be reduced to nickel metal fibres less than a micron thick, and meters long. [16] Double nickel citrates exist, including tetraanion citrate when pH is over 9.5. [17] An amorphous nickel iron citrate Ni3Fe6O4(C6H6O7)8·6H2O produces carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and acetone when heated over 200 °C leaving Trevorite, NiFe2O4 a nickel ferrite. [18] A green crystalline nickel citrate with formula Ni3(C6H5O7)2·10H2O melts at 529K and decomposition starts at 333K. [19]

Nickel glutarate in the form called Mil-77, [Ni20{(C5H6O4)20(H2O)8}]⋅40H2O is pale green. It crystallises in a porous structure containing twenty member rings. The 40 water molecules "occluded" in the porous channels come out when it is heated to 150 °C retaining the crystal framework. At 240 °C the crystal form changes and over 255° the remaining water is lost. Between 330° and 360° the organic components burn and it is destroyed. [20]

Cyclopropane carboxylic acid forms two basic salts with nickel, a hydrate Ni9(OH)2(H2O)6(C4H5O2)8 • 2H2O with density 1.554 Mg/m3 and an anhydrous form Ni5(OH)2(C4H5O2)8 with density 2.172 mg/m3. [21]

Nickel trifluoroacetate tetrahydrate exists, as well as two emerald green acid trifluoroacetates, a bridged trinuclear form [Ni3(CF3COO)6(CF3COOH)6](CF3COOH) and a hydrated acid form [Ni3(CF3COO)6(CF3COOH)2(H2O)4](CF3COOH)2 both with triclinic crystal form. The first has density 2.205 and the second 2.124. They are made by dissolving the nickel trifluoroacetate tetrahydrate in trifluoroacetic acid either anhydrous or 1% hydrated. [22]

Nickel naphthenate is used as a fuel additive to suppress smoke, [23] as a rubber catalyst and as an oil additive.

When Nickel benzoate is heated in a vacuum, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, benzene, benzoic acid, phenol, biphenyl, nickel, nickel oxide, and nickel carbide are formed. [24] It can crystallise as anhydrous, a trihydrate or a tetrahydrate. [25]

Nickel terephthalate can be made by a double decomposition of sodium terephthalate and nickel nitrate. Nickel terephthalate precipitates. Its solubility is 0.38 g/100g water at 25 °C. In ammonium hydroxide a violet solution forms. Boiling acetic acid converts the nickel to nickel acetate. The terephthalate converts to a basic salt when boiled in water. Understating this compound is important when reducing coloured contaminants in polymers made from terephthalate. [26]

Listing

formulanamemolstructcell Å°VZdensitycolourrefs
wtabcβÅ3g/cm3
Ni(HCOO)2·2H2ONickel formate hydratemonoclinic8.607.069.2196°50′4 [3]
[Ni20{(C5H6O4)20(H2O)8}] · 40 H2O Nickel glutaratecubic16.5814559pale green [20]
Ni9(OH)2(H2O)6(C4H5O2)8·2H2Onickel cyclopropane carboxylate hydrateorthorhombic14.81024.24624.607883641.554bright green [21]
Ni5(OH)2(C4H5O2)8nickel cyclopropane carboxylateorthorhombic19.40618.46621.57990773382.172pale green [21]
[Ni3(CF3COO)6(CF3COOH)6](CF3COOH)Nickel acid trifluoroacetatetrigonal13.30753.13814862.205emerald green [22]
[Ni3(CF3COO)6(CF3COOH)2(H2O)4](CF3COOH)2Nickel acid trifluoroacetate hydratetriclinic9.1210.37912.109α=84.59° β=72.20° γ=82.80°1080.912.124emerald green [22]
K2[Ni(C6H5O7)(H2O)2]2·4H2Opotassium nickel citratetriclinic6.7299.10010.594α=94.86 β=100.76 γ=103.70613.511.942green [27]
K2[Ni2(C6H5O7)2(H2O)4]·4H2ODipotassium tetraaquabis(μ-citrato-k4O:O',O'',O''')nickelate(II) tetrahydrate717.94monoclinic10.61613.0069.051393.091247.821.911green [28]
N(CH3)4[Ni4(C6H4O7)3(OH)(H2O)]·18H2Otetramethyl ammonium nickel basic citratetriclinic11.8414.2920.9396.16 β=106.36 γ=94.8933521bright green extremely weak [27] [29]
Na2[Ni(C6H4O7)] · 2 H2O disodium nickel citrategreen dec 371 [17]
(NH4)2[Ni(HCit) · 2 H2O ]2 · 2 H2O Dimeric ammonium diaquocitratonickelate (II) dihydrate639.79triclinic6.4079.4719.6904α=105.064 β=91.99 γ=89.33567.511.872green [30]
(NH4)4[Ni(HCit)2] · 2 H2O tetrammonium dicitratonickelate (11) dihydrate545.10monoclinic9.36113.4969.424115.4761074.921.684 [30]
Na2[Ni(HCit) · 2 H2O ]2 · 2 H2O Dimeric sodium diaquocitratonickelate (II) dihydrate [30]
K2[Ni(HCit) · 2 H2O ]2 · 2 H2O Dimeric potassium diaquocitratonickelate (II) dihydrate [30]
(NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6][Ti(H2cit)3]2·6H2O1547.43hexagonal15.5627.6901605.511.600light green [31]
[Ni(C5H7O2)2]3 Nickel(II) acetylacetonate 256.91orthorhombic23.239.6415.65350541.46dark green [32]
Ni[C4O4] · 2 H2O nickel squarate?cubic8.0688.0688.06890°5251.93green [33]
Ni[C4O4] · 8 H2O nickel squarate octahydrate428.93monoclinic10.2886.37212.852106.98805.821.768green [34]
Ni[C5O5] · 3 H2O Nickel croconate trihydrateorthorhombicgreen [35]
K2[Ni(C5O5)2(H2O)2] · 4 H2O Poly[[di-μ2-aqua-di-μ5-croconato(2-)-nickel(II)dipotassium(I)] tetrahydrate]525.11monoclinic8.0156.66016.48990.20880.121.982green [36]
Ni(C5H5COO)2 · 2 H2O nickel dibenzoate tetrahydrate354.98monoclinic6.134134.1806.979395.3311457.041.618light green [25]
Ni(C5H5COOCOOH)2 · 6 H2O nickel dihydrogen diphthalate hexahydratemonoclinic16.0245.57412.500113.4221.611 [37]
Ni[C6H4(COO)2] · 4 H2O Nickel terephthalategreen [26]
Ni(OH)[C6H4(COO)(COOH)] · H2O basic nickel terephthalategreen [26]

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In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel(II) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Nickel(II) chloride (or just nickel chloride) is the chemical compound NiCl2. The anhydrous salt is yellow, but the more familiar hydrate NiCl2·6H2O is green. Nickel(II) chloride, in various forms, is the most important source of nickel for chemical synthesis. The nickel chlorides are deliquescent, absorbing moisture from the air to form a solution. Nickel salts have been shown to be carcinogenic to the lungs and nasal passages in cases of long-term inhalation exposure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zinc acetate</span> Chemical compound

Zinc acetate is a salt with the formula Zn(CH3CO2)2, which commonly occurs as the dihydrate Zn(CH3CO2)2·2H2O. Both the hydrate and the anhydrous forms are colorless solids that are used as dietary supplements. When used as a food additive, it has the E number E650.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium pyrophosphate</span> Chemical compound

Calcium pyrophosphate refers to any member of a series of inorganic compound with the formula Ca2P2O7(H2O)n. They are white solids that are insoluble in water. They contain the pyrophosphate anion, although sometimes they are referred to as phosphates. The inventory includes an anhydrous form, a dihydrate (Ca2P2O7·2H2O), and a tetrahydrate (Ca2P2O7·4H2O). Deposition of dihydrate crystals in cartilage are responsible for the severe joint pain in cases of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudo gout) whose symptoms are similar to those of gout. Ca2P2O7 is commonly used as a mild abrasive agent in toothpastes because of its insolubility and nonreactivity toward fluoride.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium formate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium formate, HCOONa, is the sodium salt of formic acid, HCOOH. It usually appears as a white deliquescent powder.

Indium(III) sulfate (In2(SO4)3) is a sulfate salt of the metal indium. It is a sesquisulfate, meaning that the sulfate group occurs 1⁠1/2⁠ times as much as the metal. It may be formed by the reaction of indium, its oxide, or its carbonate with sulfuric acid. An excess of strong acid is required, otherwise insoluble basic salts are formed. As a solid indium sulfate can be anhydrous, or take the form of a pentahydrate with five water molecules or a nonahydrate with nine molecules of water. Indium sulfate is used in the production of indium or indium containing substances. Indium sulfate also can be found in basic salts, acidic salts or double salts including indium alum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cobalt(II) acetate</span> Chemical compound

Cobalt(II) acetate is the cobalt salt of acetic acid. It is commonly found as the tetrahydrate Co(CH3CO2)2·4 H2O, abbreviated Co(OAc)2·4 H2O. It is used as a catalyst.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron(II) oxalate</span> Chemical compound

Ferrous oxalate (iron(II) oxalate) are inorganic compound with the formula FeC2O4(H2O)x where x is 0 or 2. These are orange compounds, poorly soluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel(II) acetate</span> Chemical compound

Nickel(II) acetate is the name for the coordination compounds with the formula Ni(CH3CO2)2·x H2O where x can be 0, 2, and 4. The mint-green tetrahydrate Ni(CH3CO2)2·4 H2O is most common. It is used for electroplating.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnesium oxalate</span> Magnesium compound

Magnesium oxalate is an organic compound comprising a magnesium cation with a 2+ charge bonded to an oxalate anion. It has the chemical formula MgC2O4. Magnesium oxalate is a white solid that comes in two forms: an anhydrous form and a dihydrate form where two water molecules are complexed with the structure. Both forms are practically insoluble in water and are insoluble in organic solutions.

Chromium(II) oxalate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrC2O4.

The oxalatonickelates are a class of compounds that contain nickel complexed by oxalate groups. They form a series of double salts, and include clusters with multiple nickel atoms. Since oxalate functions as a bidentate ligand it can satisfy two coordinate positions around the nickel atom, or it can bridge two nickel atoms together.

Nickel succinate is a transition metal carboxylic acid salt. It crystallises in several forms. Nickel coordinates in a far more diverse way than other transition elements enabling a variety of structures for the same constituents. Succinate is dibasic, so its two ends can connect onto two different nickel atoms. Succininate is flexible, so that it can be bent to different angles and lengths. This allows formation of metal organic framework solids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thorium(IV) nitrate</span> Chemical compound

Thorium(IV) nitrate is a chemical compound, a salt of thorium and nitric acid with the formula Th(NO3)4. A white solid in its anhydrous form, it can form tetra- and pentahydrates. As a salt of thorium it is weakly radioactive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caesium oxalate</span> Chemical compound

Caesium oxalate, or dicesium oxalate, or cesium oxalate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Cs2C2O4. It is a caesium salt of oxalic acid. It consists of caesium cations Cs+ and oxalate anions C2O2−4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel oxyacid salts</span>

The Nickel oxyacid salts are a class of chemical compounds of nickel with an oxyacid. The compounds include a number of minerals and industrially important nickel compounds.

The borate oxalates are chemical compounds containing borate and oxalate anions. Where the oxalate group is bound to the borate via oxygen, a more condensed anion is formed that balances less cations. These can be termed boro-oxalates, bis(oxalato)borates, or oxalatoborates or oxalate borates. The oxalatoborates are heterocyclic compounds with a ring containing -O-B-O-. Bis(oxalato)borates are spiro compounds with rings joined at the boron atom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yttrium oxalate</span> Chemical compound

Yttrium oxalate is an inorganic compound, a salt of yttrium and oxalic acid with the chemical formula Y2(C2O4)3. The compound does not dissolve in water and forms crystalline hydrates—colorless crystals.

The carbonate oxalates are mixed anion compounds that contain both carbonate (CO3) and oxalate (C2O4) anions. Most compounds incorporate large trivalent metal ions, such as the rare earth elements. Some carbonate oxalate compounds of variable composition are formed by heating oxalates.

Manganese oxalate is a chemical compound, a salt of manganese and oxalic acid with the chemical formula MnC
2O
4. The compound creates light pink crystals, does not dissolve in water, and forms crystalline hydrates. It occurs naturally as the mineral Lindbergite.

References

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  35. ↑ West, Robert.; Niu, Hsien Ying. (September 1963). "New Aromatic Anions. VI. Complexes of Croconate Ion with Some Divalent and Trivalent Metals". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 85 (17): 2586–2588. Bibcode:1963JAChS..85.2586W. doi:10.1021/ja00900a013.
  36. ↑ Chen, Hong-Yu; Fang, Qi; Xue, Gang; Yu, Wen-Tao (19 November 2005). "Polydi-μ2-aqua-di-μ5-croconato(2–)-nickel(II)dipotassium(I) tetrahydrate". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 61 (12): m535–m537. Bibcode:2005AcCrC..61M.535C. doi:10.1107/S0108270105036322. PMID   16330841.
  37. ↑ Adiwidjaja, G.; Küppers, H. (15 May 1976). "Nickel dihydrogen diphthalate hexahydrate". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 32 (5): 1571–1574. Bibcode:1976AcCrB..32.1571A. doi: 10.1107/S0567740876005840 .
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