Timeline of Chilean history

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This is a timeline of Chilean history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Chile and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Chile. See also the list of governors and presidents of Chile.

Contents

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Pre-Columbian Chile

YearDateEvent
c. 16500 BCSettlement of Monte Verde, the "earliest known human settlement in the Americas". [1]
c. 5050 BC Chinchorro culture practices funerary mummification, the first known example of this practice in the world. [2]
c. 1000–1150 Tiwanaku Empire collapses [3] [4] ushering migratory and societal changes that reach as far south as Araucanía. [5] [6]
1300–1399Possible date for a Cunco-Huilliche migration to Chiloé Island. [7] [8] Chonos were possibly displaced further such to places like Guaitecas Archipelago. [8]
1420September 1 a 9.4 MS-strong earthquake shakes Chile's Atacama Region causing tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and Japan. [9] [10]
1471–1493UnknownAt some point in this time interval the battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches may have occurred. [11]

16th century

YearDateEvent
1502The Inca Emperor Túpac Yupanqui reached Itata River
151325 September Vasco Núñez de Balboa becomes the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean from the New World; he calls it Mar del Sur. [12]
1520October - NovemberExplorer Ferdinand Magellan's expedition finds the passage now known as the Strait of Magellan. In the process, they become the first Europeans to describe Chilean Patagonia and its inhabitants. [13]
1532 Francisco Pizarro arrives in Peru from Panamá. He begins the Conquest of the Inca Empire and captures Emperor Atahualpa during the Battle of Cajamarca. [14] [15]
UnknownA possible date for the battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches. [11]
1535July - December Spanish Conquistador Diego de Almagro begins his expedition to the lands south of Peru through the eastern side of the Andes Mountains. [15]
1536March - May Almagro's expedition crosses the Andes into the Copiapó River valley and explores the central region of Chile as far south as the Aconcagua River valley. [15]
Winter of 1536 Almagro sends an expedition under :es:Gómez de Alvarado southwards toward the Bio-Bio region. The expedition ends at the Battle of Reynogüelén, near the Itata River, being considered the first battle between Spaniards and Mapuches. [15]
154112 February Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Nueva Extremadura, now known as Santiago. [16]
25 April es:Lucas Martínez Vegaso founds Villa San Marcos de Arica, now known as Arica. [17]
11 SeptemberAn uprising led by toqui Michimalonco attacks fledgling Santiago in an attempt to drive out the Spanish. Key actions undertaken by Inés de Suárez, the first Spanish woman to set foot in Chile, are attributed with avoiding the complete destruction of the outnumbered settlement. [18]
1544September 4 [upper-alpha 1] es:Juan Bohón founds Villanueva de la Serena, now known as La Serena. [20]
1545Foundation of the port of Arica. The port becomes a key staging point between the mines of Potosí in Upper Peru (now Bolivia) and Lima. [21]
1546 Mapuche child Lautaro is captured by the Spanish and made a yanacona. Eventually, Lautaro becomes personal page of Pedro de Valdivia. [22]
15505 October Pedro de Valdivia founds Concepción del Nuevo Extremo, now known as Concepción. [23]
1552February 9Founding of Valdivia.
Winter of 1552Lautaro, after six years' imprisonment by the Spanish, escapes. He then teaches his people European warfare, including riding horses.
1553December 25 Battle of Tucapel: Mapuches led by Lautaro defeat the Spanish at the ruins of Tucapel capturing Pedro de Valdivia who is then executed. A general Mapuche uprising develops under Lautaro.
1557April 30 Battle of Mataquito: A Spanish force led by Francisco de Villagra defeats the forces of Lautaro, killing him amidst the battle. Caupolicán assumes the role of Mapuche toqui (wartime chief).
1558Caupolicán is captured and executed by impalement.
27 MarchGovernor García Hurtado de Mendoza founds San Mateo de Osorno, now known as Osorno. [24]
1564April Concepción is unsuccessfully besieged by native Mapuches.
1565August 27The King of Spain decrees the creation of Real Audiencia in Concepción.
156712 February Chiloé Archipelago is claimed by Spain. Martín Ruiz de Gamboa founds Castro on the main island; the southernmost European settlement at that time. [25]
August 5 Real Audiencia in Concepción starts its functions. The Audiencia is abolished in 1575.
1570February 8 Concepción is struck by an earthquake. [23]
1574November 22Spanish captain Juan Fernández discovers the Juan Fernández Islands.
1575December 16 Earthquake in Valdivia causes extensive damage in Valdivia and surrounding cities of Villarrica, Osorno, and Castro. As in the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the Riñihue Lake dams. [26]
1576AprilThe dam of San Pedro River burst flooding many settlements downstream including Valdivia.
1578December Francis Drake attacks the coast of Chile during his circumnavigation of the earth; La Serena and Valparaíso are plundered.
1580June 26 Martín Ruiz de Gamboa founds Chillán. [27]
15845 February Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founds the settlement Nombre de Jesús on the eastern end of the Strait of Magellan. [28]
March 25 Gamboa founds the settlement Rey Don Felipe in the Strait of Magellan. By 1587 both settlements lay in ruins, leading English pirate Thomas Cavendish to dub Rey Don Felipe as Port Famine. [28]
1598December 23 Battle of Curalaba: Governor Martín García Óñez de Loyola killed in a Mapuche ambush.
1599The Real Situado, an annual payment of silver from Potosí to Chile, is established.

17th century

YearDateEvent
1600February 16 Huaynaputina begins its catastrophic eruption.
April 19In the Battle of Castro a Spanish force defeat and expel Huilliche rebels and Dutch corsairs from Castro.
1602General uprising of the Mapuches under Pelantaro. All cities south of the Bío-Bío River are demolished, in what is now called Destruction of the Seven Cities .
1604A fort established in 1602 at the ruins of Valdivia is abandoned.
1608 Jesuits establishes themselves in Chiloé Archipelago.
1612Beginning of the Defensive War phase (promoted by Luis de Valdivia) in the Arauco War.
1613 Jesuits from Chiloé reach Guayaneco Archipelago for the first time. [29]
1639The alcabala is reestablished after it had been suspended since the Disaster of Curalaba in 1598.
1640 Llaima begins an eruption. [30]
1641January 6The first Parliament of Quillín is held. [31]
The first large shipment of Fitzroya wood leaves Chiloé Archipelago. [32]
1643May 20A Dutch expedition led by plunders Carelmapu and Castro soon after. Governor of Chiloé Andrés Herrera dies in battle and is replaced by Fernando de Alvarado. [33]
August 28 The Dutch, now led by Elias Herckmans, establish a base at the ruins of Valdivia. [34]
October 28The Dutch retreat from Valdivia to Constantino Island and then to Dutch Brazil.
1644April 30Captain Juan de Acevedo departs to investigate about the Dutch presence in Valdivia, entering the site of the ruins and finding they have left. [35]
1645Repopulation of Valdivia and construction of the Valdivian Fort System. Valdivia comes under direct rule of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1647May 13 Santiago is struck by a devastating earthquake. [36]
1651January 24The Parliament of Boroa is held.
March 21Spanish ship San José with provisions aimed for Valdivia wrecks of the coast south of Valdivia. Its surviving crew is killed by local Cuncos. [37]
1654January 11A Spanish army led by Juan de Salazar is defeated by local Mapuche-Huilliches as it tries to cross Bueno River in Southern Chile. [38]
1655February 14 Mapuches launch a general insurrection creating turmoil as far north as Maule River, far beyond the ordinary frontier.
1656January 20New governor Pedro Porter Casanate defeat a Mapuche army at the battle of Conuco.
1660Military leader Alejo is murdered by his two wives.
1664The Viceroalty of Peru estimates 30,000 to 42,000 Spaniards to have died in Chile of which half would have died by the direct consequences of the Arauco War.
1667Governor Francisco de Meneses is destituted after accusations of immorality against him.
1670December 31The expedition of John Narborough leaves Corral Bay having surveyed the coast and lost four hostages to the Spanish. [39]
1671JanuaryThe Parliament of Malloco is held.
1672 Jesuits established in Chiloé founds the Mission of Nahuel Huapi across the Andes.
1674November 30 Bartolomé Gallardo's expedition reaches the mouth of San Tadeo River after crossing the isthmus of Ofqui.
1675November 28The Antonio de Vea expedition departs from Chiloé to explore the fjords and channels of Patagonia. [40] [41]
1676January 26The Antonio de Vea expedition returns to the shipyard of Chiloé. [42]
February 17Sixteen expeditionaries are seen for the last time while attempting to reach Evangelistas Islets.
1680December 13 Bartholomew Sharp destroys and pillages La Serena.
1681By royal decree, the Atacama desert is declared to be the border between the Captain-Generalship of Chile and the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1684 Valdivia's original site, downtown of modern Valdivia is repopulated.
1687October 20 Peru is struck by a major earthquake and stem rust plague. These events marks the beginning of an era of Chilean wheat exports to Peru.

18th century

YearDateEvent
1709 Alexander Selkirk, the inspiration for Defoe's Robinson Crusoe , is rescued from the Robinson Crusoe Island in the Juan Fernández Archipelago.
171210 February A Huilliche rebellion occurs in the Chiloé Archipelago.
1717The Jesuit mission at Nahuel Huapi Lake is destroyed. [43]
17225 April Rapa Nui (Easter Island) is discovered by Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen.
1723After 30 years of peace, the War of Arauco resumes with a Mapuche uprising.
1726A Mapuche-Spanish peace treaty is signed at a parliament in Negrete.
1737December 24A violent earthquake and subsequent tsunami strike Valdivia and Chiloé. [44]
1740 Valdivia is reincorporated as part of the Captaincy General of Chile.
1741 HMS Wager is wrecked off the coast of Western Patagonia.
1742 Martín Olleta rescue the survivors of HMS Wager and hands them over to Spanish authorities. [45]
1749A fort and prison is established on Robinson Crusoe Island of Juan Fernández Archipelago. [46]
175125 MayA violent earthquake and subsequent tsunami completely destroy the city of Concepción. [23] The earthquake causes severe destruction to cities as far away as Talca.
1759January 27 Cuncos and Huilliches defeat a Spanish expedition aiming to build a fort on Bueno River.
1766December 25The Arauco War resumes with a large Mapuche uprising.
1767FebruaryAn agreement between Mapuche and Spanish authorities in Chile bring an end to the Mapuche uprising of 1766–1767. [47]
August 26 Jesuits all over Chile are arrested as the Spanish Empire suppresses the Society of Jesus. [48]
1768August 20 Ancud is founded. Chiloé becomes part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1769 Pehuenches attack Spanish settlements in Isla del Laja. [47]
1771The Franciscan order assumes the religious functions of the Jesuits in Chiloé.
OctoberJesuit properties in Chile begin to be auctioned. [49]
1776The territories of Cuyo, previously governed as part of Chile, become part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. (See History of Argentina.)
1778Direct commerce between Chile and Spain is allowed.
1788May Ambrosio O'Higgins, father of future Chilean independence leader Bernardo O'Higgins, is named governor of Chile. [50]
Caicumeo, a road across forests and swamps that connects Castro with Ancud is opened. [51]
1789Start of the French Revolution, which affected Europe and the Americas with its ideas.
1792A Huilliche rebellion occurs in the surroundings of Río Bueno.
1793The parliaments of Negrete and Las Canoas between Spanish and native Mapuche and Huilliche are celebrated. The native chiefs accept the Spanish king as their de jure sovereign, but their own independence is also confirmed.
179613 JanuaryGovernor Ambrosio O'Higgins officially begins the repopulation of Osorno atop the city ruins discovered in 1792. The city had previously been destroyed by the indigenous mapuche in 1602. [24]

19th century

YearDateEvent
1805 Rafael de Sobremonte, the Viceroy of the Río de la Plata, sends the first smallpox vaccines to Santiago and Lima. Friar es:Pedro Manuel Chaparro administers the vaccine throughout Santiago. [52] [53]
1807DecemberThe South American branch, under Manuel Julián Grajales, of the Real expedición filantrópica de la Vacuna (Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition) reaches Santiago. Grajales proceeds to organize the Junta Central de Vacuna (Central Vaccine Board) to reinforce the smallpox immunization efforts of 1805. [52] [53]
1808 Francisco Antonio García Carrasco is the unpopular Governor of Chile. The Spanish king Ferdinand VII is imprisoned by Napoleon during his invasion of Spain.
1810Imitating the juntista movement of the rest of Latin America, the criollos (people of Spanish ancestry, but not born in Spain) of Santiago de Chile proclaim a governing Junta.
1811April 1 Tomás de Figueroa leads a failed a mutiny to restore colonial order in Santiago.
September 4 José Miguel Carrera leads a successful coup d'état in Chile.
October 7Near Vallenar the silver deposit of Agua Amarga is discovered. [54]
December 2The congress of Chile is dissolved and José Miguel Carrera initiates a dictatorship.
1812Hostilities begin between the moderados, led by Bernardo O'Higgins, and the exaltados, led by Carrera. Carrera institutes the first Chilean national symbols (flag, coat of arms, and national anthem), and Fray Camilo Henríquez begins to publish the Aurora de Chile , the first Chilean newspaper. The Chilean Constitution of 1812 comes into effect. Founding of the Logia Lautaro.
1813The Spanish send military expeditions (under Antonio Pareja and Gabino Gaínza) from the Viceroyalty of Peru. In the ensuing battles O'Higgins rises to be seen as a figure of great stature, overshadowing the continually less popular Carrera, who ultimately resigns. Francisco de la Lastra becomes Supreme Director.
1814The "Disaster of Rancagua". Mariano Osorio, in command of a third Spanish expedition, defeats O'Higgins (October 1 – 2). Osorio reconquers Santiago for Spain. Exodus of Chilean patriots to Mendoza, Argentina, where they receive the support of José de San Martín. Those patriots who remain in Chile are captured by the Spaniards are deported to the Juan Fernández Islands. Osorio is confirmed Governor of Chile by the Viceroy Fernando de Abascal of Peru. The talaveras , under the command of San Bruno, install a regime of terror extending to those merely suspected of sympathy for the Chilean cause.
1815 Guerrilla resistance against the Spanish begins, led by Manuel Rodríguez Erdoiza, and other spies such as Justo Estay. Increasing enmity between Osorio and Abascal leads Abascal to replace Osorio with Casimiro Marcó del Pont.
1817 Battle of Chacabuco. José de San Martín and O'Higgins defeat Rafael Maroto, reconquering Santiago. Captain San Bruno, hated chief of the talaveras, is captured and — less than 24 hours later — executed by firing squad. O'Higgins becomes dictator.
1818O'Higgins signs the Chilean Declaration of Independence (February 12). Shortly afterwards, in the Battle of Maipú, O'Higgins defeats a new military expedition led by Mariano Osorio, and Chile definitively obtains independence from Spain (April 5). The rivalry between O'Higgins and Manuel Rodríguez ends with the ambush and assassination of the latter in Tiltil. The brothers Juan José and Luis Carrera are shot in Argentina.
1820 Valdivia is captured by Lord Cochrane who commands the Chilean navy. The Freedom Expedition of Perú is organised by the government of Chile, and manages to free some parts of Peru from Spanish rule.
1821 José Miguel Carrera arrested as a montonero (mounted rebel/bandit) in Argentina, and executed in Mendoza.
1822The Chilean Constitution of 1822 comes into effect.
1823 Ramón Freire leads a military expedition from Concepción to Santiago and forces O'Higgins to resign. He goes into exile in Peru, where he dies in 1842. Freire assumes power.
1825Taking advantage of the un-surveyed border, and ignoring the royal decree of 1681 and the principal uti possidetis , Simón Bolívar grants the port of Cobija to Bolivia. This gives Bolivia an outlet to the sea between Chile and Peru, which it will retain until the War of the Pacific.
1826Freire incorporates Chiloé, the last area under Spanish control, into Chile. He later resigns, initiating an interregnum known as The Anarchy. First attempt in Chile of federal (as against centralized) government, led by the first president of Chile Manuel Blanco Encalada, and the federalist José Miguel Infante.
1828 Francisco Antonio Pinto assumes power after the resignation of Encalada and his predecessors. Chilean Constitution of 1828.
1829 Chilean Civil War of 1829. After several battles, Joaquín Prieto defeats Ramón Freire in the Battle of Lircay.
1830 Diego Portales begins to remodel Chilean institutions, converting the country into an authoritarian republic.
1831 José Joaquín Prieto becomes president of Chile. He will serve two consecutive five-year terms. With him, the so-called decenios (decade-long reigns) begin, which continue until 1871. This 30-year Conservative Party hegemony is sometimes referred to as the Authoritarian Republic.
1832Discovery of mineral deposits in Chañarcillo, and the beginning of the rise of silver in what was then el Norte Chico and now constitutes the Atacama and Coquimbo regions of Chile. The mining fortunes constitute an important source of power in the following decades.
1833 Chilean Constitution of 1833. "Portalian" — that is, inspired by Diego Portales — definitively fixed Chilean institutions.[ clarification needed ]
1834 Charles Darwin lands at Valparaíso, during the second voyage of HMS Beagle. He also visits Santiago.
1835Southern Chile is affected by the worst earthquake for several decades on 20 February, an event witnessed by Charles Darwin. [55] Darwin visits Valdivia, Concepción and Mendoza.
1836Diego Portales declares the war on the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation.
1837Diego Portales is assassinated by mutinous soldiers in Quillota. A Chilean military expedition debarks in Perú, beginning the War of the Confederation.
November 17 An earthquake strikes Valdivia and Chiloé. The earthquake caused a tsunami that struck Hawaii, what is now French Polynesia and Japan. [44]
1839 Battle of Yungay and defeat of the Confederation.
1840 The Vatican acknowledges the Independence of Chile
1841 Manuel Bulnes, victorious marshal of the Battle of Yungay, elected president of Chile.
1843September 17The University of Chile is founded.
September 21The crew of Ancud takes formal possession of the Strait of Magellan on behalf of Chile. [56]
1844Spain recognizes the Independence of Chile
1848Founding of Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan
1851 José María de la Cruz revolts in the southern provinces of Chile. Bulnes crushes the revolutionary attempt and signs the treaty of Purapel with the revolutionaries. Manuel Montt becomes the third of the decenal presidents.
November 17 Mutiny of Cambiazo: Mutineers led by José Miguel Cambiazo ravages the nascent settlement of Punta Arenas. [57]
1856The Dispute of Sacristán ("Cuestión del Sacristán"). An apparently trivial question of ecclesiastical discipline divides the Conservative Party into secular and ultra-Catholic factions, which lays the ground for their political defeat in the elections of 1861.
1857The Civil Code of Chile comes into effect; it will become a model for Latin American legal codes down to the present day.
1859Chilean Revolution of 1859. Pedro León Gallo, radical revolutionary of Copiapó, and others are defeated by the government forces. However, as a consequence, Antonio Varas renounces to his candidature.
1861 José Joaquín Pérez of the Liberal Party elected president. His party will retain power until the Chilean Revolution of 1891.
1863A French adventurer proclaims himself Orélie Antoine I, King of Araucanía. After a short time he is arrested by the Chileans and deported in the pacification of Araucanía.
1866Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia at war with Spain. The port of Valparaíso is bombed by the Spanish. A treaty of limits (borders) of 1866 is signed with Bolivia.
1871A constitutional reform prohibits re-election, resulting in the end of the decenios. Governments of five years duration persist until 1925, except for the premature death of Pedro Montt in 1910.
1874Another treaty of limits is signed with Bolivia due to political tensions.
1879The War of the Pacific begins with Chilean troops occupying the then-Bolivian port city of Antofagasta. Bolivia's ally Peru attempts to mediate, but Chile refuses to negotiate and Peru enters the war on the side of Bolivia. Chile captures the provinces of Antofagasta from Bolivia and Tarapacá from Peru.
1880The United States attempts to mediate in the Lackawanna Conference, but both sides refuse to negotiate.
1881Chilean troops occupy Lima, the capital of Perú. Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina.
1883The Treaty of Ancón is signed with Perú to end the war, but hostilities with Bolivia continue. Law of Civil Matrimony adopted. This secularization was fiercely resisted by the Roman Catholic Church. The "Pacification of Araucanía" ends, and according to some historians this concludes the long-running War of Arauco.
1884The War of the Pacific ends with the signing of a truce with Bolivia. Chile's territorial gains allow the mining of saltpeter in the conquered regions, leading to great national prosperity for Chile. Treaty called "Pacto de Tregua".
1888June 21The Pontifical Catholic University of Chile is established.
September 9 Policarpo Toro ahead of a naval expedition takes possession of Easter Island.
NovemberThe pirate Pedro Ñancúpel is executed in Castro. [58]
1890The Malleco Viaduct is opened and railway traffic expands further south during the following decades.
1891 1891 Chilean Civil War. The constitutional president José Manuel Balmaceda is overthrown by troops favorable to the National Congress. The beginning of "Parliamentarism".
1895 Easter Island is rented to Compañía Explotadora de Isla de Pascua.

20th century

YearDateEvent
1903March 20The first auction of sheep farming lands in the Magallanes Territory takes place. [59]
1905October 22The Meat riot in Santiago begins. The workers revolt against the central government due to an increase in the cost of living, including the price of meat. The government responds sending in the army. Two days of riots follow, during which hundreds of civilians are killed in street fighting.
1907 Massacre of the Escuela Santa María de Iquique; soldiers fire on saltpeter workers and their unarmed associates. It will be years before the workers, terrorized by the brutal repression, resume the struggle for their rights.
1910Centenary of Chilean independence. Celebrations are darkened by the death of President Pedro Montt, the only president between 1831 and 1925 did not serve for a full five-year term.
1912October 2115 Mapuche-Huilliche are killed by Chilean police in the Forrahue massacre near Osorno. [60] [61]
191415 AugustThe Panama Canal opens; with Atlantic–Pacific shipping redirected to the new canal, the formerly crucial port of Valparaíso enters an economic decline.
1 November First World War: A German naval squadron decisively defeats a British squadron at the Battle of Coronel, off the coast of Chile.
1920 Arturo Alessandri Palma is elected president, indicating a rise to power by the Chilean middle classes.
1924Chile's first income tax is levied.
1925After intense political agitation the Chilean Constitution of 1925 is adopted, only slightly less authoritarian than that of 1833. The Impuesto Global Complementario, a graduated income tax, is introduced.
1927In a bloodless coup, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo takes the presidency by force during great political instability. He subsequently governs as a dictator until 1931.

The corps of Carabineros — paramilitary police — is founded.

19281 DecemberA magnitude 7.7 Mw earthquake strikes Talca. [62]
1929The crash of 1929 begins to affect the Chilean economy. The World Economic Survey of the League of Nations estimated that Chile was the worst affected nation by the Great Depression. [63]
193021 MarchFuerza Aérea de Chile (Chilean Air Force) founded. [64]
1931The deep economic crisis obliges Ibáñez del Campo to step down. A series of civilian governments and military juntas follows, some of which last no more than a few days.
1932The period of political anarchy ends with the return to power of Arturo Alessandri Palma.
1934Women obtain the legal right to vote in municipal elections. [65]
1938 Massacre of Seguro Obrero: the Carabineros execute members of the fascist National Socialist Movement of Chile (Nacistas), after the fascists attempted to oust the government in a coup d'état.
1939The Radical Party gains power, which they will retain until 1952.
1940President Pedro Aguirre Cerda registers the first Chilean claims in Antarctica.
1945Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral receives the Nobel Prize for Literature. [66]
1946 Gabriel González Videla becomes president, backed by a broad alliance of parties, including the Radicals and Communists. Once in power, he accedes to pressure from the United States and promulgates the Law of Permanent Defense of the Democracy, also known as the Ley Maldita ("accursed law"). The law outlawed his former allies the Communists, some of whom were placed in concentration camps in Pisagua. Poet Pablo Neruda is hounded into exile.
1949Women obtain the legal right to vote in both presidential and parliamentary elections. [65]
6 AugustFirst publication of Condorito comic in :es:Okey magazine. [67]
1952 Carlos Ibáñez del Campo returns to the presidency, this time via the ballot box, ending the era of the Radical Party.
1958Argentine forces destroy a Chilean lighthouse during the Snipe incident.
1960FebruaryFirst instance of the yearly Viña del Mar International Song Festival is organized. [68]
22 MayThe magnitude 9.5 Mw Great Chilean earthquake, the most intense earthquake ever recorded, [69] hits offshore near Valdivia. [70] The earthquake generated a tsunami which spread across the Pacific Ocean, affecting Chile, [71] Hawaii, [72] Japan, [72] the Philippines, [72] and New Zealand, [73] among many.
196230 May - 17 JuneChile hosts the FIFA World Cup football competition. [74] The Chile national football team comes in 3rd; its highest ever placement in the competition. [75]
1964 Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva becomes president, proclaiming the so-called "Revolution in Liberty". His election campaign was largely (and secretly) funded by the CIA, an intelligence agency of the United States.
19704 September Salvador Allende is elected president; the first democratic election of a Marxist politician. [76] The election campaign was highly polarised and subject to covert interference by foreign intelligence agencies (the CIA [77] and KGB [78] ). Allende's socialist and Marxist orientation [76] greatly displeased the government of the United States which directed resources to "prevent Allende from coming to power or to unseat him". [79]
25 OctoberCommander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army René Schneider is assassinated in Santiago in an alleged kidnapping attempt. The group responsible received material support prior to and after the crime from the CIA. [80]
1971Poet Pablo Neruda receives Nobel Prize for Literature. [81]
1973The armed forces, carabineros, and others stage a violent coup by overthrowing Allende, who dies in the course of the coup. Some historians believe that the coup was supported or encouraged by the CIA. In the aftermath, Augusto Pinochet establishes himself as the head of a military junta. The subsequent repression of leftists and other opponents of the military regime results in approximately 130,000 arrests and at least 2,000 dead or "disappeared" over the next 17 years.
1977 Beagle conflict: The binding Beagle Channel Arbitration awards the Picton, Nueva and Lennox islands to Chile.
1978 Beagle conflict: Argentina refuses to abide by the judgement and invades Chile in Operation Soberania. Argentine forces withdraw before any combat occurs.
1980The military government promulgates the Chilean Constitution of 1980, which is adopted by plebiscite. Economic policy begins to be significantly influenced by the ideas of the Chicago School and of Neoliberalism. The United States oblige President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos to cancel a scheduled visit by President Pinochet to the Philippines.
1982Chile provides non-combat support for British armed forces during the Falkland War.
1984 Beagle conflict: Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina is signed.
1988Pinochet loses a plebiscite mandated by the constitution, which triggers elections the following year.
1990 Patricio Aylwin takes office as president after democratic elections. The Chilean transition to democracy begins.
1991June 18More than 90 people die in Antofagasta and Taltal as result of mudflows generated by unusual rainfall in the Atacama Desert. [82]
June 21The volcano Mount Hudson erupts, in one of the world's largest volcanic eruptions of the twentieth century.
1994 Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle is elected president.
1998During a visit to London for medical reasons, Augusto Pinochet is arrested in accord with the orders of Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, beginning an international struggle between his supporters and detractors. He returns to Chile the following year, and the charges against him are later thrown out on the basis of his mental state. Chile suffers greatly from a world economic crisis, resulting in years of inflation and unemployment.
2000In the second round of voting, in a tight contest with right wing candidate Joaquín Lavín, Ricardo Lagos Escobar is elected president.

21st century

YearDateEvent
2001Chile Promotes the death penalty for ordinary crimes.
30 NovemberEduardo Miño commits suicide by self-immolation in protest to government neglect of Pizarreño's asbestos victims. [83]
2002Christianity was introduced to thousands of locals.
2004The Supreme Court of Chile declares that Augusto Pinochet is mentally competent to stand trial.
2005The Pinochet trial continues. The presidential election of December 11 puts Michelle Bachelet and Sebastián Piñera into a second round.
March 17Death of Gavin King (Famous Explorer)
2006December 10Augusto Pinochet dies.
2007April 5Chile Helps Fund a Christian school in Austin,TX
201027 February 2010 Chile earthquake.
11 MarchSebastián Piñera assumed office as President of Chile.
5 August – 13 October Copiapó mining accident.
2011 2011 student protests, and later massive protest claiming for better education and economic equality.
2014Michelle Bachelet assumed office as President of Chile as the first woman to be reelected.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Other possible dates for the founding of La Serena are November 15 and December 30, 1543. [19]

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The Strait of Magellan, also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south. The strait is considered the most important natural passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It was navigated by canoe-faring indigenous peoples including the Kawésqar for thousands of years. In 1520, the Spanish expedition of Ferdinand Magellan, after whom the strait is named, became the first Europeans to discover it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chiloé Island</span> Island of Chile

Chiloé Island also known as Greater Island of Chiloé, is the largest island of the Chiloé Archipelago off the west coast of Chile, in the Pacific Ocean. The island is located in southern Chile, in the Los Lagos Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valdivian Fort System</span> Historic forts built by the Spanish Empire to defend the Chilean city of Valdivia

The Fort System of Valdivia is a series of Spanish colonial fortifications at Corral Bay, Valdivia and Cruces River established to protect the city of Valdivia, in southern Chile. During the period of Spanish rule (1645–1820), it was one of the biggest systems of fortification in the Americas. It was also a major supply source for Spanish ships that crossed the Strait of Magellan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariquina, Chile</span> Commune in Los Rios, Chile

Mariquina is a commune in southern Chile, Valdivia Province, Los Ríos Region. It is located about 40 km northeast of Valdivia, close to Cruces River. The capital is the city of San José de la Mariquina. The commune's main economic activities are agriculture, cattle farming and wood pulp manufacturing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melinka</span> Place in Aisén, Aisén

Melinka is a Chilean town in Aysén Province, Aysén Region. It is located on Ascención Island and is the administrative center of the commune of Guaitecas since 1979.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Destruction of the Seven Cities</span> 1598 destruction of seven Spanish settlements in South America by a Mapuche–Huilliche uprising

The Destruction of the Seven Cities is a term used in Chilean historiography to refer to the destruction or abandonment of seven major Spanish outposts in southern Chile around 1600, caused by the Mapuche and Huilliche uprising of 1598. The Destruction of the Seven Cities, in traditional historiography, marks the end of the Conquest period and the beginning of the proper colonial period.

Cuncos, Juncos or Cunches is a poorly known subgroup of Huilliche people native to coastal areas of southern Chile and the nearby inland. Mostly a historic term, Cuncos are chiefly known for their long-running conflict with the Spanish during the colonial era of Chilean history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chilean literature</span>

Chilean literature refers to all written or literary work produced in Chile or by Chilean writers. The literature of Chile is usually written in Spanish. Chile has a rich literary tradition and has been home to two Nobel prize winners, the poets Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda. It has also seen three winners of the Miguel de Cervantes Prize, considered one of the most important Spanish language literature prizes: the novelist, journalist and diplomat Jorge Edwards (1998), and the poets Gonzalo Rojas (2003) and Nicanor Parra (2011).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colonial Chile</span> Period of Chilean history from 1600 to 1810

In Chilean historiography, Colonial Chile is the period from 1600 to 1810, beginning with the Destruction of the Seven Cities and ending with the onset of the Chilean War of Independence. During this time, the Chilean heartland was ruled by Captaincy General of Chile. The period was characterized by a lengthy conflict between Spaniards and native Mapuches known as the Arauco War. Colonial society was divided in distinct groups including Peninsulars, Criollos, Mestizos, Indians and Black people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manuel Olaguer Feliú</span> Spanish military engineer

Manuel Olaguer Feliú, was a Spanish military engineer known for his role in constructing and overhauling fortifications in Colonial Chile as well as his later participation in the Chilean and Peruvian wars of independence. Upon his return to metropolitan Spain he was promoted to the rank Field Marshal and became Captain General of Galicia.

Gabriel Guarda, was a Chilean historian and architect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch expedition to Valdivia</span> 1643 Dutch naval expedition to establish a base of operations and trade in colonial Chile

The Dutch expedition to Valdivia was a naval expedition, commanded by Hendrik Brouwer, sent by the Dutch Republic in 1643 to establish a base of operations and a trading post on the southern coast of Chile. With Spain and the Dutch Republic at war, the Dutch wished to take over the ruins of the abandoned Spanish city of Valdivia. The expedition sacked the Spanish settlements of Carelmapu and Castro in the Chiloé Archipelago before sailing to Valdivia, having the initial support of the local natives. The Dutch arrived in Valdivia on 24 August 1643 and named the colony Brouwershaven after Brouwer, who had died several weeks earlier. The short-lived colony was abandoned on 28 October 1643. Nevertheless, the occupation caused great alarm among Spanish authorities. The Spanish resettled Valdivia and began the construction of an extensive network of fortifications in 1645 to prevent a similar intrusion. Although contemporaries considered the possibility of a new incursion, the expedition was the last one undertaken by the Dutch on the west coast of the Americas.

In Colonial times the Spanish Empire diverted significant resources to fortify the Chilean coast as consequence of Dutch and English raids. The Spanish attempts to block the entrance of foreign ships to the eastern Pacific proved fruitless due to the failure to settle the Strait of Magellan and the discovery of the Drake Passage. As result of this the Spanish settlement at Chiloé Archipelago became a centre from where the west coast of Patagonia was protected from foreign powers. In face of the international wars that involved the Spanish Empire in the second half of the 18th century the Crown was unable to directly protect peripheral colonies like Chile leading to local government and militias assuming the increased responsibilities.

In Colonial times the Spanish Empire diverted significant resources to fortify the Chilean coast as a consequence of Dutch and English raids. During the 16th century the Spanish strategy was to complement the fortification work in its Caribbean ports with forts in the Strait of Magellan. As attempts at settling and fortifying the Strait of Magellan were abandoned the Spanish began to fortify the Captaincy General of Chile and other parts of the west coast of the Americas. The coastal fortifications and defense system was at its peak in the mid-18th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Governorate of Chiloé</span>

The Governorate of Chiloé was political and military subdivision of the Spanish Empire that existed, with a 1784–1789 interregnum, from 1567 to 1826. The Governorate of Chiloé depended on the Captaincy General of Chile until the late 18th century when it was made dependent directly on the Viceroyalty of Peru. The administrative change was done simultaneously as the capital of the archipelago was moved from Castro to Ancud in 1768. The last Royal Governor of Chiloé, Antonio de Quintanilla, depended directly on the central government in Madrid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jorge Inostrosa Cuevas</span>

Jorge Inostrosa Cuevas was a Chilean novelist, biographer, journalist, and screenwriter for radio, theater, and television. By his own account, "he lived to write and for what he gained from writing." Upon his death, he had more than 30 titles under his belt, as well as lyrics, poems, and a significant number of scripts for film, radio, and television.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Defensive War</span> Strategy in the Arauco War

The Defensive War was a strategy and phase in the Arauco War between Spain and independent Mapuches. The idea of the Defensive War was conceived by Jesuit father Luis de Valdivia who sought to diminish hostilities, establish a clear frontier and increase missionary work among the Mapuches. Luis de Valdivia believed the Mapuches could be voluntarily converted to Christianity only if there was peace.

The Antonio de Vea expedition of 1675–1676 was a Spanish naval expedition to the fjords and channels of Patagonia aimed to find whether rival colonial powers—specifically, the English—were active in the region. While this was not the first Spanish expedition to the region, it was the largest up to then, involving 256 men, one ocean-going ship, two long boats and nine dalcas. The expedition dispelled suspicion about English bases in Patagonia. Spanish authorities' knowledge of western Patagonia was greatly improved by the expedition, yet Spanish interest in the area waned thereafter until the 1740s.

Bartolomé Diez Gallardo y Andrade was a criollo soldier from Chiloé. He is known for leading a 1674–1675 expedition to the fjords and channels of Patagonia, participating in the following year in the Antonio de Vea expedition to the same area and for serving as Governor of Chiloé from 1686 to 1688.

The Huilliche uprising of 1792 was an indigenous uprising against the Spanish penetration into Futahuillimapu, territory in southern Chile that had been de facto free of Spanish rule since 1602. The first part of the conflict was a series of Huilliche attacks on Spanish settlers and the mission in the frontier next to Bueno River. Following this a militia in charge of Tomás de Figueroa departed from Valdivia ravaging Huilliche territory in a quest to subdue anti-Spanish elements in Futahuillimapu.

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  3. ↑ Owen, Bruce (2005). "Distant Colonies and Explosive Collapse: The Two Stages of the Tiwanaku Diaspora in the Osmore Drainage". Latin American Antiquity. 16 (1): 45–81. doi:10.2307/30042486. JSTOR   30042486. S2CID   149450446.
  4. ↑ Kolata, Alan L., "The Agricultural Foundations of the Tiwanaku State: A View from the Heartland", American Antiquity, Vol. 51, No. 4 (October 1986), pp. 748–762, Society for American Archaeology.
  5. ↑ Moulian, Rodrígo; Catrileo, María; Landeo, Pablo (2015). "Afines quechua en el vocabulario mapuche de Luis de Valdivia" [Akins Quechua words in the Mapuche vocabulary of Luis de Valdivia]. Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada (in Spanish). 53 (2): 73–96. doi: 10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004 . Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  6. ↑ Dillehay, Tom D.; Pino Quivira, Mario; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007) Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change Archived 2022-04-07 at the Wayback Machine . Antiquity 81 (2007): 949–960
  7. ↑ Alcamán, Eugenio (1997). "Los mapuche-huilliche del Futahuillimapu septentrional: Expansión colonial, guerras internas y alianzas políticas (1750-1792)" (PDF). Revista de Historia Indígena (in Spanish) (2): 29–76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-28.
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  10. ↑ Manuel Abad, Tatiana Izquierdo, Miguel Cáceres, Enrique Bernárdez and Joaquín Rodríguez‐Vidal (2018). Coastal boulder deposit as evidence of an ocean‐wide prehistoric tsunami originated on the Atacama Desert coast (northern Chile). Sedimentology. Publication: december, 13th, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12570
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