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Nikasil is a trademarked electrodeposited lipophilic nickel matrix silicon carbide coating for engine components, mainly piston engine cylinder liners.
Nikasil was introduced by Mahle in 1967 and was initially developed to allow Wankel engine apex seals to work directly against the aluminum housing. [1] This coating allowed aluminium cylinders and pistons to work directly against each other with low wear and friction. Unlike other methods, including cast iron cylinder liners, Nikasil allowed very large cylinder bores with tight tolerances. This made it possible for existing engine designs to be expanded easily. The aluminium cylinders also gave a much better heat conductivity and lower friction than cast iron liners, an important attribute for a high-output engine. The coating was further developed as a replacement for hard-chrome plated cylinder bores for Mercury Marine Racing, Kohler Engines, and as a repair replacement for factory-chromed snowmobiles, dirt bikes, ATVs, watercraft and automotive V8 liners/bores.
Nikasil is short for nickel silicon carbide. Silicon carbide is a very hard ceramic (much harder than steel) that can be dissolved in nickel. The nickel silicon carbide solution can then be electroplated onto the aluminium cylinder bore. After the cylinders are plated, the Nikasil bores are diamond honed to a plateau finish. Pistons will need to be fitted with Nikasil compatible piston rings as chrome rings commonly used with cast iron bores are not compatible. Due to Nikasil's hardness, the resulting cylinder bores are usually long-lived with less cylinder wear than other types of cylinders. As Nikasil is extremely durable, cylinders do not need to be reworked as often as you would an iron or chrome cylinder, usually only requiring deglazing before re-ringing. However, if there is damage to the plating, the cylinder must be stripped before it can be bored and re-plated. [2]
Porsche started using Nikasil on the 1970 917 race car, and later on the 1973 911 RS. Porsche also used it on production cars, but for a short time switched to Alusil due to cost savings for their base 911. Nikasil cylinders were always used for the 911 Turbo and RS models. Nikasil coated aluminium cylinders allowed Porsche to build air-cooled engines that had the highest specific output of any engine of their time.
Nikasil was very popular in the 1990s. It was used by companies such as BMW, Ducati, Jaguar and Moto Guzzi in their new engine families. However, the sulfur found in much of the world's low-quality gasoline caused some Nikasil cylinders to break down over time, causing costly engine failures. [3] It is worth noting that Porsche engines did suffer from many issues caused by high sulfur content fuels.
Nikasil or similar coatings under other trademarks are also still widely used in racing engines, including those used in Formula One and ChampCar. Suzuki uses a nickel phosphorus-silicon-carbide proprietary coating trademarked SCEM (Suzuki Composite Electro-chemical Material) to maximize cylinder size and improve heat dissipation in the TU250X, Hayabusa, Honda NX250 Enduro and other motorcycles. [4]
Radio-control glow-plug nitro engines commonly use a Nikasil coated sleeved cylinder and an aluminium alloy piston without any compression rings.
In materials science, a metal matrix composite (MMC) is a composite material with fibers or particles dispersed in a metallic matrix, such as copper, aluminum, or steel. The secondary phase is typically a ceramic or another metal. They are typically classified according to the type of reinforcement: short discontinuous fibers (whiskers), continuous fibers, or particulates. There is some overlap between MMCs and cermets, with the latter typically consisting of less than 20% metal by volume. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite. MMCs can have much higher strength-to-weight ratios, stiffness, and ductility than traditional materials, so they are often used in demanding applications. MMCs typically have lower thermal and electrical conductivity and poor resistance to radiation, limiting their use in the very harshest environments.
Chrome plating is a technique of electroplating a thin layer of chromium onto a metal object. A chrome plated part is called chrome, or is said to have been chromed. The chromium layer can be decorative, provide corrosion resistance, facilitate cleaning, or increase surface hardness. Sometimes, a less expensive substitute for chrome such as nickel may be used for aesthetic purposes.
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