Permanent secretary

Last updated

A permanent secretary is the most senior civil servant of a department or ministry charged with running the department or ministry's day-to-day activities. Permanent secretaries are the non-political civil service chief executives of government departments or ministries, who generally hold their position for a number of years (thus "permanent") at a ministry as distinct from the changing political secretaries of state to whom they report and provide advice. [1] The role originated in the civil service of the United Kingdom and has been adopted in several Commonwealth countries as well as other countries influenced by the Westminster system.

Contents

Country

Australia

In Australia, the position is called the "department secretary", “secretary of the department”, or “director-general of the department” in some states and territories.

Canada

In Canada, the senior civil service position is a "deputy minister", who within a government ministry or department is outranked only by a minister of the Crown. Federally, deputy ministers are appointed by the prime minister on the advice of the secretary to the cabinet (the Head of Canada's civil service). They are considered to hold equal rank with parliamentary secretaries or assistants – legislators appointed to assist ministers in their duties – and are entitled to several privileges, including the use of diplomatic passports.

Germany

In Germany, the equivalent office is called "Staatssekretär" (state secretary). It is not to be confused with the "parliamentary state secretary", who serves as deputy to a minister, often with a more specialised field of responsibilities. The parliamentary state secretary is always a political position, and not part of the civil service.

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, heads of policy bureaux, secretaries, were filled by civil servants until their titles were changed to permanent secretaries in 2002, when political appointees filled the positions of secretaries under the second Tung Chee Hwa government. Since August 2005, the Office of the Chief Executive also has a permanent secretary. His ranking is, however, lower than most other permanent secretaries according to the pay scale.

India

In India, the equivalent position is called "secretary to the Government of India" and is the highest-ranking permanent civil servant in a department. With the exception of departments within the Ministry of External Affairs, which are headed by Indian Foreign Service officers, all Secretaries to the Government of India are drawn from cadres of the Indian Administrative Service.

These officers directly report to Ministers of the Union within their respective ministry, and oversee all day-to-day operations of their departments. Within the civil service, they are outranked only by the Cabinet Secretary of India or the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India when the latter is granted the rank of Cabinet Secretary (as has been the case under Prime Minister Narendra Modi).

Indonesia

In Indonesia, the equivalent position is called secretary-general (Indonesian : Sekretaris Jenderal, abbreviated Sekjen), one of the highest-ranking permanent civil servants in a ministry, leads the General Secretariat (Indonesian : Sekretariat Jenderal, abbreviated Setjen). These officers directly report to the minister in their respective ministry or to the respective leader in state bodies.

Ireland

In the Civil service of the Republic of Ireland, the position of secretary general of a Department of State is almost identical to that of a permanent secretary in the British Civil Service, except that the position is not permanent, having a term of seven years. This limit was introduced by the Strategic Management Initiative of the mid-1990s, when also the title was changed from "secretary". Irish government departments may also have a "second secretary", which is equivalent to the second permanent secretary grade in the British civil service.

Israel

In Israel, the equivalent office is called מנהל כללי, a term which is ordinarily translated as "chief executive officer. The official English translation for the government post is "director general". Directors general of ministries are nominated by the relevant minister and confirmed by the Government, and serve at the pleasure of the ministers above them.

Italy

In Italy, the highest civil service official in a ministry or department is either a segretario generale (secretary-general) or a direttore generale (director-general), while the position of sottosegretario di stato (under-secretary of state) is a political one and ranks below the ministro segretario di stato (minister-secretary of state, the head of a ministry or department) or the vice ministro (deputy-minister), both political posts as well.

Japan

The Japanese equivalents are the administrative vice-ministers.

Kenya

In Kenya, the equivalent office is called "principal secretary", which is a position established by the Constitution of Kenya as an office in the country's civil service. Principal secretaries serve as the administrative head of a state department within a ministry and are responsible for the department's daily affairs. A principal secretary is nominated by the president of Kenya from a group of persons recommended by the country's Public Service Commission and upon approval by the country's National Assembly, is appointed to office by the president.

The Constitution of Kenya grants the president the power to re-assign a principal secretary.

Malaysia

In Malaysia, a permanent secretary refers to the administrative head of a ministry in the states of Sabah and Sarawak. The administrative head of a federal ministry is called "secretary general".

Mauritius

On the island state of Mauritius, which is a former British colony, there are a number of permanent secretaries who report to the Secretary to Cabinet and Head of the Civil Service. In the prime minister's office there are 2 permanent secretaries, assisted by 3 deputy permanent secretaries as well as 4 assistant permanent secretaries. [2] There are at least 147 Assistant Permanent Secretaries, 86 Deputy Permanent Secretaries and 37 Permanent Secretaries in the various Ministries of the Government of Mauritius. [3] [4]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, the civil service head of a ministry is ordinarily entitled "chief executive", although there are still some positions which carry the title of secretary (secretary of education, secretary of justice, secretary of transport). In some cases (such as the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, Ministry for Primary Industries, Department of Conservation, Ministry of Health) the title is "director-general". Organisations with enforcement powers, such as the Inland Revenue Department and the New Zealand Police, are headed by commissioners. The New Zealand Customs Service is headed by the comptroller of customs. Civil service heads are officially employed by the State Services Commission, further separating them from the politicians who hold ministerial positions.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, the equivalent position is called Federal Secretary and is the highest ranking permanent civil servant in a federal ministry.

Singapore

In Singapore, permanent secretaries have to retire after a ten-year term even if they are younger than the official retirement age of 62. This was introduced in 2000 as part of the Public Service Leadership scheme, to provide opportunities for younger officers from the Administrative Service – the elite arm of the Civil Service – to rise up the ranks.

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, a "secretary to the ministry" (also known as ministry secretary or simply secretary) is the administrative head of a ministry and is appointed by the president of Sri Lanka. The post of permanent secretary was created under the Ceylon (Constitution and Independence) Orders in Council 1947 when Ceylon gained self-rule from Britain in 1948. Permanent secretaries were commonly appointed from the Ceylon Civil Service, with a few exceptions such as the permanent secretary to the ministry of justice which would be an officer of the judicial service. Anandatissa de Alwis was the first person from the private sector to be appointed as permanent secretary. The Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972, changed the title to secretary to the ministry. Traditionally if the appointee is a serving member of the public service, he or she would leave the service for the duration they hold the appointment. In the recent past it has been common for ministry secretaries to be appointed from outside the public service, with some on political grounds at the discretion of the president on the advice of the minister in charge. [5] Major General Sanjeewa Munasinghe became the first serving military officer from the regular force to be appointed a ministry secretary in 2020. [6]

United Kingdom

The title permanent secretary, or, in some departments permanent under-secretary of state, is the most senior civil servant of a government department in the United Kingdom. The role originated in 1830, and has been adopted in several Commonwealth countries as well as other countries influenced by the Westminster system. [7] [8]

See also

Related Research Articles

In most common law jurisdictions, the attorney general or attorney-general is the main legal advisor to the government. In some jurisdictions, attorneys general also have executive responsibility for law enforcement, prosecutions or even responsibility for legal affairs generally. In practice, the extent to which the attorney general personally provides legal advice to the government varies between jurisdictions, and even between individual office-holders within the same jurisdiction, often depending on the level and nature of the office-holder's prior legal experience.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil Service (United Kingdom)</span> Permanent bureaucracy of the British state

In the United Kingdom, the Civil Service is the permanent bureaucracy or secretariat of Crown employees that supports His Majesty's Government, the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government, which is led by a cabinet of ministers chosen by the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Minister of state is a designation for a government minister, with varying meanings in different jurisdictions. In a number of European countries, the title is given as an honorific conferring a higher rank, often bestowed upon senior ministers. In the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries, "minister of state" is a junior rank subordinate to ministers of higher rank. In Brazil and Japan, all ministers of cabinet rank hold the title, while in Australia "minister of state" is the designation applied to all government ministers regardless of rank.

A cabinet secretary is usually a senior official who provides services and advice to a cabinet of ministers as part of the Cabinet Office. In many countries, the position can have considerably wider functions and powers, including general responsibility for the entire civil service.

Diplomatic rank is a system of professional and social rank used in the world of diplomacy and international relations. A diplomat's rank determines many ceremonial details, such as the order of precedence at official processions, table seatings at state dinners, the person to whom diplomatic credentials should be presented, and the title by which the diplomat should be addressed.

A director general, general director or director-general is a senior executive officer, often the chief executive officer, within a governmental, statutory, NGO, third sector or not-for-profit institution. The term is commonly used in many countries worldwide, but with various meanings.

The All India Services (AIS) comprises three Civil Services of India common to the centre and state governments, which includes the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), the Indian Police Service (IPS), and the Indian Forest Service (IFS). Civil servants recruited through All India Services by the central government are assigned to different state government cadres. Some civil servants may, later in their career, also serve the centre on deputation. Officers of these three services comply to the All India Services Rules relating to pay, conduct, leave, various allowances etc.

A private secretary (PS) is a civil servant in a governmental department or ministry, responsible to a secretary of state or minister; or a public servant in a royal household, responsible to a member of the royal family.

The civil service in Malaysia is pivotal around Article 132 of the Constitution of Malaysia which stipulates that the public services shall consist of the Federal and State General Public Service, the Joint Public Services, the Education Service, the Judiciary and the Legal Service and the Armed Forces.

Assistant secretary is a title borne by politicians or government officials in certain countries and territories, usually a junior ministers assigned to a specific cabinet minister.

Undersecretary is a title for a person who works for and has a lower rank than a secretary. It is used in the executive branch of government, with different meanings in different political systems, and is also used in other organizational settings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Ireland Civil Service</span> Permanent bureaucracy of the Northern Ireland Executive

The Northern Ireland Civil Service is the permanent bureaucracy of employees that supports the Northern Ireland Executive, the devolved government of Northern Ireland.

(Vietnam)National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) (Vietnamese: Học viện Hành chính Quốc Gia (Việt Nam)) is a special-class key public service unit of the national education system under the Ministry of Home Affairs. This is a public academy belonging to the group of national key universities and academies of Vietnam and has its own legal status, seal, and account at the State Treasury. The school always tries to strive, strive to improve and is always enthusiastic to contribute diligently in training, fostering, researching and consulting on policies in the field of public administration, leadership and management for the Ministry. Home Affairs and Government of Vietnam. Currently, the Academy plays an important role, holding a prerequisite position and is the national center for implementing the functions of training and fostering capacity, knowledge and skills for officials, civil servants, State officials in administration, leadership, and management of the entire Vietnamese civil service; training human resources, researching administrative science and consulting for the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Government of Vietnam in the field of Public Administration and State Management. Therefore, the National Academy of Public Administration (Vietnam) is extremely worthy of being one of the leading public service units in the national education system of the State of Vietnam, recognized by countries in the region and internationally. Praise and respect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government of Kenya</span> National legislative, executive and judiciary powers of Kenya

The Government of the Republic of Kenya (GoK) is the national government of the Republic of Kenya located in East Africa. It is composed of 47 Counties, each county with its own semi-autonomous governments, including the national capital of Nairobi, where the national government is primarily based.

The title secretary of state or state's secretary is commonly used for senior or mid-level posts in governments around the world. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple secretaries of state in the country's system of governing the country.

The King's Birthday Honours 1941 were appointments in the British Empire of King George VI to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of various countries. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King, and were published on 6 June 1941.

Joint Secretary to the Government of India is a post under the Central Staffing Scheme and the third highest non-political executive rank in the Government of India. The authority for creation of this post solely rests with the Cabinet of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chief secretary (India)</span> List of Chief Secretaries in the Indian states

The Chief Secretary is the top-most executive official and senior-most civil servant of the state government. The Chief Secretary is the ex-officio head of the state Civil Services Board, the State Secretariat, the state cadre Indian Administrative Service and all civil services under the rules of business of the state government. The Chief Secretary acts as the principal advisor to the chief minister on all matters of state administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bangladesh Administrative Service</span> Cadre of the Bangladesh Civil Service

The Bangladesh Administrative Service (BAS) is the premier civil service cadre of the Bangladesh Civil Service, and which formulates and executes the policies of the government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh of which it is an inseparable part.

A permanent under-secretary of state, known informally as a permanent secretary, is the most senior civil servant of a ministry in the United Kingdom, charged with running the department on a day-to-day basis. Permanent secretaries are appointed under a scheme in which the prime minister has the final say in the recruitment process; since 2015, the PM chooses directly from a list created by the Civil Service Commissioners rather than only having a veto over the Commissioners' preferred candidate.

References

  1. ↑ Cooper, C.A. Politics and the permanency of permanent secretaries: testing the vitality of the Westminster administrative tradition, 1949–2014. British Politics (2019). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-019-00113-8
  2. ↑ "Key Staff of PMO". Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  3. ↑ "Administrative Cadre Staff List". Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 2021-07-23.
  4. ↑ "List of Permanent Secretaries" (PDF). Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  5. ↑ De Silva, Leelananda. "The Machinery of Administration Under Parliamentary Government". Island. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  6. ↑ Secretaries to the Ministries
  7. ↑ FCDO Historians (2002-04-01). "The Permanent Under-Secretary of State: A Brief History of the Office and its Holders" . Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  8. ↑ Middleton, Charles R. (1974). "John Backhouse and the Origins of the Permanent Undersecretaryship for Foreign Affairs: 1828-1842". Journal of British Studies. 13 (2): 24–45. doi:10.1086/385657. ISSN   0021-9371. JSTOR   175086.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.