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Oxalic acid is an organic acid with the IUPAC name ethanedioic acid and formula HO2C−CO2H. It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. It is a white crystalline solid that forms a colorless solution in water. Its name comes from the fact that early investigators isolated oxalic acid from flowering plants of the genus Oxalis, commonly known as wood-sorrels. It occurs naturally in many foods. Excessive ingestion of oxalic acid or prolonged skin contact can be dangerous.
Oxalate (IUPAC: ethanedioate) is an anion with the formula C2O42−. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including in some foods. It forms a variety of salts, for example sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and several esters such as dimethyl oxalate (C2O4(CH3)2). It is a conjugate base of oxalic acid. At neutral pH in aqueous solution, oxalic acid converts completely to oxalate.
Ferroglobus is a genus of the Archaeoglobaceae.
A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in some anaerobic ciliates, flagellates, and fungi. Hydrogenosomes are highly variable organelles that have presumably evolved from protomitochondria to produce molecular hydrogen and ATP in anaerobic conditions.
Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product or these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
The Gemmatimonadota are a phylum of bacteria established in 2003. The phylum contains two classes Gemmatimonadetes and Longimicrobia.
Oxalobacter formigenes is a Gram negative oxalate-degrading anaerobic bacterium that was first isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a sheep in 1985. To date, the bacterium has been found to colonizes the large intestines of numerous vertebrates, including humans, and has even been isolated from freshwater sediment. It processes oxalate by decarboxylation into formate, producing energy for itself in the process.
In enzymology, a formyl-CoA transferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
The enzyme oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase (OXC) (EC 4.1.1.8), primarily produced by the gastrointestinal bacterium Oxalobacter formigenes, catalyzes the chemical reaction
Rhodoferax is a genus of Betaproteobacteria belonging to the purple nonsulfur bacteria. Originally, Rhodoferax species were included in the genus Rhodocyclus as the Rhodocyclus gelatinous-like group. The genus Rhodoferax was first proposed in 1991 to accommodate the taxonomic and phylogenetic discrepancies arising from its inclusion in the genus Rhodocyclus. Rhodoferax currently comprises four described species: R. fermentans, R. antarcticus, R. ferrireducens, and R. saidenbachensis. R. ferrireducens, lacks the typical phototrophic character common to two other Rhodoferax species. This difference has led researchers to propose the creation of a new genus, Albidoferax, to accommodate this divergent species. The genus name was later corrected to Albidiferax. Based on geno- and phenotypical characteristics, A. ferrireducens was reclassified in the genus Rhodoferax in 2014. R. saidenbachensis, a second non-phototrophic species of the genus Rhodoferax was described by Kaden et al. in 2014.
Halobacteroides halobius is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is a moderately halophilic, anaerobic, long rod-shaped, motile, Gram-negative and non-sporulating bacterium.
Propionigenium modestum is a species of gram-negative, strictly anaerobic bacteria. It is rod-shaped and around 0.5-0.6 x 0.5-2.0μm in size. It is important in the elucidation of mechanism of ATP synthase.
Methanomethylovorans hollandica is a species of methylotrophic methanogen able to grow on dimethyl sulfide and methanethiol. It is the type species of its genus. It is obligately anaerobic. It was the first strictly anaerobic archeaon isolated from freshwater sediments in which dimethyl sulfide is the sole source of carbon. It is not a halophile. It can use methyl compounds as substrates, but it cannot use carbon dioxide or acetate. Because dimethyl sulfide has implications with respect to global warming, this organism may be of considerable importance.
The Natranaerobiales are an order of bacteria placed within the class Clostridia. This order contains the thermophilic bacterial species Natranaerobius thermophilus and the related species Natranaerobaculum magadiense.
Thermolithobacteria is a class of rod-shaped Gram-positive bacteria within phylum Bacillota. Species within this class are thermophilic lithotrophs isolated from sediment in Calcite Springs in Yellowstone National Park. Thermolithobacter ferrireducens strain JW/KA-2(T) metabolism consists of the oxidation of hydrogen gas and reduction of ferric oxide to magnetite. Thermolithobacter carboxydivorans strain R1(T) is hydrogenic and oxidizes carbon monoxide.
Desulfovibrio bizertensis is a weakly halotolerant, strictly anaerobic, sulfate-reducing and motile bacterium from the genus of Desulfovibrio which has been isolated from marine sediments from Tunisia.
Chitinispirillum is a genus of bacteria from the family of Chitinispirillaceae with one known species. Chitinispirillum alkaliphilum has been isolated from hypersaline lake sediments from the Wadi el Natrun valley in Egypt.
Chitinivibrio is an extremely haloalkaliphilic genus of bacteria from the family of Chitinivibrionaceae with one known species. Chitinivibrio alkaliphilus has been isolated from hypersaline lake sediments from Wadi al Natrun in Egypt.
Oceanihabitans is a genus of marine bacterium in the family Flavobacteriaceae. It contains a single species, O. sediminis. It is aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and motile by gliding. O. sediminis produces flexirubin pigments. It is positive for cytochrome c oxidase and catalase. O. sediminis can use glucose, mannose, maltose and adipic acid as sole carbon sources for chemoheterotrophic growth. It is a chemoorganotroph and is chemotaxonomically characterized by the presence of menaquinone 6 (MK-6). The type strain is S9-10T.
Oxalobacter aliiformigenes is a Gram negative oxalate-degrading anaerobic bacterium that was first isolated from human fecal samples.
References
- 1 2 Dehning, Irmtraut; Schink, Bernhard (December 1989). "Two new species of anaerobic oxalate-fermenting bacteria, Oxalobacter vibrioformis sp. nov. and Clostridium oxalicum sp. nov., from sediment samples". Archives of Microbiology. 153 (1): 79–84. doi:10.1007/BF00277545. ISSN 0302-8933.
