Paolo Zamboni

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Paolo Zamboni
Paolo Zamboni image.jpg
Paolo Zamboni
Born(1957-03-25)25 March 1957
Ferrara, Italy
Citizenship Italy
AwardsISNVD Gold Medal
Scientific career
Fields Vascular Diseases
Institutions Ferrara, Italy

Paolo Zamboni (born 25 March 1957, Ferrara, Italy) is an Italian doctor and scientist. He is full Professor and Director of the School of Vascular Surgery at the University of Ferrara in Italy.

Contents

He is known for his description and proposed cure of the vascular disease chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) strongly related with multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases such as Ménière and Parkinson's, but the existence of this disease is very controversial, with significantly more detractors than supporters, and there is no good evidence that the surgery helps MS patients.

Biography

Graduated with honors in Medicine and Surgery in 1982, Zamboni specialized in General Surgery in 1987 and in Vascular Surgery 1992. In 1992 he obtained the fellowship at the Department of Vascular Surgery of the University of California in San Francisco. From 1993 to 2000 he was visiting professor at the Department of Surgery of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences of Bethesda, Maryland and from 2008 to 2012 at the Jacobs Institute of Neurology in Buffalo, New York, and at the Neuroscience Department of Harvard University (2010) and Chicago University (2012).

Since 2004 he is director of the Vascular Disease Center of Ferrara University. [1] In 2008 he announced the discovery of a new venous pathology, called chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and postulates a controversial correlation between this pathology and multiple sclerosis [2] [3] [4]

During 2010-2011 he was the president of the International Society for Neurovascular Diseases (ISNVD).

Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency – CCSVI

In 2008 Zamboni described Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI or CCVI), the compromised flow of blood in the veins draining the central nervous system. [2] [5] He hypothesized that it might play a role in the cause or development of multiple sclerosis (MS) [6] [7] and devised a surgical procedure which the media nicknamed a liberation procedure or liberation therapy, involving venoplasty or stenting of certain veins. [8] Zamboni's ideas about CCSVI are very controversial, with significantly more detractors than supporters, and any treatments based on his ideas are considered experimental. [9] [10]

There is no scientific evidence that CCSVI is related to MS, and there is no good evidence that the surgery helps MS patients. Zamboni's first published research was neither blinded nor did it have a comparison group. [8] Zamboni also did not disclose his financial ties to Esaote, the manufacturer of the ultrasound specifically used in CCSVI diagnosis. [11] The "liberation procedure" has been criticized for possibly resulting in serious complications and deaths, while its purported benefits have not been proven. [8] [10] In 2012, the United States Food and Drug Administration states that it is not clear if CCSVI exists as a clinical entity and that these treatments may cause more harm. [12] In 2017 they emphasized that this use of balloon angioplasty is not an approved use. [13] In a 2017 study Zamboni et al. stated "Venous PTA cannot be recommended for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis." [14] In 2018 a study in Neurology concluded "Our data do not support the continued use of venoplasty of extracranial jugular and/or azygous venous narrowing to improve patient-reported outcomes, chronic MS symptoms, or the disease course of MS." [15]

Research on CCSVI was fast-tracked, but researchers have been unable to find a connection between CCSVI and MS. [16] This has raised serious objections to the hypothesis of CCSVI originating multiple sclerosis. [17] Additional research investigating the CCSVI hypothesis is underway. [18] A 2013 study found that CCSVI is equally rare in people with and without MS, while narrowing of the cervical veins is equally common. [19] [20] [21]

Research on Chronic Venous Insufficiency - CVI

Zamboni has conducted research on lower extremity Chronic venous insufficiency, testing a minimally invasive and conservative treatment of the saphenous vein: the CHIVA method. On this topic he conducted several randomized clinical trials [22] [23] and published books. [24] [25]

The CHIVA and the stripping methods are equivalent regarding recurrence of varicose veins, but the CHIVA method may slightly reduce nerve injury and hematoma. The CHIVA method is also equivalent to either radio frequency ablation or endovenous laser therapy regarding recurrence and side effects. [26]

Cell therapies for the treatment of severe vascular ulcerations of the lower limbs are another Zamboni field of study. Randomized studies with autologous stem-cell derived from adipose tissue were conducted by his team. [27]

Research on physiology of cerebral venous drainage

The cerebral venous return was investigated by Professor Zamboni also in the Space, as PI of the study Drain Brain of the International Space Station, promoted by NASA, ESA and ASI. A novel post processing analysis of jugular vein ultrasound and strain gauge plethysmography allowed to monitor the astronaut cerebral venous drainage in microgravity condition. [28] [29] [30] Space trials involved the Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti.

Zamboni also described other anomalies of cerebral venous return which generates neurological symptoms, [31] [32] as well as models in physiology of brain drainage [33] [34]

Diagnosis on painting

Initially started as a hobby, identify disease processes in paintings and canvas is lately one of the Professor Zamboni' research fields. Diagnosis ranges from the Raphael's Michelangelo, Rembrandt's Bathsheba at Her Bath and Caravaggio's Bacchus. In "The medical enigma of Rembrandt's Bathsheba", Zamboni solves the mystery of the controversial detail of the woman's left breast, furrowed by an irregular, slightly swollen mark of a color between bluish and brownish. The model for the Bathsheba, admired by millions of visitors to the Louvre, was suffering from thrombophlebitis of a superficial vein of the breast, a condition described by Mondor in 1939," states the professor. So not mastitis or carcinoma, as believed for centuries. According to Zamboni, the varicose veins on the legs and knees are evident in Michelangelo, in the role of Heraclitus, frescoed by Raphael in The School of Athens. The evident anemia, brown skin, and acanthosis nigricans of Young Sick Bacchus of Caravaggio exhibited at the Galleria Borghese in Rome, according to Zamboni suggest the diagnosis of Addison's disease, a condition described in the 1800s affecting the adrenal glands. [35] [36] [37] [38]

Works

Awards and recognition

Zamboni was appointed "Commander" of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 2017. [39]

He is listed on topitalianscientists.org. [40]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Varicose veins</span> Medical condition in which superficial veins become large and twisted

Varicose veins, also known as varicoses, are a medical condition in which superficial veins become enlarged and twisted. These veins typically develop in the legs, just under the skin. Varicose veins usually cause few symptoms. However, some individuals may experience fatigue or pain in the area. Complications can include bleeding or superficial thrombophlebitis. Varices in the scrotum are known as a varicocele, while those around the anus are known as hemorrhoids. Due to the various physical, social, and psychological effects of varicose veins, they can negatively affect one's quality of life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multiple sclerosis</span> Disease that damages the myelin sheaths around nerves

Multiplesclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to transmit signals, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. Specific symptoms can include double vision, vision loss, eye pain, muscle weakness, and loss of sensation or coordination. MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks or building up over time. In the relapsing forms of MS, between attacks, symptoms may disappear completely, although some permanent neurological problems often remain, especially as the disease advances. In the progressive forms of MS, bodily function slowly deteriorates and disability worsens once symptoms manifest and will steadily continue to do so if the disease is left untreated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vein</span> Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

Veins are blood vessels in the circulatory system of humans and most other animals that carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are those of the pulmonary and fetal circulations which carry oxygenated blood to the heart. In the systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, and veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart, in the deep veins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great saphenous vein</span> Large, subcutaneous, superficial vein of the leg

The great saphenous vein(GSV), or long saphenous vein; ) is a large, subcutaneous, superficial vein of the leg. It is the longest vein in the body, running along the length of the lower limb, returning blood from the foot, leg and thigh to the deep femoral vein at the femoral triangle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vascular surgery</span> Medical specialty, operative procedures for the treatment of vascular disorders

Vascular surgery is a surgical subspecialty in which vascular diseases involving the arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels, are managed by medical therapy, minimally-invasive catheter procedures and surgical reconstruction. The specialty evolved from general and cardiovascular surgery where it refined the management of just the vessels, no longer treating the heart or other organs. Modern vascular surgery includes open surgery techniques, endovascular techniques and medical management of vascular diseases - unlike the parent specialities. The vascular surgeon is trained in the diagnosis and management of diseases affecting all parts of the vascular system excluding the coronaries and intracranial vasculature. Vascular surgeons also are called to assist other physicians to carry out surgery near vessels, or to salvage vascular injuries that include hemorrhage control, dissection, occlusion or simply for safe exposure of vascular structures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jugular vein</span> Veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart

The jugular veins are veins that take deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. The internal jugular vein descends next to the internal carotid artery and continues posteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Telangiectasia</span> Small dilated blood vessels

Telangiectasias, from Greek: tel- (end) + angi- + ectasia, also known as spider veins, are small dilated blood vessels that can occur near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, measuring between 0.5 and 1 millimeter in diameter. These dilated blood vessels can develop anywhere on the body, but are commonly seen on the face around the nose, cheeks and chin. Dilated blood vessels can also develop on the legs, although when they occur on the legs, they often have underlying venous reflux or "hidden varicose veins". When found on the legs, they are found specifically on the upper thigh, below the knee joint and around the ankles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sclerotherapy</span> Shrinking of the varicose blood vessels by the injection of medicine

Sclerotherapy is a procedure used to treat blood vessel malformations and also malformations of the lymphatic system. A medicine is injected into the vessels, which makes them shrink. It is used for children and young adults with vascular or lymphatic malformations. In adults, sclerotherapy is often used to treat spider veins, smaller varicose veins, hemorrhoids, and hydroceles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venous ulcer</span> Medical condition

Venous ulcer is defined by the American Venous Forum as "a full-thickness defect of skin, most frequently in the ankle region, that fails to heal spontaneously and is sustained by chronic venous disease, based on venous duplex ultrasound testing." Venous ulcers are wounds that are thought to occur due to improper functioning of venous valves, usually of the legs. They are an important cause of chronic wounds, affecting 1% of the population. Venous ulcers develop mostly along the medial distal leg, and can be painful with negative effects on quality of life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diosmin</span> Chemical compound

Diosmin, a flavone glycoside of diosmetin, is manufactured from citrus fruit peels as a phlebotonic non-prescription dietary supplement used to aid treatment of hemorrhoids or chronic venous diseases, mainly of the legs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis</span>

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS in which activated immune cells invade the central nervous system and cause inflammation, neurodegeneration, and tissue damage. The underlying cause is currently unknown. Current research in neuropathology, neuroimmunology, neurobiology, and neuroimaging, together with clinical neurology, provide support for the notion that MS is not a single disease but rather a spectrum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vascular disease</span> Medical condition

Vascular disease is a class of diseases of the vessels of the circulatory system in the body, including blood vessels – the arteries and veins, and the lymphatic vessels. Vascular disease is a subgroup of cardiovascular disease. Disorders in this vast network of blood and lymph vessels can cause a range of health problems that can sometimes become severe, and fatal. Coronary heart disease for example, is the leading cause of death for men and women in the United States.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Several therapies for it exist, although there is no known cure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronic venous insufficiency</span> Medical condition

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition in which blood pools in the veins, straining the walls of the vein. The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux which is a treatable condition. As functional venous valves are required to provide for efficient blood return from the lower extremities, this condition typically affects the legs. If the impaired vein function causes significant symptoms, such as swelling and ulcer formation, it is referred to as chronic venous disease. It is sometimes called chronic peripheral venous insufficiency and should not be confused with post-thrombotic syndrome in which the deep veins have been damaged by previous deep vein thrombosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency controversy</span> Medical condition

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is a term invented by Italian researcher Paolo Zamboni in 2008 to describe compromised flow of blood in the veins draining the central nervous system. Zamboni hypothesized that it might play a role in the cause or development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Zamboni also devised a surgical procedure which the media nicknamed a liberation procedure or liberation therapy, involving venoplasty or stenting of certain veins. Zamboni's ideas about CCSVI are very controversial, with significantly more detractors than supporters, and any treatments based on his ideas are considered experimental.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perforator vein</span>

Perforator veins are so called because they perforate the deep fascia of muscles, to connect the superficial veins to the deep veins where they drain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs</span> Non-invasive medical procedure

Ultrasonography of suspected or previously confirmed chronic venous insufficiency of leg veins is a risk-free, non-invasive procedure. It gives information about the anatomy, physiology and pathology of mainly superficial veins. As with heart ultrasound (echocardiography) studies, venous ultrasonography requires an understanding of hemodynamics in order to give useful examination reports. In chronic venous insufficiency, sonographic examination is of most benefit; in confirming varicose disease, making an assessment of the hemodynamics, and charting the progression of the disease and its response to treatment. It has become the reference standard for examining the condition and hemodynamics of the lower limb veins. Particular veins of the deep venous system (DVS), and the superficial venous system (SVS) are looked at. The great saphenous vein (GSV), and the small saphenous vein (SSV) are superficial veins which drain into respectively, the common femoral vein and the popliteal vein. These veins are deep veins. Perforator veins drain superficial veins into the deep veins. Three anatomic compartments are described, (N1) containing the deep veins, (N2) containing the perforator veins, and (N3) containing the superficial veins, known as the saphenous compartment. This compartmentalisation makes it easier for the examiner to systematize and map. The GSV can be located in the saphenous compartment where together with the Giacomini vein and the accessory saphenous vein (ASV) an image resembling an eye, known as the 'eye sign' can be seen. The ASV which is often responsible for varicose veins, can be located at the 'alignment sign', where it is seen to align with the femoral vessels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Claude Franceschi</span>

Claude Franceschi is an angiologist French MD.

CHIVA method is a type of surgery used to treat varicose veins that occur as a result of long term venous insufficiency. The term is a French acronym for Conservatrice Hémodynamique de l'Insuffisance Veineuse en Ambulatoire.

Pasquale De Bonis is an Italian Neurosurgeon, Full Professor of Neurosurgery, and Director of the Neurosurgery Residency Program at University of Ferrara, Department of Translational Medicine. He is a top Italian Scientist.

References

  1. ↑ "Curriculum - Paolo Zamboni".
  2. 1 2 Zamboni, P; Galeotti, R; Menegatti, E; Malagoni, A M; Tacconi, G; Dall'Ara, S; Bartolomei, I; Salvi, F (2008-12-09). "Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 80 (4): 392–399. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.157164. ISSN   0022-3050. PMC   2647682 . PMID   19060024.
  3. ↑ Rosalind C. Kalb (2008). Rosalind C. Kalb (ed.). Multiple sclerosis: the questions you have-- the answers you need. Demos Health Series (4th ed.). New York: Demos Medical Pub. p. 72. ISBN   978-1-932603-45-3. OCLC   162501964.
  4. ↑ Eric Mowatt-Larssen; Sapan S. Desai; Anahita Dua; Cynthia E. K. Shortell, eds. (2014). Phlebology, vein surgery and ultrasonography: diagnosis and management of venous disease. Cham: Springer. pp. 208–210. ISBN   978-3-319-01812-6. OCLC   870563977.
  5. ↑ Al-Omari MH, Rousan LA (April 2010). "Internal jugular vein morphology and hemodynamics in patients with multiple sclerosis". International Angiology. 29 (2): 115–20. PMID   20351667.
  6. ↑ Khan O, Filippi M, Freedman MS, Barkhof F, Dore-Duffy P, Lassmann H, et al. (March 2010). "Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis". Annals of Neurology. 67 (3): 286–90. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.606.8269 . doi:10.1002/ana.22001. PMID   20373339. S2CID   16580847. A chronic state of impaired venous drainage from the central nervous system, termed chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), is claimed to be a pathologic phenomenon exclusively seen in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  7. ↑ Lee AB, Laredo J, Neville R (April 2010). "Embryological background of truncular venous malformation in the extracranial venous pathways as the cause of chronic cerebro spinal venous insufficiency". International Angiology. 29 (2): 95–108. PMID   20351665. A similar condition involving the head and neck venous system may cause chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and may be involved in the development or exacerbation of multiple sclerosis.
  8. 1 2 3 Qiu J (May 2010). "Venous abnormalities and multiple sclerosis: another breakthrough claim?". The Lancet. Neurology. 9 (5): 464–5. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70098-3. PMID   20398855. S2CID   206159378.
  9. ↑ Ferral, Hector; Lorenz, Jonathan M. (2018-04-13). Radcases Interventional Radiology. Thieme Medical Publishers. ISBN   978-1-62623-283-9.
  10. 1 2 "Experimental multiple sclerosis vascular shunting procedure halted at Stanford". Annals of Neurology. 67 (1): A13-5. January 2010. doi:10.1002/ana.21969. PMID   20186848. S2CID   37071227.
  11. ↑ Stone K (March 2012). "Medical device conflict of interest in the CCSVI debate". Annals of Neurology. 71 (3): A6-8. doi: 10.1002/ana.23560 . PMID   22451214. S2CID   205343879.
  12. ↑ FDA (May 2012). "FDA Safety Communication: Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis Patients". Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  13. ↑ "Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products - Balloon angioplasty devices to treat autonomic dysfunction: FDA Safety Communication - FDA concern over experimental procedures". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  14. ↑ Zamboni P, Tesio L, Galimberti S, Massacesi L, Salvi F, D'Alessandro R, et al. (January 2018). "Efficacy and Safety of Extracranial Vein Angioplasty in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA Neurology. 75 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.3825. PMC   5833494 . PMID   29150995.
  15. ↑ Traboulsee AL, Machan L, Girard JM, Raymond J, Vosoughi R, Hardy BW, et al. (October 2018). "Safety and efficacy of venoplasty in MS: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled phase II trial". Neurology. 91 (18): e1660–e1668. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006423. PMC   6207414 . PMID   30266886.
  16. ↑ Ghezzi A, Comi G, Federico A (February 2011). "Chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and multiple sclerosis". Neurological Sciences. 32 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1007/s10072-010-0458-3. PMID   21161309. S2CID   27687609.
  17. ↑ Dorne H, Zaidat OO, Fiorella D, Hirsch J, Prestigiacomo C, Albuquerque F, Tarr RW (December 2010). "Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and the doubtful promise of an endovascular treatment for multiple sclerosis". Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery. 2 (4): 309–11. doi: 10.1136/jnis.2010.003947 . PMID   21990639.
  18. ↑ Jagannath VA, Pucci E, Asokan GV, Robak EW (May 2019). "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in people with multiple sclerosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5 (7): CD009903. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009903.pub3. PMC   6543952 . PMID   31150100.
  19. ↑ Traboulsee AL, Knox KB, Machan L, Zhao Y, Yee I, Rauscher A, et al. (January 2014). "Prevalence of extracranial venous narrowing on catheter venography in people with multiple sclerosis, their siblings, and unrelated healthy controls: a blinded, case-control study". Lancet. 383 (9912): 138–45. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61747-X. PMID   24119384. S2CID   25925875.
  20. ↑ Paul F, Wattjes MP (January 2014). "Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: the final curtain". Lancet. 383 (9912): 106–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61912-1. PMID   24119383. S2CID   205970625. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  21. ↑ Cocozza S, Canna A, Lanzillo R, Russo C, Postiglione E, Liuzzi R, et al. (August 2016). "Lack of correlation between extracranial venous abnormalities and multiple sclerosis: a quantitative MRI study". Br J Radiol. 89 (1064). doi:10.1259/bjr.20160321. PMC   5124897 . PMID   27282838.
  22. ↑ Zamboni, P.; Cisno, C.; Marchetti, F.; Mazza, P.; Fogato, L.; Carandina, S.; De Palma, M.; Liboni, A. (2003). "Minimally invasive surgical management of primary venous ulcers vs. compression treatment: a randomized clinical trial". European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 25 (4): 313–318. doi: 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1871 . PMID   12651168.
  23. ↑ Carandina, S.; Mari, C.; De Palma, M.; Marcellino, M.G.; Cisno, C.; Legnaro, A.; Liboni, A.; Zamboni, P. (2008). "Varicose Vein Stripping vs Haemodynamic Correction (CHIVA): a Long Term Randomised Trial". European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 35 (2): 230–237. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2007.09.011 . PMID   17964822.
  24. ↑ Zamboni, Paolo; Franceschi, Claude (2009). Principles of venous hemodynamics. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN   978-1-60692-485-3. OCLC   265657952.
  25. ↑ Zamboni, Paolo; Mendoza, Erika; Gianesini, Sergio (2018-05-29). Saphenous vein-sparing strategies in chronic venous disease. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN   978-3-319-70638-2. OCLC   1038068108.
  26. ↑ Bellmunt-Montoya S, Escribano JM, Pantoja Bustillos PE, Tello-Díaz C, Martinez-Zapata MJ (September 30, 2021). "CHIVA method for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (9): CD009648. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009648.pub4. PMC   8481765 . PMID   34590305. S2CID   238229135.
  27. ↑ Zollino, Ilaria; Campioni, Diana; Sibilla, Maria Grazia; Tessari, Mirko; Malagoni, Anna Maria; Zamboni, Paolo (2019). "A phase II randomized clinical trial for the treatment of recalcitrant chronic leg ulcers using centrifuged adipose tissue containing progenitor cells". Cytotherapy. 21 (2): 200–211. doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.10.012. PMID   30583949. S2CID   58610844.
  28. ↑ "Space station investigation goes with the flow". phys.org. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  29. ↑ Zamboni, Paolo; Sisini, Francesco; Menegatti, Erica; Taibi, Angelo; Gadda, Giacomo; Tavoni, Valentina; Malagoni, Anna Maria; Tessari, Mirko; Gianesini, Sergio; Gambaccini, Mauro (March 2018). "Ultrasound Monitoring of Jugular Venous Pulse during Space Missions: Proof of Concept". Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 44 (3): 726–733. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.11.001. PMID   29276139.
  30. ↑ Taibi, A; Gadda, G; Gambaccini, M; Menegatti, E; Sisini, F; Zamboni, P (2017-10-31). "Investigation of cerebral venous outflow in microgravity". Physiological Measurement. 38 (11): 1939–1952. Bibcode:2017PhyM...38.1939T. doi:10.1088/1361-6579/aa8980. ISSN   1361-6579. PMID   28857747. S2CID   42665674.
  31. ↑ Zamboni, Paolo; Scerrati, Alba; Menegatti, Erica; Galeotti, Roberto; Lapparelli, Marcello; Traina, Luca; Tessari, Mirko; Ciorba, Andrea; De Bonis, Pasquale; Pelucchi, Stefano (December 2019). "The eagle jugular syndrome". BMC Neurology. 19 (1): 333. doi: 10.1186/s12883-019-1572-3 . ISSN   1471-2377. PMC   6925502 . PMID   31864313.
  32. ↑ De Bonis, Pasquale; Menegatti, Erica; Cavallo, Michele Alessandro; Sisini, Francesco; Trapella, Giorgio; Scerrati, Alba; Zamboni, Paolo (July 2019). "JEDI (jugular entrapment, dilated ventricles, intracranial hypertension) syndrome: a new clinical entity? A case report". Acta Neurochirurgica. 161 (7): 1367–1370. doi:10.1007/s00701-019-03908-2. ISSN   0001-6268. PMID   31025176. S2CID   131776842.
  33. ↑ Zamboni, Paolo; Menegatti, Erica; Pomidori, Luca; Morovic, Sandra; Taibi, Angelo; Malagoni, Anna Maria; Cogo, Anna Luisa; Gambaccini, Mauro (2012-03-01). "Does thoracic pump influence the cerebral venous return?". Journal of Applied Physiology. 112 (5): 904–910. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00712.2011. ISSN   8750-7587. PMID   22174396. S2CID   25820701.
  34. ↑ Gadda, G.; Taibi, A.; Sisini, F.; Gambaccini, M.; Zamboni, P.; Ursino, M. (2015-02-01). "A new hemodynamic model for the study of cerebral venous outflow" (PDF). American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 308 (3): H217–H231. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2014. hdl:11392/2370597. ISSN   0363-6135. PMID   25398980. S2CID   9201170.
  35. ↑ Zamboni, Paolo (2020). "The medical enigma of Rembrandt's Bathsheba". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 18 (6): 1268–1270. doi: 10.1111/jth.14801 . PMID   32346960.
  36. ↑ "Diagnosi su tela: le grandi malattie dipinte dei pittori del passato". 27 June 2020.
  37. ↑ Corriere della Sera Corriere Salute, pp. 10 e 11 Giovedì 18 Giugno 2020
  38. ↑ "Risolto l'enigma sul seno della Betsabea". 18 June 2020.
  39. ↑ "Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana".
  40. ↑ "Top Italian Scientists". topitalianscientists.org. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
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