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Do you approve the conformation and functions of the National Board of Justice, before the National Council of the Magistracy? | ||
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Do you approve the regulation of the financing of political organizations? | ||
Do you approve the prohibition of immediate re-election of parliamentarians? | ||
Do you approve the establishment of bicamerality in the Congress of the Republic? | ||
Peruportal |
A constitutional referendum was held in Peru on 9 December 2018 alongside the second round of gubernatorial elections. [1]
The referendum, originally proposed by President Martín Vizcarra, saw three of four proposals accepted. [2] The final proposal of a bicameral congress was denied after Vizcarra withdrew his support following modifications during congressional approval that would have resulted with weaker presidential powers. [2]
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President of Peru Vice President
Prime Ministers
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Post-presidency | ||
Following the Odebrecht scandal which saw four of Peru's former presidents involved in corruption scandals, Peruvians demanded government accountability regarding corruption. [2] President Martín Vizcarra following the resignation of President Kuczynski stated upon being sworn in on 23 March 2018 that Peruvians have "had enough" of corruption, promising to lead an anti-corruption movement in Peru. [3]
Since being a minister, Vizcarra faced opposition from Fujimoristas. [4] The Fujimorista movement was led by Keiko Fujimori, daughter of Alberto Fujimori, a former Peruvian president imprisoned for corruption and crimes against humanity.
Upon Vizcarra's entrance into the office of the presidency, the Fujimoristas, which held the majority of seats within the Congress of the Republic of Peru, immediately began to oppose Vizcarra's projects. [5]
Months after being sworn in, Vizcarra called for a constitutional referendum on 28 July 2018 to prohibit private funding for political campaigns, to ban the reelection of lawmakers and to recreate a bicameral congress. [6]
Congress immediately attempted to prevent judicial and congressional reform from occurring and initially created delays in the process. [7] Due to these actions, Vizcarra raised a motion of no confidence threatening the closure of congress. [7] As a result, congress began the approval process for the referendum. [7]
The first reform approved by Fujimori-led congress on 18 September 2018 would see the National Council of the Magistrature renamed the National Board of Justice. The way its members are appointed would also be changed, with new members chosen by a special commission headed by the Attorney General, the Comptroller General, the president of the constitutional tribunal, the president of the judicial branch and the Public Defender through a public contest.[ citation needed ]
The second reform approved by Congress, on 26 September, was an amendment to article 35 of the constitution regulating political party finances, introducing audits and penalties for illegal donations.[ citation needed ]
After the temporary detention of Keiko Fujimori on 10 October, legislators belonging to American Popular Revolutionary Alliance and the Fujimorista-led Popular Force introduced a bill the following day on 11 October 2018 to modify Vizcarra's referendum proposals with their own suggestions to the public. [8]
Later in October, the third proposal approved introduced a term limit of one consecutive term for members of Congress–left largely unchanged from Vizcarra's original proposal–while the fourth and final proposal included making Congress a bicameral legislature with 130 deputies and 50 senators. [9] This final proposal was modified by the Fujimoristas in congress to weaken the power of the presidency and President Vizcarra quickly withdrew his support from creating a bicameral congress. [2]
The final referendum questions were:
Voters ultimately accepted the first three referendum proposals, rejecting the final proposal of establishing a bicameral congress that President Vizcarra had withdrawn his support from after the Fujimorista-controlled congress amended the proposal. [2]
Question | For | Against | Invalid/ blank | Total votes | Registered voters | Turnout | Result | ||||||
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Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||||||||
National Council of the Magistrature reform | 13,697,835 | 86.57 | 2,125,359 | 13.43 | 1,730,038 | 17,553,232 | 24,187,276 | 72.57% | Approved | ||||
Political party financing reform | 13,638,409 | 85.78 | 2,260,068 | 14.22 | 1,654,755 | Approved | |||||||
One-term limits for Congress members | 13,568,454 | 85.82 | 2,242,673 | 14.18 | 1,742,105 | Approved | |||||||
Creating a bicameral Congress | 1,457,871 | 9.48 | 13,918,972 | 90.52 | 2,176,389 | Rejected | |||||||
Source: ONPE |
President Vizcarra and analysts agreed that the referendum was just the first step of combating corruption that has been well-established in Peru. [2] Vizcarra also highlighted that the election occurred on International Anti-Corruption Day and the anniversary of the 1824 Battle of Ayacucho, which sealed independence for not only Peru, but for the entire South American continent. [7] Gestión stated that results were a victory for Vizcarra while on the other hand, Peruvians had "harshly punished Congress". [7]
The Broad Front for Justice, Life and Liberty, or simply Broad Front, is a major political coalition of parties, political organizations, social movements and activist citizens of Peru whose main objective is to consolidate the different leftist, progressive, socialist and communist sectors.
Martha Gladys Chávez Cossío de Ocampo is a Peruvian Fujimorist politician and lawyer. A historical and a prominent figure of Fujimorism, she has served in Congress for six-non consecutive terms from 1995 to 2006 and from 2011 to 2016, and since 2020 to finish the 2016–2021 that was interrupted by the dissolution of Congress. In the 2006 elections, she ran for the presidency, running on the Fujimorist Alliance for the Future ticket, but she lost, placing fourth in the election.
Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi is a Peruvian politician. Fujimori is the eldest daughter of former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi. From August 1994 to November 2000, she held the role of First Lady of Peru, during her father's administrations. She has served as the leader of the Fujimorist political party Popular Force since 2010, and was a congresswoman representing the Lima Metropolitan Area, from 2006 to 2011. Fujimori ran for president in the 2011, 2016, and 2021 elections, but was defeated each time in the second round of voting.
Luis Fernando Galarreta Velarde is a Peruvian Fujimorist politician and a former Congressman representing Lima between 2006 and 2020. He was President of the Congress for the 2017–2018 annual term. Galarreta was part of the presidential ticket of Keiko Fujimori in the 2021 elections that lost the elections to the Pedro Castillo ticket, however, he was elected to the Andean Parliament.
Popular Force, known as Force 2011 until 2012, is a right-wing populist and Fujimorist political party in Peru. The party is led by Keiko Fujimori, former congresswoman and daughter of former President Alberto Fujimori. She ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in the 2011, 2016 and 2021 presidential elections, all losing by a narrow margin.
Fujimorism denotes the policies and the political ideology of former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori as well as the personality cult built around him, his policies and his family, especially Keiko Fujimori. The ideology is defined by authoritarianism, its support for neoliberal economics, opposition to communism, and socially and culturally conservative stances such as opposition to LGBT rights and school curriculums including gender equality or sex education. Opponents of Fujimorism are known as anti-Fujimorists.
Omar Karim Chehade Moya is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. He worked as consultant lawyer in the Ad Hoc Anti-corruption Prosecution in judicial cases against former president Alberto Fujimori and his intelligence chief Vladimiro Montesinos. He was the Second Vice President of Peru in Ollanta Humala's presidency from 2011 to 2012.
Peruvians for Change was a centre-right party in Peru.
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Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo is a Peruvian engineer and politician who served as President of Peru from 2018 to 2020. Vizcarra previously served as Governor of the Department of Moquegua (2011–2014), First Vice President of Peru (2016–2018), Minister of Transport and Communications of Peru (2016–2017), and Ambassador of Peru to Canada (2017–2018), with the latter three during the presidency of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.
The Mamanivideos scandal is a political scandal that occurred in Peru in 2018 as part of the currently ongoing political crisis. It followed the release of videos filmed by Congressman Moisés Mamani showing opposition congressmen offering construction projects and special access to the presidency to help President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski avoid impeachment; this resulted in the resignation of Kuczynski.
Since 2016, Peru has been plagued with political instability and a growing crisis, initially between the President, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Congress, led de facto by Keiko Fujimori. The crisis emerged in late 2016 and early 2017 as the polarization of Peruvian politics increased, as well as a growing schism between the executive and legislative branches of government. Fujimori and her Fujimorist supporters would use their control of Congress to obstruct the executive branch of successive governments, resulting with a period of political instability in Peru.
General elections were held in Peru on 11 April 2021. The presidential election, which determined the president and the vice presidents, required a run-off between the two top candidates, which was held on 6 June. The congressional elections determined the composition of the Congress of Peru, with all 130 seats contested. The election experienced increased political polarization, with conservative parties embracing far-right politics and the media in Peru attacking left-wing candidates.
Vicente Antonio Zeballos Salinas is a Peruvian politician who served as Prime Minister of Peru from September 2019 to July 2020, under President Martín Vizcarra's administration. Prior, he served as Minister of Justice and Human Rights.
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