The politics of the Republic of Peru takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Peru is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the Government and the Congress. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Peru a "flawed democracy" in 2019. Support for traditional political parties have thoroughly collapsed in since 2000 paving the way for the rise of personalist leaderships. The political parties in the congress of Peru are according to political scientist Lucia Dammert "agglomerations of individual and group interests more than solid and representative parties".
The Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path (PCP-SL), more commonly known as the Shining Path, is a revolutionary communist party and terrorist organization in Peru following Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and Gonzalo Thought.
The Peruvian Aprista Party is a Peruvian political party initially projected at a continental scale (APRA) and a member of the Socialist International. The initials APRA come from the name of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, the initial proposal of its founder Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre in conforming a network of anti-imperialist social and political movements in Latin America. Members are called "companions", based on the fraternity espoused by Haya de la Torre. Originally a centre-left to left-wing party with democratic socialist and nationalist elements, the party moved closer to the political centre under the leadership of Alan García starting in the 1980s, embracing social-democratic and later some Third Way policies.
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river. At 1.28 million km2, Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.
Several different left-oriented organizations in Peru refer to themselves as communist (comunista) parties, movements, organizations, groups, etc. Some are still active, under their original or other appellation, some have merged or split, and some have ceased operating.
Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru from 1985 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2011. He was the second leader of the Peruvian Aprista Party and the only party member ever to have served as President. Mentored by the founder of the APRA, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, he served in the Constituent Assembly of 1978–1979 presided over by his leader, which drafted the Constitution of 1979. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1980, he quickly rose as the long-term successor to Haya, becoming party Secretary General in 1982. He was elected to the Presidency in the 1985 general election with 53% of the popular vote.
Possible Peru was a Peruvian political party. It was founded in 1994 by Alejandro Toledo with the original name of País Posible.
The Popular Action is a liberal and reformist political party in Peru, founded by former Peruvian president Fernando Belaúnde Terry.
Union for Peru is a Peruvian political party founded by Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, an ex-UN Secretary General, in 1994 to run for the Presidency of Peru in the 1995 General elections. Originally a liberal-centrist party with some centre-left factions, the party became the main political home of the Peruvian ethnocacerist movement in the late-2010s after a group led by Antauro Humala joined the party. Humala later formed the Patriotic Front in 2018 and set a goal for contesting the 2021 elections, although it is unclear if Union for Peru will participate alongside it.
This article gives an overview of liberalism in Peru. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it isn't necessary so that parties labeled themselves as a liberal party.
In Peru, the people directly elect a head of state as well as a legislature. The president is elected by the people for a five-year term. The unicameral Congress (Congreso) has 130 members, also elected for a five-year term by proportional representation. Peru has a multi-party system, which effectively bars one party from becoming the sole influence in a decision-making process. As such, parties must work with one another to form coalition governments. The whole election process is held by the National Jury of Elections and the National Office of Electoral Processes. Peru has compulsory voting.
The Congress of the Republic of Peru is the unicameral body that assumes legislative power in Peru.
The Peruvian Communist Party is a communist party in Peru that was founded in 1928 by José Carlos Mariátegui, under the name Partido Socialista del Perú. In 1930 the name was changed to PCP. The party is often identified as PCP [Unidad], to separate it from other communist parties that has splintered from the organization, like the Communist Party of Peru, the Communist Party of Peru (Marxist-Leninist) and the Communist Party of Peru.
Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland is a political party in Peru founded in 1970, through a split in the Peruvian Communist Party - Red Flag. It is led by Alberto Moreno and Rolando Breña.
The Worker Peasant Student and Popular Front or FOCEP is a political party in Peru. It was founded as a broad front in 1977 by a group around Genaro Ledesma Izquieta, Socialist Workers Party, Peruvian Communist Party and Revolutionary Marxist Workers Party. FOCEP participated in the elections in 1978. It later converted itself into a party, but only with the group around Ledesma. It participated in the 1980 elections alone, and on IU lists in 1985 and 1990. It maintains good relations with the Workers Party of Korea of the DPRK and has signed the 1992 Pyongyang Declaration.
The Peruvian Nationalist Party is a left-wing political party in Peru.
National Restoration is a Peruvian political party. At the legislative elections held on 9 April 2006, the party won 4.0% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic.
Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso is a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru from 2011 to 2016. A former army officer, Humala lost the 2006 presidential election and eventually won the 2011 presidential election in a run-off vote. He was elected as President of Peru in the second round, defeating Keiko Fujimori.
According to the Organic Law of Regional Governments, the regions are, with the departments, the first-level administrative subdivisions of Peru. Since its 1821 independence, Peru had been divided into departments but faced the problem of increasing centralization of political and economic power in its capital, Lima.
