Peruportal |
In Peru, the people directly elect a head of state (the president) as well as a legislature. The president is elected by the people for a five-year term. The unicameral Congress (Congreso) has 130 members, also elected for a five-year term by proportional representation. Peru has a multi-party system, which effectively bars one party from becoming the sole influence in a decision-making process. As such, parties must work with one another to form coalition governments. The whole election process is held by the National Jury of Elections and the National Office of Electoral Processes. Peru has compulsory voting. [1] [2]
Position | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Presidential (April & June) National Congress (April) Gubernatorial (April & June) | None | Presidential (April & June) National Congress (April) Gubernatorial (April & June) | |||
President and vice president | President and vice president | None | President and vice president | |||
National Congress | All seats | None | All seats | |||
Provinces, cities and municipalities | All positions | None | All positions |
Position | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Presidential (May) National Congress (May) Gubernatorial (May) | None | Presidential (May) National Congress (May) Gubernatorial (May) | |||
President and vice president | 28 July | None | 28 July | |||
National Congress | 28 July | None | 28 July | |||
Provinces, cities and municipalities | 28 July | None | 28 July |
The first round was held on 11 April. [3] [4] The first exit polls published indicated that underdog nominee Pedro Castillo of Free Peru had placed first in the first round of voting with approximately 16.1% of the vote, with Hernando de Soto and Keiko Fujimori tying with 11.9% each. [4] Yonhy Lescano, Rafael López Aliaga, Verónika Mendoza, and George Forsyth followed, with each receiving 11.0%, 10.5%, 8.8%, and 6.4%, respectively. [4] César Acuña and Daniel Urresti received 5.8% and 5.0%, respectively, while the rest of the nominees attained less than 3% of the popular vote. [5] [6]
In the second round, Castillo defeated Fujimori by just 44,263 votes, winning by 50.13% to 49.87%. Castillo was officially designated as president-elect of Peru on 19 July 2021, a little over a week before he was to be inaugurated. [7]
Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Pedro Castillo | Free Peru | 2,724,752 | 18.92 | 8,836,380 | 50.13 | |
Keiko Fujimori | Popular Force | 1,930,762 | 13.41 | 8,792,117 | 49.87 | |
Rafael López Aliaga | Popular Renewal | 1,692,279 | 11.75 | |||
Hernando de Soto | Go on Country – Social Integration Party | 1,674,201 | 11.63 | |||
Yonhy Lescano | Popular Action | 1,306,288 | 9.07 | |||
Verónika Mendoza | Together for Peru | 1,132,577 | 7.86 | |||
César Acuña | Alliance for Progress | 867,025 | 6.02 | |||
George Forsyth | National Victory | 814,516 | 5.66 | |||
Daniel Urresti | Podemos Perú | 812,721 | 5.64 | |||
Julio Guzmán | Purple Party | 325,608 | 2.26 | |||
Alberto Beingolea | Christian People's Party | 286,447 | 1.99 | |||
Daniel Salaverry | We Are Peru | 240,234 | 1.67 | |||
Ollanta Humala | Peruvian Nationalist Party | 230,831 | 1.60 | |||
José Vega | Union for Peru | 101,267 | 0.70 | |||
Ciro Gálvez | National United Renaissance | 89,376 | 0.62 | |||
Marco Arana | Broad Front | 65,300 | 0.45 | |||
Rafael Santos | Peru Secure Homeland | 55,644 | 0.39 | |||
Andrés Alcántara | Direct Democracy | 50,802 | 0.35 | |||
Total | 14,400,630 | 100.00 | 17,628,497 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 14,400,630 | 81.30 | 17,628,497 | 93.49 | ||
Invalid votes | 1,123,027 | 6.34 | 1,106,816 | 5.87 | ||
Blank votes | 2,190,059 | 12.36 | 121,489 | 0.64 | ||
Total votes | 17,713,716 | 100.00 | 18,856,802 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 25,287,954 | 70.05 | 25,287,954 | 74.57 | ||
Source: ONPE, ONPE |
Department | Castillo Free Peru | Fujimori Popular Force | López Aliaga Popular Renewal | De Soto Go on Country | Lescano Popular Action | Mendoza Together for Peru | Other candidates | Valid votes | Turnout | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Amazonas | 34,411 | 26.1% | 17,805 | 13.5% | 8,269 | 6.3% | 4,433 | 3.4% | 12,698 | 9.6% | 8,887 | 6.7% | 45,557 | 34.5% | 132,060 | 60.1% |
Ancash | 110,620 | 23.4% | 67,394 | 14.3% | 42,312 | 9.0% | 34,562 | 7.3% | 38,911 | 8.2% | 39,786 | 8.4% | 138,200 | 29.3% | 471,785 | 69.3% |
Apurimac | 88,812 | 53.4% | 10,879 | 6.5% | 7,768 | 4.7% | 6,531 | 3.9% | 15,649 | 9.4% | 15,368 | 9.2% | 21,179 | 12.7% | 166,186 | 69.4% |
Arequipa | 256,224 | 32.2% | 40,216 | 5.1% | 71,053 | 8.9% | 148,793 | 18.7% | 88,708 | 11.1% | 55,269 | 6.9% | 135,448 | 17.0% | 795,711 | 78.8% |
Ayacucho | 130,224 | 52.0% | 17,751 | 7.1% | 11,490 | 4.6% | 8,995 | 3.6% | 20,315 | 8.1% | 24,506 | 9.8% | 37,269 | 14.9% | 250,550 | 68.6% |
Cajamarca | 232,418 | 44.9% | 54,962 | 10.6% | 31,129 | 6.0% | 25,156 | 4.9% | 38,677 | 7.5% | 29,746 | 5.7% | 105,374 | 20.4% | 517,462 | 62.6% |
Callao | 33,750 | 6.4% | 79,699 | 15.2% | 78,066 | 14.9% | 78,920 | 15.0% | 34,965 | 6.7% | 38,233 | 7.3% | 181,634 | 34.6% | 525,267 | 75.2% |
Cusco | 232,178 | 38.2% | 27,132 | 4.5% | 29,618 | 4.9% | 40,423 | 6.6% | 60,659 | 10.0% | 123,397 | 20.3% | 94,626 | 15.6% | 608,033 | 73.5% |
Huancavelica | 79,895 | 54.2% | 8,449 | 5.7% | 5,060 | 3.4% | 4,591 | 3.1% | 16,727 | 11.3% | 10,091 | 6.8% | 22,574 | 15.3% | 147,387 | 67.6% |
Huanuco | 110,978 | 37.6% | 32,827 | 11.1% | 33,787 | 11.4% | 15,822 | 5.4% | 22,565 | 7.6% | 15,556 | 5.3% | 63,688 | 21.6% | 295,223 | 68.3% |
Ica | 56,597 | 14.0% | 62,055 | 15.3% | 46,098 | 11.4% | 39,929 | 9.8% | 39,461 | 9.7% | 30,602 | 7.5% | 130,887 | 32.3% | 405,629 | 76.0% |
Junin | 131,438 | 22.9% | 80,057 | 13.9% | 52,599 | 9.2% | 54,124 | 9.4% | 66,214 | 11.5% | 52,270 | 9.1% | 137,396 | 23.9% | 574,098 | 71.9% |
La Libertad | 90,078 | 11.5% | 131,441 | 16.8% | 95,765 | 12.2% | 84,444 | 10.8% | 47,218 | 6.0% | 37,372 | 4.8% | 296,598 | 37.9% | 782,916 | 68.9% |
Lambayeque | 73,279 | 12.9% | 121,263 | 21.4% | 86,126 | 15.2% | 50,087 | 8.8% | 51,467 | 9.1% | 28,866 | 5.1% | 155,480 | 27.4% | 566,568 | 71.4% |
Lima | 416,537 | 7.8% | 753,785 | 14.2% | 869,950 | 16.4% | 870,582 | 16.4% | 362,668 | 6.8% | 431,425 | 8.1% | 1,602,623 | 30.2% | 5,307,570 | 74.6% |
Loreto | 15,432 | 4.9% | 51,900 | 16.6% | 16,378 | 5.3% | 18,816 | 6.0% | 34,773 | 11.2% | 19,502 | 6.3% | 155,025 | 49.7% | 311,826 | 61.0% |
Madre de Dios | 23,945 | 37.1% | 7,278 | 11.3% | 4,041 | 6.3% | 3,996 | 6.2% | 6,601 | 10.2% | 4,372 | 6.8% | 14,341 | 22.2% | 64,574 | 71.1% |
Moquegua | 33,665 | 34.4% | 4,617 | 4.7% | 6,832 | 7.0% | 10,183 | 10.4% | 15,412 | 15.7% | 7,190 | 7.3% | 20,027 | 20.5% | 97,926 | 77.2% |
Pasco | 34,187 | 34.2% | 12,607 | 12.6% | 8,009 | 8.0% | 5,102 | 5.1% | 11,871 | 11.9% | 6,896 | 6.9% | 21,324 | 21.3% | 99,996 | 63.6% |
Piura | 70,968 | 10.1% | 173,891 | 24.8% | 68,316 | 9.8% | 63,842 | 9.1% | 51,223 | 7.3% | 44,576 | 6.4% | 227,714 | 32.5% | 700,530 | 66.8% |
Puno | 292,218 | 47.5% | 17,514 | 2.8% | 15,918 | 2.6% | 21,665 | 3.5% | 175,712 | 28.5% | 35,484 | 5.8% | 57,010 | 9.3% | 615,521 | 81.9% |
San Martin | 67,000 | 21.4% | 46,699 | 14.9% | 26,561 | 8.5% | 21,825 | 7.0% | 31,498 | 10.0% | 17,122 | 5.5% | 102,765 | 32.8% | 313,470 | 69.2% |
Tacna | 64,521 | 33.2% | 9,363 | 4.8% | 17,842 | 9.2% | 21,000 | 10.8% | 28,696 | 14.8% | 14,068 | 7.2% | 38,779 | 20.0% | 194,269 | 77.8% |
Tumbes | 7,613 | 7.7% | 36,403 | 37.1% | 8,799 | 9.0% | 7,123 | 7.3% | 7,046 | 7.2% | 5,242 | 5.3% | 26,015 | 26.5% | 98,241 | 74.6% |
Ucayali | 26,339 | 14.0% | 40,510 | 21.5% | 14,981 | 8.0% | 11,124 | 5.9% | 14,359 | 7.6% | 15,092 | 8.0% | 65,965 | 35.0% | 188,370 | 66.3% |
Peruvians Abroad | 10,602 | 6.6% | 22,887 | 14.1% | 34,767 | 21.5% | 21,552 | 13.3% | 11,617 | 7.2% | 21,185 | 13.1% | 39,146 | 24.2% | 161,756 | 22.8% |
Total | 2,723,929 | 18.9% | 1,929,384 | 13.4% | 1,691,534 | 11.8% | 1,673,620 | 11.6% | 1,305,710 | 9.1% | 1,132,103 | 7.9% | 3,936,644 | 27.4% | 14,392,924 | 70.0% |
Source: ONPE (100% counted) |
The Popular Action, the largest party in the previous legislature, lost some of its seats, and previous parliamentary parties like Union for Peru (UPP) and the Broad Front (FA) had their worst results ever while attaining no representation. [8] The Peruvian Nationalist Party of former President Ollanta Humala and National Victory of George Forsyth (who led polling for the presidential election earlier in the year) failed to win seats as well. [8] New or previously minor parties such as Free Peru, Go on Country and Together for Peru and Popular Renewal, the successor of National Solidarity, had good results, with Free Peru becoming the largest party in Congress. [8] Contigo, the successor to former president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski's Peruvians for Change party, failed to win a seat once again and received less than 1% of the vote. [8] On 26 July, two days before Castillo was sworn in as Peru's President, an opposition alliance led by Popular Action member María del Carmen Alva successfully negotiated an agreement to gain control of Peru's Congress. [9]
Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free Peru | 1,724,354 | 13.41 | 37 | +37 | |
Popular Force | 1,457,694 | 11.34 | 24 | +9 | |
Popular Renewal | 1,199,705 | 9.33 | 13 | +13 | |
Popular Action | 1,159,734 | 9.02 | 16 | −9 | |
Alliance for Progress | 969,726 | 7.54 | 15 | −7 | |
Go on Country – Social Integration Party | 969,092 | 7.54 | 7 | +7 | |
Together for Peru | 847,596 | 6.59 | 5 | +5 | |
We Are Peru | 788,522 | 6.13 | 5 | −6 | |
Podemos Perú | 750,262 | 5.83 | 5 | −6 | |
Purple Party | 697,307 | 5.42 | 3 | −6 | |
National Victory | 638,289 | 4.96 | 0 | New | |
Agricultural People's Front of Peru | 589,018 | 4.58 | 0 | −15 | |
Union for Peru | 266,349 | 2.07 | 0 | −13 | |
Christian People's Party | 212,820 | 1.65 | 0 | 0 | |
Peruvian Nationalist Party | 195,538 | 1.52 | 0 | New | |
Broad Front | 135,104 | 1.05 | 0 | −9 | |
Direct Democracy | 100,033 | 0.78 | 0 | 0 | |
National United Renaissance | 97,540 | 0.76 | 0 | 0 | |
Peru Secure Homeland | 54,859 | 0.43 | 0 | 0 | |
Contigo | 5,787 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 12,859,329 | 100.00 | 130 | 0 | |
Valid votes | 12,859,329 | 72.56 | |||
Invalid votes | 2,737,099 | 15.44 | |||
Blank votes | 2,126,712 | 12.00 | |||
Total votes | 17,723,140 | 100.00 | |||
Registered voters/turnout | 25,287,954 | 70.09 | |||
Source: ONPE, Ojo Público |
The politics of the Republic of Peru takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Peru is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the Government and the Congress. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Peru a "flawed democracy" in 2021. Traditionally weak political parties saw their support collapse further in Peru since 2000, paving the way for the rise of personalist leaderships. The political parties in the congress of Peru are, according to political scientist Lucía Dammert, "agglomerations of individual and group interests more than solid and representative parties".
Alliance for the Future was a Peruvian electoral alliance formed by pro-Fujimori parties Cambio 90, New Majority and Sí Cumple for the 2006 general election. Its presidential candidate was former President of the Congress and Congresswoman Martha Chávez Cossio.
Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi is a Peruvian politician. Fujimori is the eldest daughter of former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi. From August 1994 to November 2000, she held the role of First Lady of Peru, during her father's administrations. She has served as the leader of the Fujimorist political party Popular Force since 2010, and was a congresswoman representing the Lima Metropolitan Area, from 2006 to 2011. Fujimori ran for president in the 2011, 2016, and 2021 elections, but was defeated each time in the second round of voting.
Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso is a Peruvian politician and former military officer who served as President of Peru from 2011 to 2016. Originally a socialist and left-wing nationalist, he is considered to have shifted towards neoliberal policies and the political centre during his presidency.
Claude Maurice Mulder Bedoya, known as Mauricio Mulder, is a Peruvian politician, lawyer and former journalist. One of the most prominent and influential members of the Peruvian Aprista Party, he was Congressman from 2001 to 2019, representing Lima. From 2004 to 2010, he held the office of party Secretary General.
Luis Fernando Galarreta Velarde is a Peruvian Fujimorist politician and a former Congressman representing Lima between 2006 and 2020. He was President of the Congress for the 2017–2018 annual term. Galarreta was part of the presidential ticket of Keiko Fujimori in the 2021 elections that lost the elections to the Pedro Castillo ticket, however, he was elected to the Andean Parliament.
Yonhy Lescano Ancieta is a Peruvian lawyer and politician belonging to the Popular Action party. He was a Congressman between 2001 until the dissolution of the Congress by Martín Vizcarra in 2019. From 2009 to 2011, he served as the Popular Action party's national secretary-general. He was the Popular Action's presidential nominee in the 2021 general election and placed fifth in an atomized race of 18 nominees.
Popular Force, known as Force 2011 until 2012, is a right-wing populist and Fujimorist political party in Peru. The party is led by Keiko Fujimori, former congresswoman and daughter of former President Alberto Fujimori. She ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in the 2011, 2016 and 2021 presidential elections, all losing by a narrow margin.
New Majority, was a Peruvian right-wing political party founded in 1992 for the Democratic Constituent Congress election held on the same year. and throughout the 1990s until late-2000 was the most powerful political party in Peru alongside Cambio 90, serving more as an instrumental electoral vehicle for Alberto Fujimori.
Kenji Gerardo Fujimori Higuchi is a Peruvian businessman, Fujimorist politician and a former congressman representing Lima from 2011 until he was suspended from congressional duty in June 2018 in aftermath of the Kenjivideos scandal. He is the son of former President Alberto Fujimori and former First Lady and congresswoman Susana Higuchi. He has three siblings: Hiro Alberto, Sachi Marcela and Keiko Fujimori. In the 2011 elections, he ran for Congress in the constituency of Lima, under the Force 2011, a political party led by his sister Keiko, being the most voted congressman in 2011. In the 2016 elections, he was re-elected for a second term to Congress, once again representing the same constituency, under the Popular Force, as he received a high number of votes and being the most voted congressman in 2016. In June 2018, following the "Kenjivideos" scandal, Congress suspended Kenji and two other congressmen of his party for allegations of crimes of influence peddling and bribery.
General elections were held in Peru on 10 April 2016 to determine the president, vice-presidents, composition of the Congress of the Republic of Peru and the Peruvian representatives of the Andean Parliament.
José Pedro Castillo Terrones is a Peruvian elementary school teacher, union leader and politician. Since 28 July 2021, he has been the president of Peru, having won the 2021 Peruvian general election.
Peruvians for Change was a centre-right party in Peru.
The 2017–present Peruvian political crisis is an ongoing period of political instability in the Republic of Peru that initially took place between the government of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (PPK) and allied parties against the majority-Fujimorist Congress.
General elections were held in Peru on 11 April 2021. The presidential election, which determined the president and the vice presidents, required a run-off between the two top candidates, which was held on 6 June. The congressional elections determined the composition of the Congress of Peru, with all 130 seats contested. The election experienced increased political polarization, conservative parties embracing far-right politics and national media attacking left-wing candidates.
Together for Peru is a Peruvian centre-left to left-wing political coalition founded with the incumbent registration of the Peruvian Humanist Party.
Free Peru, officially the Free Peru National Political Party, is a Marxist political party in Peru. Founded in 2008 as the Free Peru Political Regional Movement, the party was officially constituted as a national organization in February 2012 by the name of Libertarian Peru. It was registered as a political party in January 2016 and adopted its current name, Free Peru, in January 2019. Its presidential candidate Pedro Castillo won the 2021 Peruvian general election against Popular Force nominee Keiko Fujimori. Free Peru has the second most seats in the Congress of Peru with 22 out of 130 total representatives, but its opposition continued to rule Congress after forming a larger alliance of seats led by the Popular Action party. Free Peru is a participant in the São Paulo Forum, an annual conference of leftist parties in the Americas.
Alberto Ismael Beingolea Delgado is a Peruvian politician, who was the President of the Christian People's Party between 2017 and 2021. He is a former Congressman, representing Lima between 2011 and 2016. Before entering politics, he was a journalist and sports commentator.
Since the previous elections in 2016, polling companies have published surveys tracking voting intention for the 2021 Peruvian general election. The results of these surveys are listed below in reverse chronological order. The first round of the election was held on 11 April, and the run-off between Keiko Fujimori and Pedro Castillo was held on 6 June 2021.
Marco Antonio Arana Zegarra is a Peruvian politician, sociologist, professor and former priest, founder and activist of the Tierra y Libertad Movement. He ran unsuccessfully for President in the 2021 elections, placing 16th.