Orbcomm

Last updated
ORBCOMM, Inc.
Company type Wireless data networking
Industry Telecommunications
Founded1993 by Orbital Sciences and Teleglobe
Headquarters Rochelle Park, New Jersey, United States
Key people
Chairman: Jerome (Jerry) Eisenberg
CFO: Dean Milcos
CEO: Sameer Agrawal
EVP Technology and Operations: John J. Stolte
ProductsIndustrial Internet, telecommunications and informatics, and satellite communications. [ buzzword ]
RevenueDecrease2.svg US$248 million (2020)
Number of employees
800
Website www.orbcomm.com

ORBCOMM is an American company that offers industrial internet and machine to machine (M2M) [1] communications hardware, software and services designed to track, monitor, and control fixed and mobile assets in markets including transportation, heavy equipment, maritime, oil and gas, utilities and government. The company provides hardware devices, modems, web applications, and data services delivered over multiple satellites and cellular networks.

Contents

As of June 30, 2021, ORBCOMM has more than 2.3 million billable subscriber communicators, [2] serving original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) such as Caterpillar Inc., Doosan Infracore America, Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd., John Deere, Komatsu Limited, and Volvo Construction Equipment, as well as other customers such as J. B. Hunt, [3] C&S Wholesale Grocers, Canadian National Railways, C.R. England, Hub Group, KLLM Transport Services, Marten Transport, Swift Transportation, Target, Tropicana, Tyson Foods, Walmart and Werner Enterprises. [4]

ORBCOMM owns and operates a global network of 31 low Earth orbit (LEO) communications satellite and accompanying ground infrastructure, including 16 gateway Earth stations (GESs) around the world. ORBCOMM is licensed to provide service in more than 130 countries and territories worldwide. [5]

History

Founding and development of low Earth orbit satellite system

The ORBCOMM low Earth orbit (LEO) system was conceived by Orbital Sciences Corporation (Orbital) in the late 1980s. In 1990, Orbital filed the world's first license application with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for the operation of a network of small LEO spacecraft [6] to provide global satellite services of commercial messaging and data communications services via the company's ORBCOMM program.

During the initial stages of the program, Orbital pursued a multi-pronged approach: regulatory approvals, ground infrastructure development and procurement of sites, modem development, and country licensing. In 1992, the World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC) supported the spectrum allocation for non-voice, non-geostationary mobile-satellite service. With WARC approval, Orbital set up a specific ORBCOMM program to develop satellites and ground infrastructure, and ORBCOMM became a wholly owned subsidiary of Orbital. In 1995, ORBCOMM was granted a full license to operate a network with up to 200,000 mobile Earth stations (MESs).

ORBCOMM began procuring gateway Earth station (GES) locations and contracted with a division of Orbital Sciences, located in Mesa, Arizona, to develop and build four sets of GESs and associated spares. Land for the four GESs was procured or leased in Arizona, Washington, New York, and Georgia.

After the 1992 WARC approval, ORBCOMM signed contracts with three modem developers and manufacturers: Kyushu Matsushita Electric Company, a division of Panasonic; Elisra Electronic Systems, an Israeli company with expertise in electronic warfare systems; and Torrey Science & Technology, a small San Diego–based company with long ties to Orbital Sciences. Panasonic provided the first ORBCOMM-approved MES in March 1995. Elisra followed with the EL2000 in late 1995, and Torrey Science provided the ComCore 200 in April 1996.

During equipment development, ORBCOMM also pursued licensing and regulatory approvals in several countries. By 1995, ORBCOMM had obtained regulatory approval in 19 countries, with several additional countries well into the regulatory process. ORBCOMM was also in initial negotiations with groups in Indonesia, EMEA and Italy for becoming ORBCOMM licensees and GES operators in their respective regions.

During the conceptual stages of the LEO satellite communications system, Orbital Sciences purchased a small company in Boulder, Colorado, specializing in small-satellite design. This company built the first three satellites in the ORBCOMM system: ORBCOMM X, Communications Demonstration Satellite (CDS) 1, and CDS 2. ORBCOMM X was lost after a single orbit. To validate the feasibility of commercially tracking and communicating with an LEO satellite, Orbital built an additional communications payload and flew this payload on an SR-71 in 1992. These tests were successful, and work on CDS 1 and 2 continued. CDS 1 and CDS 2 were launched in February and April 1992, respectively. These satellites were used to validate the design of the network further and were showcased in Orbital's plans to sign up an equity partner for the completion of the ORBCOMM System.

In June 1992, Orbital created an equal partnership called ORBCOMM Global L.P. with Teleglobe Mobile Partners (Teleglobe Mobile), an affiliate of Teleglobe Inc., for the design and development of the LEO satellite system. Teleglobe Mobile invested $85 million in the project and provided international service distribution. Orbital agreed to construct and launch satellites for the ORBCOMM system and to construct the satellite control center, the network control center, and four U.S. gateway Earth stations.

Two satellites (F Plane) were launched in April 1995, and the ORBCOMM global mobile data communications network was tested in the summer. Teleglobe Mobile invested an additional $75 million in the project that year and joined Orbital as a full joint-venture partner in ORBCOMM. In February 1996, ORBCOMM initiated the world's first commercial service for global mobile data communications provided by LEO satellites. ORBCOMM also raised an additional $170 million. [7] In October 1996, ORBCOMM licensed Malaysian partner Technology Resources Industries Bhd. (TRI) to sell ORBCOMM's global two-way messaging service in Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei. TRI became the owner of a 15% stake in ORBCOMM, Teleglobe owning 35%, and the rest held by Orbital. [8]

In December 1997, ORBCOMM launched eight satellites (A Plane). In 1998 ORBCOMM launched two satellites (G Plane) in February, eight satellites (B Plane) in August, and eight satellites (C Plane) in September. After a short hiatus, ORBCOMM launched seven more satellites (D Plane) in December 1999.

With the launch and operation of the C Plane satellites, ORBCOMM became the first commercial provider of global LEO satellite data and messaging communications services. ORBCOMM inaugurated full commercial service with its satellite-based global data communications network on November 30, 1998. In March 1998, the FCC expanded ORBCOMM's original license from 36 to 48 satellites. [9]

In January 2000, Orbital halted funding of ORBCOMM, and Teleglobe and Orbital signed a new partnership agreement with 67% ownership to Teleglobe and 33% to Orbital. [10] In May 2000, Teleglobe ceased funding ORBCOMM. Like its voice-centric competitors Iridium and Globalstar, it filed for Chapter 11 protection, in September 2000.

New ownership

In 2001, a group of private investors purchased ORBCOMM and its assets out of an auction process, and ORBCOMM LLC was organized on April 4, 2001. On April 23, 2001, this group of investors acquired substantially all of the non-cash assets of ORBCOMM Global L.P. and its subsidiaries, which included the in-orbit satellites and supporting U.S. ground infrastructure equipment that the company owns today. At the same time, ORBCOMM LLC also acquired the FCC licenses required to own and operate the communications system from a subsidiary of Orbital Sciences Corporation, which was not in bankruptcy, in a related transaction. ORBCOMM issued a public offering of stock in November 2006. The company sold 9.23 million shares of common stock.

In September 2007, ORBCOMM Inc. was sued for its IPO prospectus containing inaccurate statements of material fact. It failed to disclose that demand for the company's products was weakening. In 2009, a payment of $2,450,000 was agreed upon. [11]

In September 2009, ORBCOMM signed a contract with SpaceX to launch ORBCOMM's next-generation OG2 satellite constellation. [12]

ORBCOMM launched its commercial satellite Automatic Identification System (AIS) service in 2009. [13] AIS technology is used mainly for collision avoidance and maritime domain awareness, search and rescue, and environmental monitoring. ORBCOMM leased the capabilities of two additional satellites, VesselSat-1 and VesselSat-2, launched in October 2011 and January 2012, respectively, for its AIS service from Luxspace.

On July 14, 2014, ORBCOMM launched six next-generation OG2 satellites aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.

In December 2015, the company launched eleven OG2 satellites from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida with the launch of the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. This dedicated launch marked ORBCOMM's second and final OG2 mission to complete its next-generation satellite constellation. [14]

In September 2021, the company announced the completion of its acquisition by GI Partners in an all-cash transaction that values ORBCOMM at approximately $1.1 billion, including net debt. As a result, ORBCOMM is a privately held company, and its common stock is no longer listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market. [15]

Acquisitions

Since 2011, ORBCOMM has acquired several companies including:

Satellites

The first-generation OG1 satellites each weigh 42 kg (93 lb). [20] Two disc-shaped solar panels articulate in 1-axis to track the sun and provide 160 watts of power. Communication with subscriber units is done using SDPSK modulation at 4800 bit/s for the downlink and 2400  bit/s for the uplink.

Each satellite has a 56 kbit/s backhaul that utilizes the popular TDMA multiplexing scheme and QPSK modulation. [21] ORBCOMM is the only current satellite licensee operating in the 137-150  MHz VHF band, which was allocated globally for "Little LEO" systems. Several such systems were planned in the early to mid-1990s, but ORBCOMM was the only one to launch successfully. In the continental United States, ORBCOMM statistically relays 90% of the text messages within six minutes, but gaps between satellites can result in message delivery times of 15 minutes or more. ORBCOMM reported during an earnings report call in early 2007 that 50% of subscriber-initiated reports (messages of six bytes in size) were received in less than one minute, 90% in less than 4 minutes, and 98% in less than 15 minutes. With the current constellation of ORBCOMM satellites, there is likely to be a satellite within range of almost any spot on Earth at any time of the day or night. Every satellite has an onboard GPS receiver for positioning. Typical data payloads are 6 bytes to 30 bytes, adequate for sending GPS position data or simple sensor readings.

ORBCOMM Global launched 35 satellites in the mid to late 1990s. Of the original 35, 24 remain operational today, according to company filings. The plane F polar satellite, one of the original prototype first-generation satellites launched in 1995, was retired in April 2007 due to intermittent service. Two additional satellites (one from each of Plane B and Plane D) were retired in 2008 also due to intermittent service. The other five satellites that are not operational experienced failures earlier. The absence of these eight satellites can increase system latency and decrease overall capacity. ORBCOMM has invested in replacement satellites as the first generation is at or nearing the end of life.

On June 19, 2008, six additional ORBCOMM satellites were launched with the Cosmos-3M rocket:[ citation needed ] one ORBCOMM CDS weighing 80 kg, and five ORBCOMM Quick Launches weighing 115 kg each. [22] [23] These new satellites were built by German OHB System AG (platform) and by Orbital Sciences Corporation (payload) and included a secondary AIS. [24] [25] Design and production of the satellite platform was subcontracted by OHB System to Russian KB Polyot.

On November 9, 2009, ORBCOMM filed a report to the US Securities and Exchange Commission stating that since its launch, communications capability for three of the quick-launch satellites and the CDS has been lost. [26] The failed satellites experienced attitude control system anomalies as well as anomalies with its power systems, which resulted in the satellites not pointing towards the sun and the earth as expected and as a consequence has reduced power generation. The company filed a $50 million claim with its insurers covering the loss of all six satellites [27] and received $44.5 million in compensation.

OG2

SpaceX's Falcon 9 v1.1 rocket launched the Orbcomm OG2 Mission 1 on July 14, 2014. Launch of Falcon 9 carrying ORBCOMM OG2-M1 (16581736047).jpg
SpaceX's Falcon 9 v1.1 rocket launched the Orbcomm OG2 Mission 1 on July 14, 2014.

On September 3, 2009, a deal was announced between ORBCOMM and Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) to launch 18 second-generation satellites with SpaceX launch vehicles between 2010 and 2014. [28] SpaceX originally planned to use Falcon 1e rocket, but on March 14, 2011, it was announced that SpaceX would use Falcon 9 to carry the first two ORBCOMM next-generation OG2 satellites to orbit in 2011. [29] On Oct. 7, 2012, the first SpaceX Falcon 9 launch of a prototype OG2 ORBCOMM communications satellite from Cape Canaveral failed to achieve the proper orbit, and the company filed a $10 million claim with its insurers. [30] [31] The ORBCOMM satellite was declared a total loss and burned up in the atmosphere upon reentry on October 10, 2012. [32]

On July 14, 2014, ORBCOMM launched six next-generation OG2 satellites aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. In September 2014, ORBCOMM announced that, after in-orbit testing, the six satellites had been properly spaced within their orbital planes and were processing over 20% of the network's M2M traffic. [33] In June 2015, the company lost communication with one of the in-orbit OG2 satellites. The company recorded an impairment charge of $12.7 million to write off the net book value of this satellite as of June 30, 2015. The company stated that the loss of this one satellite is not expected to have a material adverse effect on network communications services. [34]

In October 2015, the company announced that SpaceX plans to launch eleven OG2 satellites from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on the next launch of the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. The satellites were deployed on December 21, 2015. [35] This dedicated launch marked ORBCOMM's second and final OG2 mission to complete its next-generation satellite constellation. [36]

Compared to its current OG1 satellites, ORBCOMM's OG2 satellites are designed for faster message delivery, larger message sizes, and better coverage at higher latitudes, while increasing network capacity. In addition, the OG2 satellites are equipped with an Automatic Identification System (AIS) payload to receive and report transmissions from AIS-equipped vessels for ship tracking and other maritime navigational and safety efforts. [37]

Frequency rangeDownlink137–138 MHz
Uplink148–150.05 MHz

Network services

ORBCOMM provides satellite data services. As of May 2016, ORBCOMM has more than 1.6 million billable subscriber communicators. [38] ORBCOMM has control centers in the United States, Brazil, Japan, and South Korea, as well as U.S. ground stations in New York, Georgia, Arizona, Washington and international ground stations in Curaçao, Italy, Australia, Kazakhstan, Brazil, Argentina, Morocco, Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia. Plans for additional ground station locations are underway.

The ORBCOMM satellite network best suits users who send small amounts of data. To avoid interference, terminals are not permitted to be active more than 1% of the time, and thus they may only execute a 450 ms data burst twice every fifteen minutes. The latency inherent in ORBCOMM's network design prevents it from supporting certain safety-critical applications.

ORBCOMM's acquisition of SkyWave Mobile Communications in January 2015 gave the company access to higher bandwidth, lower-latency satellite products, and services that leverage IsatData Pro (IDP) technology over Inmarsat's global L-band satellite network.

ORBCOMM's direct competition includes Globalstar's simplex services (which ORBCOMM also resells) and L-band leased capacity services such as those offered by SkyBitz. ORBCOMM's most significant competitor is Iridium Communications, which offers the Iridium SBD service, which features data packet, latency, and antenna capabilities similar to that of IDP technology, which is now jointly owned by ORBCOMM and Inmarsat.

ORBCOMM satellite services can be easily integrated with business applications. Customer data can be retrieved or auto-forwarded via SMTP or HTTP/XML feed directly over the Internet or through a dedicated link. [39]

ORBCOMM also partners with seven different cellular providers to offer wireless connectivity, cellular airtime data plans, and SIM cards for M2M and IoT applications. [40]

ORBCOMM's other network service business is Automatic Identification System, or AIS, a widely deployed system to track ocean vessels. Six satellites with AIS capability were launched in June 2008, referred to as the Quick Launch satellites. However, all six satellites eventually failed prematurely. When ORBCOMM's next-generation satellites launched on July 14, 2014, each one was equipped with an Automatic Identification System (AIS) payload to receive and report transmissions from AIS-equipped vessels for ship tracking and other maritime applications. ORBCOMM combines its satellite AIS data with a variety of terrestrial feeds to track over 150,000 vessels daily for around 100 customers in a variety of government and commercial organizations. [41]

Military Contracting

On December 10, 2020, US Army Contracting Command, Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois, contracted ORBCOMM for transponders. [42]

See also

Related Research Articles

Iridium Communications Inc. is a publicly traded American company headquartered in McLean, Virginia, United States. Iridium operates the Iridium satellite constellation, a system of 75 satellites: 66 are active satellites and the remaining nine function as in-orbit spares. Iridium Satellites are used for worldwide voice and data communication from handheld satellite phones, satellite messenger communication devices and integrated transceivers, as well as for two-way satellite messaging service from supported conventional mobile phones. The nearly polar orbit and communication between satellites via inter-satellite links provide global service availability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite constellation</span> Group of artificial satellites working together as a system

A satellite constellation is a group of artificial satellites working together as a system. Unlike a single satellite, a constellation can provide permanent global or near-global coverage, such that at any time everywhere on Earth at least one satellite is visible. Satellites are typically placed in sets of complementary orbital planes and connect to globally distributed ground stations. They may also use inter-satellite communication.

Globalstar, Inc. is an American satellite communications company that operates a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation for satellite phone, low-speed data communications and earth observations. The Globalstar second-generation constellation consists of 25 low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites.

Orbital Sciences Corporation was an American company specializing in the design, manufacture, and launch of small- and medium- class space and launch vehicle systems for commercial, military and other government customers. In 2014, Orbital merged with Alliant Techsystems (ATK) to create a new company called Orbital ATK, which in turn was purchased by Northrop Grumman in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Automatic identification system</span> Automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships

The automatic identification system (AIS) is an automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships and is used by vessel traffic services (VTS). When satellites are used to receive AIS signatures, the term Satellite-AIS (S-AIS) is used. AIS information supplements marine radar, which continues to be the primary method of collision avoidance for water transport. Although technically and operationally distinct, the ADS-B system is analogous to AIS and performs a similar function for aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SES (company)</span> Communications satellite owner and operator

SES S.A., trading as SES is a Luxembourgish satellite telecommunications network provider supplying video and data connectivity worldwide to broadcasters, content and internet service providers, mobile and fixed network operators, governments and institutions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inmarsat</span> British satellite communications company

Inmarsat is a British satellite telecommunications company, offering global mobile services. It provides telephone and data services to users worldwide, via portable or mobile terminals which communicate with ground stations through fifteen geostationary telecommunications satellites.

RUBIN-8, also known as RUBIN-AIS, is a German space experiment package, built by OHB-System, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation, aboard a PSLV rocket, on 28 April 2008. Following launch, it remained bolted to the upper stage of the rocket in low Earth orbit, where it is used to conduct experiments regarding the relay of AIS data via the Orbcomm and Iridium communication satellite networks.

Orbcomm is a family of low Earth orbit communications satellites, operated by the United States satellite communications company Orbcomm. As of July 2014, 51 such satellites have orbited Earth, with 50 still continuing to do so.

O3b Networks Ltd. was a network communications service provider building and operating a medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellite constellation primarily intended to provide voice and data communications to mobile operators and Internet service providers. O3b Networks became a wholly owned subsidiary of SES in 2016 and the operator name was subsequently dropped in favour of SES Networks, a division of SES. The satellites themselves, now part of the SES fleet, continue to use the O3b name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iridium satellite constellation</span> Satellite constellation providing voice and data coverage

The Iridium satellite constellation provides L band voice and data information coverage to satellite phones, satellite messenger communication devices and integrated transceivers. Iridium Communications owns and operates the constellation, additionally selling equipment and access to its services. It was conceived by Bary Bertiger, Raymond J. Leopold and Ken Peterson in late 1987 and then developed by Motorola on a fixed-price contract from July 29, 1993, to November 1, 1998, when the system became operational and commercially available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Production Corporation Polyot</span>

Production Association Polyot is a Russian aerospace engineering state corporation best known for being the manufacturer of GLONASS satellites and the Kosmos-3M space launch vehicle. The company is based in Omsk, in the Russian Federation.

The EELV Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) is an adapter for launching secondary payloads on orbital launch vehicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Falcon 9 flight 10</span>

Falcon 9 flight 10 was a Falcon 9 space launch that occurred on July 14, 2014. It was the fifth launch of the Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicle and carried six Orbcomm-OG2 telecommunication satellites. All six 172-kilogram-mass (379 lb) satellites were successfully deployed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SES-9</span> Geostationary communications satellite

SES-9 is a geostationary communications satellite operated by SES It was launched from Cape Canaveral SLC-40 by a Falcon 9 Full Thrust launch vehicle on 4 March 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Falcon 9 flight 20</span> Falcon 9 space launch that occurred on 22 December 2015 at 01:29:00 UTC

Falcon 9 flight 20 was a Falcon 9 space launch that occurred on 22 December 2015 at 01:29:00 UTC. It was the first time that the first stage of an orbital rocket made a successful return and vertical landing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile satellite service</span>

Mobile-satellite service is – according to Article 1.25 of the International Telecommunication Union's Radio Regulations – "A radiocommunication service

A satellite internet constellation is a constellation of artificial satellites providing satellite internet service. In particular, the term has come to refer to a new generation of very large constellations orbiting in low Earth orbit (LEO) to provide low-latency, high bandwidth (broadband) internet service. As of 2020, 63 percent of rural households worldwide lack internet access due to the infrastructure requirements of underground cables and network towers. Satellite internet constellations offer a low-cost solution for expanding coverage.

O3b mPOWER is a communications satellite system owned and operated by SES. The system uses high-throughput and low-latency satellites in a medium Earth orbit (MEO), along with ground infrastructure and intelligent software, to provide multiple terabits of global broadband connectivity for applications including cellular backhaul and international IP trunking, cruise line connectivity, disaster recovery, and military communications. The first O3b mPOWER satellites were launched in December 2022 and the system became operational in April 2024 with 6 satellites. The system's capacity will be increased by a further 7 satellites launched by 2026.

References

  1. ↑ ORBCOMM.com
  2. ↑ ORBCOMM Announces Second Quarter 2021 Results
  3. ↑ J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc. Selects ORBCOMM for End-to-End, Fleet-Wide Asset Tracking and Monitoring Solution
  4. ↑ ORBCOMM Announces Third Quarter 2015 Results
  5. ↑ ORBCOMM and Morsviazsputnik to Offer IDP Service in Russia
  6. ↑ "Orbital Sciences Corporation History".
  7. ↑ "Orbital Sciences Corporation History". fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  8. ↑ TRI Acquires License to Sell Orbcomm Messaging Service.
  9. ↑ Orbcomm Communications Satellite Network Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine .
  10. ↑ Orbcomm Communications Satellite Network Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine .
  11. ↑ "Class Action Lawsuit Against ORBCOMM" (PDF). 2013-12-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-12.
  12. ↑ ORBCOMM and SpaceX Reach Deal to Launch Satellite Constellation.
  13. ↑ ORBCOMM Announces First Global AIS Distribution Agreement.
  14. ↑ ORBCOMM Announces Launch Window for Second OG2 Mission.
  15. ↑ ORBCOMM Announces Completion of Acquisition by GI Partners.
  16. ↑ ORBCOMM Acquires Euroscan, Europe’s Leading M2M Provider of Refrigerated Transportation Solutions
  17. ↑ ORBCOMM Completes Acquisition of SkyWave
  18. ↑ Orbcomm acquires Blue Tree Systems; expands in-cab and trailer telematics offerings
  19. ↑ FMCSA ELD Implementation Timeline
  20. ↑ Pelton, Joseph N. (2017), Pelton, Joseph N.; Madry, Scott; Camacho-Lara, Sergio (eds.), "Store-and-Forward and Data Relay Satellite Communications Services", Handbook of Satellite Applications, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 197–211, Bibcode:2017hsa..book..197P, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23386-4_94, ISBN   978-3-319-23386-4 , retrieved 2022-09-13
  21. ↑ "SEC Info".
  22. ↑ OHB-System milestones
  23. ↑ OHB-System missions Archived 2008-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ "ORBCOMM Europe – News". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24.
  25. ↑ Orbcomm failures
  26. ↑ "Form 10-Q".
  27. ↑ Space News
  28. ↑ "Orbcomm and SpaceX Reach Deal to Launch Satellite Constellation". SpaceX. 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
  29. ↑ "Orbcomm and SpaceX Set Plans to Launch Satellites on Next Falcon 9 Launch". Reuters. 2011-03-14. Archived from the original on 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
  30. ↑ "SpaceX rocket glitch puts satellite in wrong orbit". Reuters. 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  31. ↑ "Orbcomm Press Release". Securities and Exchange Commission. Orbcomm. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
  32. ↑ "SpaceX Engine Failure Claims Experimental Satellite". Wired. 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
  33. ↑ ORBCOMM Launches Commercial Service for First Six OG2 Satellites
  34. ↑ ORBCOMM Announces Second Quarter 2015 Results
  35. ↑ "Wow! SpaceX Lands Orbital Rocket Successfully in Historic First". Space.com . 22 December 2015.
  36. ↑ ORBCOMM Announces Launch Window for Second OG2 Mission
  37. ↑ ORBCOMM Announces Launch Window for Second OG2 Mission
  38. ↑ ORBCOMM Announces First Quarter 2016 Results.
  39. ↑ Our Technology Ground Segment.
  40. ↑ ORBCOMM Cellular M2M Network Coverage.
  41. ↑ ORBCOMM Satellite AIS.
  42. ↑ "Contracts for December 10, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
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