Niushan Dao

Last updated
Niushan Dao
Turnabout Island
Native name:
牛山岛
China Fujian2 location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Niushan I.
China edcp location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Niushan I.
Geography
Location Taiwan Strait
Coordinates 25°26′07″N119°56′12″E / 25.435272°N 119.936693°E / 25.435272; 119.936693 Coordinates: 25°26′07″N119°56′12″E / 25.435272°N 119.936693°E / 25.435272; 119.936693
Niushan Dao
Traditional Chinese 牛山
Simplified Chinese 牛山

Niushan Dao, also known as Kiushan Tao or Turnabout Island, [1] is an island in Pingtan County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province in the People's Republic of China. It forms part of the boundary between the East and South China Seas at the north end of the Taiwan Strait. [2]

Contents

History

1873 lighthouse

The island and its shoals are a hazard to navigation. In 1873, a lighthouse was built on the island. [3] A 1901 sailing manual describes the island as being about 218 feet high, having two islets, and dangerous rocks to the north and south. [4] The manual describes the light:

LIGHT.—A fixed white light is exhibited from a lighthouse 54 feet in height, on the summit of Turnabout island, visible all round. It is elevated 257 feet above high water, and should be seen in clear weather, a distance of 23 miles.
The tower, which is of stone, is painted black, and the keepers' dwelling and surrounding walls white.

Wreck of the S.S. San Pablo

The SS San Pablo was owned by the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company. The ship ran between San Francisco and Hong Kong. [5]

The San Pablo had been intended as a collier between San Francisco and Tacoma, but Occidental & Oriential converted her for passenger service. Her first trip as a refitted passenger vessel started April 26, 1887. [6]

In 1887, Antonio Jacobsen painted a waterscape of the ship. [7]

On April 24, 1888, the San Pablo was in the Formosa Strait. There was a thick fog, and the ship ran aground north of Turnabout Island at about 3:30 in the morning. The ship was hard aground, and two holds and a coal bunker filled with water. The ship might capsize. The ship was going to be abandoned, and the crew and passengers were about to head for Niushan lighthouse, when the ship was set upon by pirates from the mainland. Captain Reed armed the passengers and crew, and the first attack was repulsed. During a second attack, the pirates gained the main deck, but were beaten back with steam hoses. The pirates waited half a mile from the ship.

The crew and passengers then made for land, and the pirates took the ship. While the pirates had the ship, a fire broke out, and the San Pablo burned to the waterline. [8] [9] [10]

Painting

In 1921, the British watercolorist John Fraser painted Passing Turnabout Island. China Sea - 1875. Vessel under full sail. The painting is held by National Maritime Museum. [11]

World War II

In May 1938, the Japanese captured Amoy and gained control of the lighthouse. [12] In June 1942, the Chinese managed to blow up the lighthouse and then retreat. Japanese troops then occupied the island and constructed a temporary lighthouse and a radio station. In April 1945, some unarmed Chinese troops dressed as fishermen and some fishermen evaded some Japanese security checks and landed on the island under the guise of supplying or collecting food. They were able to separate and surprise the Japanese on the island. At one point, a single Japanese guard was watching a group of Chinese; they killed him and gained his weapon. Stones were also used as weapons. The Chinese gained control of the island. [12]

Convoy attack

On 25 October 1944, the USS Tang (SS-306) discovered a large, well-protected, convoy near Turnabout Island. Tang penetrated the destroyer screen and attacked the convoy. Tang sank several ships and evaded the destroyers. Later Tang attacked one of the ships she had damaged, but Tang fell victim to a circular run by one of her own torpedoes. [13]

Awa Maru incident

On April 1, 1945, the submarine USS Queenfish (SS-393) torpedoed the Awa Maru near Turnabout Island in what became known as the Awa Maru incident. The Japanese government had obtained safe passage for the vessel as a Red Cross relief ship. Only one of the 2004 passengers survived. [14]

New lighthouse

The lighthouse was destroyed during World War II. A temporary lighthouse was installed in 1947 and refurbished in 1982. [15] In 1987, a new lighthouse was built. [16] The lighthouse may have been rebuilt in December 1998. [17]

See also

Related Research Articles

Taiwan Strait Strait between mainland China and Taiwan

The Taiwan Strait, also known by other names, is a 180-kilometer (110 mi)-wide strait separating the island of Taiwan from mainland China. The strait is currently part of the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea to the north. The narrowest part is 130 km (81 mi) wide.

USS <i>Seawolf</i> (SS-197) Sargo-class submarine

USS Seawolf (SS-197), a Sargo-class submarine, was the second submarine of the United States Navy named for the seawolf.

USS <i>Tang</i> (SS-306) Balao-class submarine

USS Tang (SS-306) was a Balao-class submarine of World War II, the first ship of the United States Navy to bear the name Tang. She was built and launched in 1943.

SS <i>Montevideo Maru</i>

Montevideo Maru was a Japanese auxiliary ship that was sunk in World War II, resulting in the drowning of many Australian prisoners of war and civilians being transported from Rabaul. Prior to the war, it operated as a passenger and cargo vessel, traveling mainly between Asia and South America.

USS <i>Bluefish</i> (SS-222)

USS Bluefish (SS-222), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the bluefish. Between 9 September 1943 and 29 July 1945 she completed nine war patrols. Her operating area extended from the Netherlands East Indies to the waters south of Honshū. According to the notoriously unreliable JANAC accounting, Bluefish sank 12 Japanese ships totaling 50,839 tons.

USS <i>Sunfish</i> (SS-281)

USS Sunfish (SS-281), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the ocean sunfish, Mola Mola, a plectognath marine fish, having a deep body truncated behind, and high dorsal and anal fins.

USS <i>Spadefish</i> (SS-411)

USS Spadefish (SS/AGSS-411), a Balao-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the spadefish. Although she was commissioned late in the war and spent only one year in the Pacific war zone, she was to run up a record of 88,091 tons in 21 ships and numerous trawlers sunk.

USS <i>Pomfret</i> (SS-391)

USS Pomfret (SS-391), a Balao-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the pomfret, a fish of the seabream family which is a powerful and speedy swimmer, capable of operating at great depths.

USS <i>Queenfish</i> (SS-393)

USS Queenfish (SS/AGSS-393), a Balao-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the queenfish, a small food fish found off the Pacific coast of North America.

Nippon Yusen shipping company

Nippon Yusen is Japanese shipping company and is a member of the Mitsubishi keiretsu. The company has its headquarters in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan and a fleet of about 800 ships, that includes container ships, tankers, bulk and woodchip carriers, Ro-Ro car carriers, reefer vessels, LNG carrier and cruise ships.

MS <i>Aramis</i>

MS Aramis was built for France's Messageries Maritimes for the France-Southeast Asia colonial route. One of her distinguishing features was that her funnels were square-shaped. She was built to carry 1,045 civilian passengers in first, second, third, and steerage class. She was converted to an armed merchant cruiser when France entered World War II, until demilitarized following the Second Armistice at Compiègne on 22 June 1940. Aramis was seized by Japan in 1942, renamed Teia Maru (帝亜丸), and served as a repatriation ship in 1943. She served as a transport between Singapore and Japan in 1944 until sunk in the battle for convoy Hi-71 while assigned to the defense of the Philippines.

USS <i>San Pablo</i> (AVP-30)

USS San Pablo (AVP-30) was a United States Navy Barnegat-class seaplane tender which was in commission as such from 1943 to 1947 and then served as a commissioned hydrographic survey ship, redesignated AGS-30, from 1948 to 1969. Thus far, she has been the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for San Pablo Bay, a shallow northern extension of San Francisco Bay in California.

<i>Asama Maru</i> ocean liner

Asama Maru was a Japanese ocean liner owned by Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK). The ship was built in 1927–1929 by Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. at Nagasaki, Japan. The vessel was named after an important Shinto shrine.

Pingtan Island island

Pingtan or Haitan Island is an island off the east coast of Fujian Province, China, south of the complex estuary of the Min River. It is the largest island in Fujian and the fifth-largest island in China.

<i>Sōya</i> (icebreaker) icebreaker museum ship

Sōya (宗谷) is a Japanese icebreaker that serves as a museum ship in Tokyo after a long and storied service spanning some of the 20th century's historic events. It is named for Sōya Subprefecture in Hokkaido.

MV <i>Awa Maru</i> (1942) ship

The Awa Maru (阿波丸) was a Japanese ocean liner owned by Nippon Yusen Kaisha. The ship was built in 1941–1943 by Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. at Nagasaki, Japan. The vessel was designed for passenger service, but the onset of war by the time work was completed changed requirements, and she was requisitioned by the Japanese Navy. While sailing as a hospital ship under the protection of the Red Cross in 1945, she was torpedoed by USS Queenfish (SS-393), killing all but one of 2,004 people aboard.

Pingtan County County in Fujian, Peoples Republic of China

Pingtan County is a county comprising 126 islands in the Taiwan Strait, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian Province, China. Now it is also the subject of newly founded Pingtan Comprehensive Pilot Zone (平潭综合实验区). The main island is Haitan Island.

Convoy Hi-71

Convoy Hi-71 (ヒ-71) was one of the World War II Hi convoys of fast tankers and troop transports from Japan to Singapore. The heavily defended convoy was specially loaded with reinforcements for defense of the Philippines, and encountered a wolfpack of United States Navy submarines in the South China Sea after being scattered by an August 1944 typhoon. Personnel losses were high because heavy seas prevented rescue of crewmen from sunken ships.

The Port of Fuzhou is a natural seaport centered on the estuary of the Minjiang River artificial deep-water international seaport on the coast of Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China. and of the neighboring prefecture of Ningde. The Port is located on the southeastern coast of Fujian, facing the Taiwan Strait. Fuzhou is the Mainland port closest to Taiwan, being just 149 Nautical miles from Keelung.

Musu Point

Musu Point or Musu Dan is a North Korean headland in the middle of the country's eastern coast along the Sea of Japan. It forms the eastern side of North Hamgyong's Hwadae County and the northern point of East Korea Bay.

References

  1. http://www.geonames.org, GeoNameId: 1799251
  2. Limits of Oceans and Seas (PDF) (3rd ed.), International Hydrographic Organization, 1953, retrieved 7 February 2010
  3. Rowlett, Russ (2012), Lighthouses of China: Northern Fujian (Ningde and Fuzhou) , retrieved 2013-03-07
  4. China Sea Directory: (1894) & Supplement (1901), Edition 3, Great Britain Hydrographic Department, https://books.google.com/books?id=71AZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&hl=en&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&f=false, page 209.
  5. Wright, E. C., ed. (1895), Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest, The Lewis and Dryden Publishing Company, page 492. c.f. William K. Tullock, purser
  6. Stern 1888 , p. 34
  7. http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=record_ID:siris_ari_141673
  8. "The San Pablo Stranded.; At Turnabout Island Off The Coast Of China". The New York Times. April 22, 1888.
  9. Stern, Simon Adler (1888), Jottings of Travel in China and Japan, Porter & Coates, pp. 177–179, quotes "Chinese Pirates", Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, May 24, 1888
  10. A Fight With Pirates: Details of the Loss of the Steamer San Pablo in Chinese Waters, St. John's, NF: Evening Telegram, June 2, 1888
  11. http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/149396.html
  12. 1 2 http://www.360doc.com/content/12/1105/15/6999644_245873854.shtml In Chinese. Accessed 2013-03-09
  13. O'Kane, Richard H. (1989) [1977], Clear the Bridge!: The War Patrols of the U.S.S. Tang , Presidio Press, ISBN   978-0-89141-346-2
  14. National Security Agency (May 1981), The Sinking and the Salvage of the Awa Maru (U): A Strange and Tragic Tale (U) (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-15, p. 7
  15. Wiki (n.d.), 牛山岛灯塔 [Ushiyama Island Lighthouse] (in Chinese), retrieved 2013-03-07, a wiki
  16. Rowlett 2012, photo of lighthouse at top right of page.
  17. Wiki n.d.