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Actinium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ac and atomic number 89. It was first isolated by Friedrich Oskar Giesel in 1902, who gave it the name emanium; the element got its name by being wrongly identified with a substance André-Louis Debierne found in 1899 and called actinium. The actinide series, a set of 15 elements between actinium and lawrencium in the periodic table, are named for the first member, Actinium. Together with polonium, radium, and radon, actinium was one of the first non-primordial radioactive elements to be isolated.
Neptunium is a chemical element; it has symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element. It is named after Neptune, the planet beyond Uranus in the Solar System, which uranium is named after. A neptunium atom has 93 protons and 93 electrons, of which seven are valence electrons. Neptunium metal is silvery and tarnishes when exposed to air. The element occurs in three allotropic forms and it normally exhibits five oxidation states, ranging from +3 to +7. Like all actinides, it is radioactive, poisonous, pyrophoric, and capable of accumulating in bones, which makes the handling of neptunium dangerous.
The pnictogens are the chemical elements in group 15 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the nitrogen group or nitrogen family. Group 15 consists of the elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), and moscovium (Mc).
In crystallography, the cubiccrystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.
Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO, pronounced bisko), is a type of cuprate superconductor having the generalized chemical formula Bi2Sr2Can−1CunO2n+4+x, with n = 2 being the most commonly studied compound (though n = 1 and n = 3 have also received significant attention). Discovered as a general class in 1988, BSCCO was the first high-temperature superconductor which did not contain a rare-earth element.
Calcium aluminates are a range of materials obtained by heating calcium oxide and aluminium oxide together at high temperatures. They are encountered in the manufacture of refractories and cements.
Iron-based superconductors (FeSC) are iron-containing chemical compounds whose superconducting properties were discovered in 2006. In 2008, led by recently discovered iron pnictide compounds, they were in the first stages of experimentation and implementation..
In chemistry, oxypnictides are a class of materials composed of oxygen, a pnictogen and one or more other elements. Although this group of compounds has been recognized since 1995, interest in these compounds increased dramatically after the publication of the superconducting properties of LaOFeP and LaOFeAs which were discovered in 2006 and 2008. In these experiments the oxide was partly replaced by fluoride.
Bismuth is a chemical element; it has symbol Bi and atomic number 83. It is a post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens, with chemical properties resembling its lighter group 15 siblings arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth occurs naturally, and its sulfide and oxide forms are important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead. It is a brittle metal with a silvery-white color when freshly produced. Surface oxidation generally gives samples of the metal a somewhat rosy cast. Further oxidation under heat can give bismuth a vividly iridescent appearance due to thin-film interference. Bismuth is both the most diamagnetic element and one of the least thermally conductive metals known.
Bismuth oxychloride is an inorganic compound of bismuth with the formula BiOCl. It is a lustrous white solid used since antiquity, notably in ancient Egypt. Light wave interference from its plate-like structure gives a pearly iridescent light reflectivity similar to nacre. Previously, until the last decade of the twentieth century, bismuth oxochloride was known as bismuthyl chloride. It is also known as pigment pearl white.
Bismuth oxynitrate is the name applied to a number of compounds that contain Bi3+, nitrate ions and oxide ions and which can be considered as compounds formed from Bi2O3, N2O5 and H2O. Other names for bismuth oxynitrate include bismuth subnitrate and bismuthyl nitrate. In older texts bismuth oxynitrate is often simply described as BiONO3 or basic bismuth nitrate. Bismuth oxynitrate was once called magisterium bismuti or bismutum subnitricum, and was used as a white pigment, in beauty care, and as a gentle disinfectant for internal and external use. It is also used to form Dragendorff's reagent, which is used as a TLC stain.
Oxyphosphides are chemical compounds formally containing the group PO, with one phosphorus and one oxygen atom. The phosphorus and oxygen are not bound together as in phosphates or phosphine oxides, instead they are bound separately to the cations (metals), and could be considered as a mixed phosphide-oxide compound. So a compound with OmPn requires cations to balance a negative charge of 2m+3n. The cations will have charges of +2 or +3. The trications are often rare earth elements or actinides. They are in the category of oxy-pnictide compounds.
Oxyarsenides or arsenide oxides are chemical compounds formally containing the group AsO, with one arsenic and one oxygen atom. The arsenic and oxygen are not bound together as in arsenates or arsenites, instead they make a separate presence bound to the cations (metals), and could be considered as a mixed arsenide-oxide compound. So a compound with OmAsn requires cations to balance a negative charge of 2m+3n. The cations will have charges of +2 or +3. The trications are often rare earth elements or actinides. They are in the category of oxypnictide compounds.
Neodymium bismuthide or Bismuth-Neodymium is a binary inorganic compound of neodymium and bismuth with the formula NdBi. It forms crystals.
Europium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal europium (Eu). In these compounds, europium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as EuCl3, Eu(NO3)3 and Eu(CH3COO)3. Compounds with europium in the +2 oxidation state are also known. The +2 ion of europium is the most stable divalent ion of lanthanide metals in aqueous solution. Many europium compounds fluoresce under ultraviolet light due to the excitation of electrons to higher energy levels. Lipophilic europium complexes often feature acetylacetonate-like ligands, e.g., Eufod.
Ytterbium compounds are chemical compounds that contain the element ytterbium (Yb). The chemical behavior of ytterbium is similar to that of the rest of the lanthanides. Most ytterbium compounds are found in the +3 oxidation state, and its salts in this oxidation state are nearly colorless. Like europium, samarium, and thulium, the trihalides of ytterbium can be reduced to the dihalides by hydrogen, zinc dust, or by the addition of metallic ytterbium. The +2 oxidation state occurs only in solid compounds and reacts in some ways similarly to the alkaline earth metal compounds; for example, ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) shows the same structure as calcium oxide (CaO).
Bismuth forms mainly trivalent and a few pentavalent compounds. Many of its chemical properties are similar to those of arsenic and antimony, although much less toxic.
Neptunium compounds are compounds containing the element neptunium (Np). Neptunium has five ionic oxidation states ranging from +3 to +7 when forming chemical compounds, which can be simultaneously observed in solutions. It is the heaviest actinide that can lose all its valence electrons in a stable compound. The most stable state in solution is +5, but the valence +4 is preferred in solid neptunium compounds. Neptunium metal is very reactive. Ions of neptunium are prone to hydrolysis and formation of coordination compounds.
Praseodymium bismuthide is a binary inorganic compound of praseodymium and bismuth with the chemical formula of PrBi. It forms crystals.
Holmium bismuthide is a binary inorganic compound of holmium and bismuth with the chemical formula HoBi.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Forbes, Scott; Mozharivskyj, Yurij (2017-11-28). "Rare-Earth Pnictide Oxides ( RE ,Ca) m Pn n O m ( Pn = Sb, Bi): A Review of Crystal Structures, Chemistry, Compositions, and Physical Properties". Chemistry of Materials. 29 (22): 9605–9612. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03996. ISSN 0897-4756.
- ↑ Amano, Shinsaku; Yamane, Hisanori (August 2016). "Synthesis and crystal structure analysis of titanium bismuthide oxide, Ti8BiO7". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 675: 377–380. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.03.096.
- 1 2 Zhai, Hui-Fei; Jing, Yi-Shuai; Zhang, Pan; Lin, Bo; Song, Jia-Ming; Hu, Peng; Li, Bai-Zhuo; Du, Jian-Hua; Jiao, Zhi-Wei; Cao, Guang-Han (2022-11-17). "Structure and Physical Properties of the Layered Titanium-Based Pnictide Oxides (EuF) 2 Ti 2 Pn 2 O (Pn = Sb, Bi)". Inorganic Chemistry. 61 (48): 19232–19239. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02895. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 36395178. S2CID 253627945.
- ↑ Hosono, Hideo; Tanabe, Keiichi; Takayama-Muromachi, Eiji; Kageyama, Hiroshi; Yamanaka, Shoji; Kumakura, Hiroaki; Nohara, Minoru; Hiramatsu, Hidenori; Fujitsu, Satoru (2015-05-08). "Exploration of new superconductors and functional materials, and fabrication of superconducting tapes and wires of iron pnictides". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 16 (3): 033503. arXiv: 1505.02240 . Bibcode:2015STAdM..16c3503H. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/033503. ISSN 1468-6996. PMC 5099821 . PMID 27877784.
- ↑ Kozhevnikov, V. L.; Leonidova, O. N.; Ivanovskii, A. L.; Shein, I. R.; Goshchitskii, B. N.; Kar’kin, A. E. (5 February 2009). "New superconductor with a layered crystal structure: Nickel oxybismuthide LaO1−δNiBi". JETP Letters. 87 (11): 649–651. doi:10.1134/S002136400811012X. S2CID 120451483.
- ↑ Benz, R. (1971-04-01). "Ce 2 O 2 Sb and Ce 2 O 2 Bi crystal structure". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 27 (4): 853–854. Bibcode:1971AcCrB..27..853B. doi:10.1107/S0567740871003066. ISSN 0567-7408.
- 1 2 3 4 Nuss, Jürgen; Jansen, Martin (March 2012). "On the Rare Earth Metal Bismuthide Oxides RE2BiO2 (RE = Nd, Tb, Dy, Ho)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 638 (3–4): 611–613. doi:10.1002/zaac.201100529.
- 1 2 Kim, Heejung; Kang, Chang-Jong; Kim, Kyoo; Shim, J. H.; Min, B. I. (2016-03-09). "Suppression of the charge density wave instability in R 2 O 2 Bi ( R = La, Er) due to large spin-orbit coupling" (PDF). Physical Review B. 93 (12): 125116. Bibcode:2016PhRvB..93l5116K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.93.125116. ISSN 2469-9950.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mizoguchi, Hiroshi; Hosono, Hideo (2011-03-02). "A Metal−Insulator Transition in R 2 O 2 Bi with an Unusual Bi 2− Square Net (R = Rare Earth or Y)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (8): 2394–2397. doi:10.1021/ja111015p. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 21302922.
- ↑ Nuss, Jürgen; Wedig, Ulrich; Jansen, Martin (November 2011). "Geometric Variations and Electron Localizations in Intermetallics: The Case of La2Sb Type Compounds". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 637 (13): 1975–1981. doi:10.1002/zaac.201100331.
- ↑ Xia, Sheng-Qing; Bobev, Svilen (2010-12-15). "Dibarium tricadmium bismuthide(-I,-III) oxide, Ba 2 Cd 3−δ Bi 3 O". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 66 (12): i81. Bibcode:2010AcCrE..66I..81X. doi:10.1107/S1600536810046283. ISSN 1600-5368. PMC 3011431 . PMID 21589204.
- 1 2 Forbes, Scott; Yuan, Fang; Kosuda, Kosuke; Kolodiazhnyi, Taras; Mozharivskyj, Yurij (January 2016). "Synthesis, crystal structure, and physical properties of the Gd3BiO3 and Gd8Bi3O8 phases". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 233: 252–258. Bibcode:2016JSSCh.233..252F. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2015.10.004.
- ↑ Seaborg, G. T.; Katz, Joseph J.; Morss, L. R. (2012). The Chemistry of the Actinide Elements. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 972. ISBN 978-94-009-3155-8.
- ↑ Seaborg, G. T.; Katz, Joseph J.; Morss, L. R. (2012). The Chemistry of the Actinide Elements. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 902. ISBN 978-94-009-3155-8.