Elections in Chile

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Elections in Chile are conducted at the national, regional, and municipal levels to elect the President, members of the National Congress, regional authorities, and local mayors and councilors.

Contents

Chile operates under a system of automatic voter registration. All Chilean citizens and foreign residents with at least five years of legal residency, who are 18 years or older on election day, are automatically enrolled. While voting was voluntary between 2012 and 2023, it has since been reinstated as compulsory.

The President of Chile, who serves as both head of state and head of government, is elected by popular vote to a four-year term and may run again after at least one term out of office. The country's bicameral Congress consists of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate, elected through a system of proportional representation. A significant electoral reform in 2017 replaced the previous binomial voting system, creating new electoral districts and constituencies.

At the sub-national level, voters directly elect regional governors and councilors, as well as municipal mayors and councilors. The constitution also provides for binding national and local referendums. Chile employs a system of state-run, binding primary elections to select candidates for most elected offices.

The voting process is secret and conducted in person, with voters required to present a valid national identity card or passport. The entire electoral process is administered by the independent Electoral Service (Servicio Electoral or Servel), while the official results are certified by the Election Certification Court (Tricel).

Schedule

Election

Position2022202320242025
TypeNational plebiscite (4 September)Constitutional Council (7 May)

National plebiscite (17 December)

Mayoral primaries (9 June)
Municipal (26-27 October)

Regional (26-27 October) Governor runoff (24 November)

Presidential and parliamentary primaries (29 June)
Presidential (16 November)
National Congress (16 November)
PresidentNonePresident
National CongressNoneFull Chamber and half of Senate
Regions and provincesNoneRegional Governors
Regional Boards		None
MunicipalitiesNoneMayors and CouncilorsNone

Inauguration

Position2023202420252026
TypeConstitutional CouncilMayors and CouncillorsRegional Governors and AdvisorsPresidential
National Congress
PresidentNone11 March
National CongressNone11 March
RegionsNone6 JanuaryNone
MunicipalitiesNone6 DecemberNone
Constitutional Council7 JuneNone

Electorate

The right to vote in Chile extends to all Chilean citizens aged 18 or over on election day. Foreign nationals who have been legal residents for a continuous period of at least five years are also eligible.

Chile operates a system of automatic voter registration, [1] where all eligible individuals are added to the electoral roll by default. Voting is compulsory for those registered. This has been the case since 2023, following an eleven-year period (2012–2023) when voting was voluntary.

Since 2014, Chilean citizens living abroad have been able to vote in presidential elections (including primaries) and national referendums from their country of residence. [2]

Presidential elections

The President of Chile is both the head of state and head of government and is directly elected to a single, non-renewable four-year term. [3] A former president may run for office again after at least one term out of office.

The election is conducted by popular vote under a runoff system. To win outright in the first round, a candidate must secure an absolute majority of valid votes (calculated by excluding spoiled and blank ballots). If no candidate achieves this, a second round is held between the top two finishers. [3] This system replaced the previous practice, abandoned after the 1989 constitutional reforms, where the Congress would choose the president from among the leading candidates if no one won an absolute majority.

Presidential candidates can be nominated by any registered political party. Independent candidates must qualify by gathering signatures from a number of voters equal to at least 0.5% of those who voted in the most recent election for the Chamber of Deputies. [4] For example, based on the 2025 elections, this requirement amounted to 35,361 signatures. [5]

Under the constitution, the first round of the presidential election is held on the third Sunday of November in the year before the incumbent's term expires. A potential runoff follows on the fourth Sunday thereafter. The president-elect is inaugurated on the day the outgoing president's term concludes, which has been March 11 in every election since the return to democracy in 1990. [3]

Prior to a 2011 electoral reform, the first round was scheduled 90 days before the end of the presidential term, moved to the following Sunday if that date fell on a weekday. Any runoff was held 30 days after the first round, also adjusted to a Sunday.

Parliamentary elections

Chile's legislature, the National Congress, is a bicameral body composed of the Chamber of Deputies (the lower house) and the Senate (the upper house). [3]

Each electoral district elects between three and eight deputies, while each regional constituency elects between two and five senators. Seats in both chambers are allocated using the D'Hondt method of proportional representation.

Terms for deputies last four years, with members eligible for two consecutive re-elections. Senators serve eight-year terms and may be re-elected for one subsequent consecutive term. Senate elections are staggered, with half of the seats contested every four years. [3] Following the return to democracy in 1990, an initial transition period saw senators from odd-numbered regions serve four-year terms (1990–1994), while those from even-numbered regions and the Santiago Metropolitan Region served full eight-year terms (1990–1998). [note 1]

Parliamentary elections are held concurrently with presidential elections, as stipulated by the constitution. [3]

Candidacy and electoral alliances

Candidates can be nominated by registered political parties or by groups of independent citizens. Party-affiliated candidates must have been members of that party for at least two months prior to the election and must not have changed party affiliation within the previous nine months.

Independent candidates must not have been members of any political party during the year preceding the election. To qualify, they must collect signatures from a number of independent voters equivalent to at least 0.5% of the total votes cast in their respective district or constituency in the previous election. [4]

Two or more parties may form an electoral alliance, known locally as a pact, to jointly nominate a single list of candidates in each district. Candidates on an alliance list do not need to be members of any of the pact's constituent parties but cannot belong to a party outside the pact. [4] Both pacts and parties running independently may nominate up to one more candidate than the number of seats available in a given district. [4]

Electoral system prior to 2017

A major electoral reform in 2015 replaced the system used since the end of military rule. The old system, in use until the 2017 elections, was known as the binomial voting system.

It divided the country into 60 two-seat districts for the Chamber of Deputies (120 seats total) and 19 two-seat constituencies for the Senate (38 elected seats). [4] Chile was unique in applying the D'Hondt method exclusively to two-seat constituencies nationwide. [6] [7] [8]

Under this system, the two electoral lists (whether from a pact, a party, or independents) that received the most votes in a district would typically each win one seat. For one list to win both seats, it needed to at least double the vote total of the second-place list. [4]

The 2015 reform re-drew the electoral map, creating fewer, larger districts and aligning senatorial constituencies with the country's regions. This new, more proportional system was first used in the 2017 general elections [9] and significantly altered the composition of Congress. [10]

Criticism

The binomial system was introduced by the military dictatorship that ruled Chile until 1990. It replaced the proportional representation system used before the 1973 coup. The design of the two-seat districts, often drawn to over-represent conservative rural areas that had supported the Pinochet regime, was a frequent target of criticism. The disparity between votes and seats was particularly pronounced in districts where the regime had performed poorly in the 1988 plebiscite. [11]

Amending the system was difficult, as it was protected by constitutional provisions requiring a three-fifths supermajority in both houses of Congress. [3]

Critics, primarily from the center-left Concert of Parties for Democracy, argued the system distorted representation by preventing clear legislative majorities and artificially boosting the power of right-wing parties. [12] The left often condemned it as undemocratic, [13] arguing it effectively excluded parties and candidates outside the two dominant coalitions. [6]

Supporters, mainly on the political right, defended the system as a source of political stability [14] [13] and argued that it encouraged the formation of broad, cohesive coalitions. [15]

Regional elections

Each of Chile's regions is governed by a directly-elected regional governor (Gobernador Regional), who is supported by an elected board of regional councilors (Consejeros Regionales or COREs).

The regional governor is elected via a two-round system for a four-year term and is eligible for one immediate re-election. A candidate can avoid a runoff by winning at least 40 percent of the vote in the first round. Regional councilors also serve four-year terms and may be re-elected for up to two consecutive terms. The number of councilors for each region is determined by a formula based on the region's population and geographic area. [3]

The first direct election for regional governor was held in May 2021. This position was previously held by an Intendant (Intendente), who was appointed directly by the President of the Republic. Regional councilors were first directly elected in November 2013.

Electoral reform

The move toward direct election of regional officials was implemented in stages:

Previous system for Regional Councilors

Prior to the 2013 reform, regional councilors were not directly elected by the public. Instead, they were chosen by an electoral college composed of municipal council members from within each region.

Under that system:

  • Each province in a region was allocated two councilors.
  • Additional councilors (10 for regions with up to one million inhabitants, or 14 for larger regions) were distributed among the provinces based on population, using the D'Hondt method.
  • In each province, the candidate with the most votes won a seat. If multiple candidates ran as part of a list, the D'Hondt method was used to allocate the seats among the competing lists. [17]
  • Councilors served four-year terms with no term limits. They were elected 15 days after municipal councilors took office and were sworn in 60 days after their election. [17]

Transition to direct elections

A temporary constitutional article in December 2012 canceled the scheduled indirect election for that year and extended the term of the sitting councilors until March 2014. It also stipulated that the first direct election for councilors would be held on November 17, 2013, concurrent with the presidential and parliamentary elections, provided the implementing legislation was published by July 20, 2013. [18]

The law governing the election of regional governors specified that future elections would be synchronized with those for mayors and municipal councilors. However, full synchronization was not immediate; while the first gubernatorial election was in 2021, the first synchronized election for all local and regional offices (governors, mayors, councilors, and regional councilors) took place in October 2024. [19]

Municipal elections

In each of Chile's municipalities (comunas), voters directly elect one mayor (alcalde) and a municipal council (concejo municipal). [3]

Since a 2004 reform, mayors and councilors have been elected on separate ballots, allowing for split-ticket voting.

Municipal elections are held on the last Sunday of October. Newly elected officials take office on the following December 6. [20]

Update on election cycles

The 2016 municipal election was held on October 23, moved forward from October 30 to avoid a conflict with a national holiday. [21]

Subsequent elections were held in 2021. The most recent election took place in October 2024, synchronized for the first time with elections for regional governors.

Referendums

National

The Constitution provides for binding national referendums (plebiscitos), but under a very specific condition. This mechanism is triggered only when a constitutional reform passed by the Congress is fully vetoed by the President, and Congress then re-approves the identical reform by a two-thirds majority in both chambers. Faced with this scenario, the President has the option to either promulgate the reform or call a referendum to let the electorate decide. [3] This presidential power has never been used.

Communal

Municipalities have the constitutional authority to hold binding local referendums on matters of communal importance. [3] A referendum can be called through one of three channels:

The first and, to date, only binding communal referendum was held in the municipality of Peñalolén on December 11, 2011, to decide on a new zoning plan for the commune. [22]

Primaries

Chile employs a system of state-administered, legally binding primary elections to select candidates for president, senator, deputy, and mayor. Presidential and congressional primaries are held on the same day. [23]

Primaries can be conducted by a single political party or by a coalition of parties, known as a "pact." Independent candidates may participate if they are formally backed by a participating party or pact. However, an independent cannot run in a congressional primary if their supporting party is not part of a pact. Parties are permitted to form different pacts for presidential and parliamentary primaries.

The rules for voter eligibility in a primary are set by the organizing party or pact. They may choose to open their primary to unaffiliated voters or even to voters registered with other parties. The exception is a presidential primary that includes an independent candidate; in this case, independent voters must be allowed to participate. [23]

The results of these primaries are constitutionally binding. A candidate who loses is prohibited from running for the same office in the subsequent general election, [3] unless the winning candidate dies or formally withdraws before the candidate registration deadline. [23]

By law, primaries are held on the twentieth Sunday before the general election. [23] The first state-run primaries for president and deputy were held on June 30, 2013, followed by the first mayoral primaries on June 19, 2016.

Historical (extralegal) primaries

Prior to the establishment of the legal primary system, political coalitions organized their own informal primary processes.

Voting

Ballots used in the 2009 parliamentary and presidential elections Votos elecciones 2009 en Chile.jpg
Ballots used in the 2009 parliamentary and presidential elections

To vote, Chilean citizens must present a valid form of identification, either a national identity card (issued within the last year) or a current passport. Foreign residents eligible to vote must present their identity card. The process is conducted in-person and by secret ballot. [3]

The voting procedure is as follows:

  1. Voters present their ID to officials at the polling station to verify their registration.
  2. After verification, the voter signs the electoral register.
  3. The voter receives one or more ballots listing all candidates, their assigned numbers, and party affiliations.
  4. Inside a private voting booth, the voter marks their choice by drawing a vertical line over the horizontal line printed next to their preferred candidate, using a blue pen (voters are encouraged to bring their own, but pens are available).
  5. Marking more than one candidate on a ballot invalidates it (a null vote), while a ballot with no marks is considered "blank."
  6. The voter returns the folded ballot(s) to a polling officer, who removes a detachable serial number.
  7. The voter then deposits the ballot into the corresponding ballot box.
  8. The voter's ID is returned.

Polling places are typically located in public buildings like schools or sporting centers. Security for the election is provided by the armed forces and Carabineros (uniformed police), who are present before, during, and after voting to ensure order. [3] Since a 2012 reform, voter enrollment rolls are no longer segregated by sex, allowing men and women to vote together in the same polling stations. [26]

Suffrage

The history of suffrage in Chile since 1833 reflects a gradual expansion of voting rights:

Note on women's suffrage

No Chilean constitution has explicitly prohibited women from voting. The constitutional term "chilenos" (meaning "Chileans") was interpreted as gender-neutral in its plural form, referring to the Chilean people. Therefore, extending the vote to women was accomplished through statutory law rather than a constitutional amendment.

Despite these legal expansions, the electorate remained limited in practice. As late as the 1950s, largely due to literacy requirements, only about 20 percent of the Chilean population was eligible to vote. [28]

Turnout

Election turnout since 1925.

Note: Since 2017, enrollment and turnout figures for presidential elections, presidential primaries and plebiscites include voters from abroad.
DateElectionVAP 1 Registered 2 %Turnout 3 %T / VAP % 4
1925-10-24President—302,142——86.4—
1927-05-22President—328,700——70.4—
1931-10-04President—388,959——73.5—
1932-10-30President—464,879——74.0—
1938-10-25President—503,871——88.1—
1942-02-02President—581,486——80.2—
1946-09-04President—631,257——75.9—
1952-09-04President3,290,0431,105,02933.59—86.629.1
1953-03-01Legislative3,319,9871,106,70933.33—68.622.9
1957-03-03Legislative3,560,4951,284,15936.07—70.525.4
1958-09-04President3,649,9241,497,90241.04—83.534.3
1961-03-12Legislative3,815,4961,858,98048.72—74.536.3
1964-09-04President4,098,6122,915,12171.12—86.861.7
1965-03-14Legislative4,145,9322,920,61570.45—80.656.8
1969-03-16Legislative4,518,7683,244,89271.81—74.253.3
1970-09-04President5,200,7903,539,74768.062,954,79983.4756.81
1971-04-01Municipal[ citation needed ]—3,792,682—2,835,412——
1973-03-11Legislative5,514,2164,509,55981.783,687,10581.866.9
1988-10-05Plebiscite8,193,6837,435,91390.757,251,93397.5388.51
1989-07-30Plebiscite8,344,5557,556,61390.567,082,08493.7284.87
1989-12-14Chamber of Deputies8,414,2037,557,53789.827,158,64694.7285.08
1989-12-14Senate8,414,2037,557,53789.827,158,44294.7285.08
1989-12-14President8,414,2037,557,53789.827,158,72794.7285.08
1992-06-28Municipal8,902,9897,840,00888.067,043,82789.8479.12
1993-12-11Chamber of Deputies9,172,6088,085,43988.157,385,01691.3480.51
1993-12-11Senate———2,045,681——
1993-12-11President9,172,6088,085,43988.157,387,70991.3780.54
1996-10-27Municipal9,670,8158,073,36883.487,079,41887.6973.20
1997-12-14Chamber of Deputies9,868,8108,069,62481.777,046,35187.3271.40
1997-12-14Senate———5,102,906——
1999-12-12President10,237,3928,084,47678.977,271,58489.9571.03
2000-01-16President-Runoff10,237,3928,084,47678.977,326,75390.6371.57
2000-10-29Municipal10,409,8348,089,36377.717,089,88687.6468.11
2001-12-16Chamber of Deputies10,640,8468,075,44675.897,034,29287.1166.11
2001-12-16Senate———1,975,017——
2004-10-31Council people11,233,8158,012,06571.326,874,31585.8061.19
2004-10-31Mayors11,233,8158,012,06571.326,872,67585.7861.18
2005-12-11Chamber of Deputies11,471,9098,220,89771.667,207,35187.6762.83
2005-12-11Senate—5,863,704—5,182,22488.38—
2005-12-11President11,471,9098,220,89771.667,207,27887.6762.83
2006-01-15President-Runoff11,471,9098,220,89771.667,162,34587.1262.43
2008-10-26Council people12,095,7578,110,26567.056,950,50885.7057.46
2008-10-26Mayors12,095,7578,110,26567.056,959,07585.8157.53
2009-12-13Chamber of Deputies12,345,7298,285,18667.117,263,53787.6758.83
2009-12-13Senate—2,392,477—2,053,48085.83—
2009-12-13President12,345,7298,285,18667.117,264,13687.6858.84
2010-01-17President-Runoff12,345,7298,285,18667.117,203,37186.9458.35
2012-10-28Council people12,953,12013,404,084103.485,770,42343.0544.55
2012-10-28Mayors12,953,12013,404,084103.485,790,61743.2044.70
2013-06-30Presidential primaries13,087,16113,307,182a101.683,010,89022.6323.01
2013-06-30Lower-chamber primariesb———300,839——
2013-11-17Regional boards13,160,12213,573,143103.146,685,33349.2550.80
2013-11-17Chamber of Deputies13,160,12213,573,143103.146,698,52449.3550.90
2013-11-17Senate—9,770,063—4,852,16549.66—
2013-11-17President13,160,12213,573,143103.146,699,01149.3550.90
2013-12-15President-Runoff13,160,12213,573,143103.145,697,75141.9843.30
2016-06-19Mayoral primariesc5,154,0065,067,812d98.33280,4815.535.44
2016-10-23Council people13,678,14914,121,316103.244,915,43634.8135.94
2016-10-23Mayors13,678,14914,121,316103.244,926,93534.8936.02
2017-07-02Presidential primaries13,790,52013,531,553h98.121.813.68813.4013.15
2017-07-02Lower-chamber primariesj—3,541,669k—418,33611.81—
2017-11-19Regional boards14,009,04714,347,288102.416,674,82846.5247.65
2017-11-19Chamber of Deputies14,009,04714,347,288102.416,673,83146.5247.64
2017-11-19Senate—3,992,804—1,819,04545.56—
2017-11-19President14,009,04714,347,288102.416,703,32746.7247.85
2017-12-17President-Runoff14,022,72914,347,288102.417,032,87849.0250.15
2020-10-25Plebiscite (new constitution)15,052,38214,855,71998.697,573,91450.9850.32
2020-10-25Plebiscite (drafting body)15,052,38214,855,71998.697,573,12450.9850.31
2020-11-29Gubernatorial primaries15,073,33414,470,55096.00418,685o2.892.78
2020-11-29Mayoral primariesn—3,379,521—147,608p4.37—
2021-05-16Convention Constituents15,173,90214,900,19098.206,473,05743.4442.66
2021-05-16Regional governors15,173,90214,900,19098.206,472,47043.4442.66
2021-05-16Mayors15,173,90214,900,19098.206,471,476m43.4342.65
2021-05-16Council people15,173,90214,900,19098.206,460,836m43.3642.58
2021-06-13Regional governors (runoff)q—13,040,819—2,558,962r19.62—
2021-07-18Presidential primaries—14,693,433—3,141,40421.38—
DateElectionVAP 1 Registered 2 %Turnout 3 %T / VAP % 4

Notes:aExcludes 200,638 affiliates from non-participating political parties.bHeld in 10 out of 60 electoral districts.cHeld in 93 out of 346 communes.dExcludes affiliates from non-participating political parties.hExcludes 273,017 affiliates and 445,722 'pending' affiliates from non-participating political parties, [29] and 21,270 electors from abroad. [30] jHeld in 7 out of 28 electoral districts. [31] kExcludes affiliates and 'pending' affiliates from non-participating political parties.mRevised provisional results.nHeld in 36 out of 346 communes.oProvisional results including 99.91% of ballot boxes.pProvisional results including 99.84% of ballot boxes.qHeld in 13 out of 16 regions.rProvisional results including 99.99% of ballot boxes.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Chile's regions were numbered consecutively from north to south following the 1974 regionalization reform under the military government (e.g., I Región de Tarapacá, II Región de Antofagasta, etc.). These numerical designations were widely used in official documents and public discourse until the 2000s, when they gradually fell out of use in favor of the regions' names.

References

  1. ↑ Barnes, Tiffany D.; Rangel, Gabriela (December 2014). "Election Law Reform in Chile: The Implementation of Automatic Registration and Voluntary Voting" . Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 13 (4): 570–582. doi:10.1089/elj.2013.0205. ISSN   1533-1296.
  2. ↑ "LEY-20748 03-MAY-2014 MINISTERIO SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE LA PRESIDENCIA - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". leychile.cl. 3 May 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile. Chile Library of National Congress.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Organic Constitutional Law on Popular Elections and Vote Counting. Chile Library of National Congress.
  5. ↑ Castillo, Alejandro (2025-03-28). "¿Qué son los patrocinios para las candidaturas de las Elecciones 2025?". Servicio Electoral de Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-08-16.
  6. 1 2 Carey, John M (2009). "Ingeniería electoral: ¿qué nos muestran las investigaciones académicas sobre los efectos anticipados de las reformas electorales?" [Electoral engineering: What does academic research show us about the anticipated effects of electoral reforms?]. Fortalecimiento de la Democracia: Reforma del Sistema Electoral Chileno / Chapter 8 (in Spanish). p. 234. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
  7. ↑ Altman, David (2004). "Redibujando el Mapa Electoral Chileno: Incidencia de Factores Socioeconómicos y Género en las Urnas" (PDF). Revista de Ciencia Política / Vol. XXIV / Nº 2. Instituto de Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
  8. ↑ Fuentes S., Claudio and Marcela Ríos T.; et al. (FLACSO Chile) (January 2007). Una reforma necesaria: Efectos del sistema binominal [A Necessary Reform: Effects of the Binomial System] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santiago. pp. 17, 32. ISBN   978-956-205-215-3. Archived from the original on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2011-10-23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ↑ "LEY-20840 05-MAY-2015 MINISTERIO DEL INTERIOR Y SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". leychile.cl. 5 May 2015.
  10. ↑ Sajuria, Javier. "Analysis | Chile just went to the polls — and transformed its legislature". Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
  11. ↑ Valenzuela, Arturo and Peter Siavelis (1991). "Ley electoral y estabilidad democrática: Un ejercicio de simulación para el caso de Chile" (PDF). Estudios Públicos Nº 43 (in Spanish). Santiago: Centro de Estudios Públicos. p. 39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
  12. ↑ Carey, John M. (2006). "Las virtudes del sistema binominal" [The Virtues of the Binomial System]. Revista de Ciencia Política / Vol. 26 / Nº 1 (in Spanish). Santiago. pp. 226–235. ISSN   0718-090X . Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  13. 1 2 "Chili : Système électoral". Observatoire Politique de l'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes de Sciences Po - Opalc. 2009. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  14. ↑ "Coloma defiende el sistema binominal: "Ha dado estabilidad a Chile"". Emol.com. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  15. ↑ Siavelis, Peter (2004). "Sistema electoral, desintegración de coaliciones y democracia en Chile: ¿El fin de la Concertación?". Revista de Ciencia Política / Vol. XXIV / N° 1 (in Spanish). Santiago. pp. 58–80. ISSN   0718-090X . Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  16. 1 2 Nacional, Biblioteca del Congreso. "Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional | Ley Chile". www.bcn.cl/leychile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  17. 1 2 Organic Constitutional Law on Regional Administration and Governance. Chile Library of National Congress.
  18. ↑ "LEY-20644 15-DIC-2012 MINISTERIO DEL INTERIOR Y SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA, SUBSECRETARÍA DE DESARROLLO REGIONAL Y ADMINISTRATIVO - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". leychile.cl. 15 December 2012.
  19. ↑ "Ley 21.073 REGULA LA ELECCIÓN DE GOBERNADORES REGIONALES Y REALIZA ADECUACIONES A DIVERSOS CUERPOS LEGALES" (PDF). interior.gob.cl.
  20. 1 2 3 Organic Constitutional Law on Municipalities. Chile Library of National Congress.
  21. ↑ "LEY-20873 02-NOV-2015 MINISTERIO DEL INTERIOR Y SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". leychile.cl. 2 November 2015.
  22. ↑ "Hoy se realiza primer plebiscito comunal vinculante del país en Peñalolén | Nacional". La Tercera. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Law 20,640. Chile Library of National Congress.
  24. ↑ "Primarias de la Concertación: Tohá y Pinto se convierten en las cartas municipales | Política". La Tercera. 2012-02-20. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
  25. ↑ "Primarias municipales de la Concertación se inician en 145 comunas del país". Emol.com. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
  26. ↑ Organic Constitutional Law on Election Enrollment System and Electoral Service. Chile Library of National Congress.
  27. ↑ "LEI-S/N 16-ENE-1884 NO ESPECIFICADO - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". leychile.cl. 16 January 1884.
  28. ↑ Drake, Paul (1991), Bethell, Leslie (ed.), "Chile, 1930 — 58" , The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume 8: Latin America since 1930: Spanish South America, vol. 8, Cambridge University Press, pp. 267–310, doi:10.1017/chol9780521266529.006, ISBN   978-0-521-26652-9
  29. ↑ S.A.P., El Mercurio (14 June 2017). "970 mil personas quedaron inhabilitadas para votar en las próximas elecciones primarias - Emol.com". emol.com.
  30. ↑ "Servel determina electores habilitados para votar en las Primarias 2017 – Servicio Electoral de Chile". oficial.servel.cl.
  31. ↑ "Servel acepta candidaturas a Elecciones Primarias para nominar candidatos presidenciales y parlamentarios – Servicio Electoral de Chile". oficial.servel.cl. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
  32. ↑ "El Partido Socialista de Chile Tomo II" (PDF). Julio César Jobet (in Spanish). p. 120. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-25. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  33. ↑ "B. El Congreso Nacional y la quiebra de un deber constitucional: el control del ejercicio constitucional de las funciones del presidente". Revista Chilena de Derecho (in Spanish). 1 (3/4): 491–547. 1974. JSTOR   41605133.
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