Demographics of Peru

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Demographics of Peru
Peru single age population pyramid 2020.png
Population pyramid of Peru in 2020
Population33,726,000 [1] (2023 est.)
Growth rate0.51% (2022 est.)
Birth rate14.0 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate4.4 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy68.94 years
  male65.38 years
  female72.67 years
Fertility rate2.16 children per woman (2022 est. World Bank)
Infant mortality rate10.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-0.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Age structure
0–14 years24.54%
15–64 years66.25%
65 and over9.21%
Nationality
Nationality Peruvian
Major ethnic Mixed (60.20%) [2]
Minor ethnic
Language
Official Spanish (82.6%) [7]
Quechua (13.9%)
Aymara (1.7%)
Other native languages (0.8%)
Spoken Languages of Peru
Historical population
YearPop.±%
5000 BC603,000    
2000 BC1,040,000+72.5%
1000 BC1,250,000+20.2%
0 1,590,000+27.2%
1000 3,000,000+88.7%
1500 10,000,000+233.3%
1570 2,500,000−75.0%
1600 1,300,000−48.0%
1700 1,500,000+15.4%
1800 1,270,000−15.3%
1900 3,690,000+190.6%
1940 7,023,111+90.3%
1961 10,420,357+48.4%
1972 14,121,564+35.5%
1981 17,762,231+25.8%
1993 22,639,443+27.5%
2007 28,220,764+24.7%
2017 31,237,385+10.7%
2018 Estimate 32,162,184+3.0%
2020 Estimate 32,950,901+2.5%
2025 Estimate 34,817,495+5.7%
2030 Estimate 36,530,592+4.9%
2050 Estimate 40,373,420+10.5%
Source: [8] [9] [10] [11]
Historical population of Peru Historical population of Peru.svg
Historical population of Peru

This is a demography of the population of Peru including population density, ethnicity, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Contents

Peru is a multiethnic country, which means that it is home to people of many different historical backgrounds. Therefore, it is a multicultural country as well. Since it is a multiethnic society, Peruvian people usually treat their nationality as a citizenship instead of an ethnicity. The Peruvian census does not contain information about ethnicity so only rough estimates are available.

Population size and structure

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects [12] [13] the total population was 33,715,471 in 2021, compared to only 7,728,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 27.9%, 65.3% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 6.8% were 65 years or older. [14]

Total population
( × 1000)
Population percentage
aged 0–14aged 15–64aged 65+
19507728
41.6%
55.0%
3.5%
19558787
42.1%
54.5%
3.4%
196010062
43.0%
53.6%
3.5%
196511608
43.9%
52.5%
3.5%
197013341
43.8%
52.6%
3.5%
197515230
43.1%
53.3%
3.6%
198017359
41.8%
54.5%
3.7%
198519545
40.3%
55.9%
3.8%
199021827
38.5%
57.5%
4.0%
199524039
36.3%
59.3%
4.4%
200025915
34.3%
60.8%
4.9%
200527610
31.6%
62.8%
5.6%
201029374
29.3%
64.5%
6.2%
201531115
27.9%
65.3%
6.8%
202032950
25.7%
65.4%
6.7%


Population map of Peru in 2007 (regional) Peru - Population by region or department (2007).svg
Population map of Peru in 2007 (regional)

Structure of the population

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2013) (Estimates based on the 2007 Population Census.): [15]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total15 271 06215 204 08230 475 144100
0-41 480 9901 421 0712 902 0619.52
5-91 494 8791 439 0492 933 9289.63
10-141 484 1381 434 3362 918 4749.58
15-191 468 2231 425 2722 893 4959.49
20-241 416 8971 382 9632 799 8609.19
25-291 306 5931 283 2402 589 8338.50
30-341 195 8571 179 4792 375 3367.79
35-391 093 9011 083 6332 177 5347.15
40-44949 209947 3261 896 5356.22
45-49823 574829 4741 653 0485.42
50-54691 250705 6671 396 9174.58
55-59554 524576 2451 130 7693.71
60-64436 614462 886899 5002.95
65-69327 821357 853685 6742.25
70-74240 978275 844516 8221.70
75-79166 611204 668371 2791.22
80+139 003195 076334 0791.10
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0-144 460 0074 294 4568 754 46328.73
15-649 936 6429 876 18519 812 82765.01
65+874 4131 033 4411 907 8546.26
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (30.VI.2021) (Source: INEI – National population estimates and projections.): [16]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total16 394 17716 641 12733 035 304100
0–41 429 0611 363 5582 792 6198.45
5–91 313 3591 288 4992 601 8587.88
10–141 362 4511 350 0402 712 4918.21
15–191 228 9181 265 7242 494 6427.55
20–241 249 2211 402 8392 652 0608.03
25–291 330 9771 398 5672 729 5448.26
30–341 328 2461 292 1972 620 4437.93
35–391 262 2031 226 1892 488 3927.53
40–441 170 7941 121 0222 291 8166.94
45–49992 814999 6961 992 5106.03
50–54893 909901 7251 795 6345.44
55–59783 444780 3341 563 7784.73
60–64610 966645 3591 256 3253.80
65-69503 321540 5321 043 8533.16
70-74382 384395 713778 0972.36
75-79258 224288 165546 3891.65
80+293 885380 968674 8532.04
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–144 104 8714 002 0978 106 96824.54
15–6410 851 49211 033 65221 885 14466.25
65+1 437 8141 605 3783 043 1929.21

Metropolitan areas

The metropolitan areas of Peru have been formed from the urban growth of Peruvian cities more populated and they are formed by the integration of two or more municipalities. [17] The most populated Peruvian metropolises by districts are: [18] Lima, [19] Trujillo, [20] Chiclayo [21] and Arequipa. [22]

Vital statistics

Registered births and deaths

[23] [24]

YearPopulationLive birthsDeathsNatural increaseCrude birth rateCrude death rateRate of natural increaseCrude migration rateTFR
197013,453,692559,595185,338374,275
197113,829,543183,052
197214,214,908574,458180,767393,691
197314,608,406582,922182,608400,314
197415,008,648591,386184,449406,397
197515,414,250599,850186,291413,559
197615,826,152608,314188,132420,182
197716,245,280616,778189,973426,805
197816,670,224618,799190,450428,349
197917,099,568620,820190,727430,093
198017,531,898622,842191,403431,439
198117,967,707624,863191,880432,983
198218,407,934626,884192,357434,527
198318,851,845628,636190,628438,008
198419,298,720639,338188,899450,439
198519,747,819632,139187,169444,970
198620,201,403633,891185,440448,451
198720,659,953523,492183,711339,781
198821,120,089555,003181,549373,454
198921,578,440644,939179,386465,553
199022,031,627649,588177,224472,364
199122,479,500665,734175,061490,673
199222,924,304667,743172,889494,854
199323,366,275667,435171,188496,247
199423,805,630665,342171,476493,866
199524,242,600660,354156,000504,354
199624,689,213656,435156,800499,635
199725,145,317652,467160,830491,637
199825,592,876648,075161,615486,460
199926,013,829642,874162,457480,417
200026,390,142636,0642.90
200126,714,547630,947
200226,999,085626,714
200327,254,632623,521
200427,492,091620,9912.56
200527,722,342611,459103,207508,25222.03.718.3-10.12.56
200627,934,784637,974105,074532,90022.73.718.9-11.62.56
200728,122,158663,056107,249555,80723.33.819.5-13.22.56
200828,300,372679,122108,100571,02223.63.819.8-14.0
200928,485,319660,716110,811549,90522.73.818.9-12.92.60
201028,692,915637,902108,178529,72421.73.718.0-11.32.50
201128,905,725794,040118,456675,58426.64.022.7-16.12.60
201229,113,162698,954119,652579,30223.24.019.2-12.92.60
201329,341,346666,999125,581541,41821.94.117.8-10.82.40
201429,616,414668,220132,830535,39021.74.317.4-8.92.50
201529,964,499652,075134,858517,21720.94.316.6-5.72.50
201630,422,831626,259145,521480,73819.94.615.3-0.72.50
201730,973,992610,316150,032460,28419.24.714.53.02.40
201831,562,130601,781151,690450,09118.74.714.04.52.20
201932,131,400581,022157,680423,34217.94.913.04.62.00
202032,625,948421,096240,915180,18112.87.35.59.81.90
202133,035,304535,433273,349262,08415.68.17.54.52.32(e)
202233,396,698516,295175,014341,28114.04.49.60.62.1(e)
202333,725,844462,755168,081294,67413.85.08.81.01.8 [25]
202434,038,457

UN estimates

Registration of vital events in Peru is not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. [14]

PeriodLive births per yearDeaths per yearNatural change per yearCBR*CDR*NC*TFR*IMR*
1950–195539400017900021500047.821.726.16.95164
1955–196044600018700025900047.319.827.56.95152
1960–196550600019100031500046.717.629.16.95138
1965–197055200019500035700044.315.728.66.70128
1970–197557700018200039500040.412.727.76.00111
1975–198062300017700044600038.310.927.45.4099
1980–198562800016700046100034.09.124.94.6582
1985–199065400016100049300031.67.823.84.1068
1990–199565800015700050100028.76.921.83.5748
1995–200063500015200048300025.46.119.33.1039
2000–200561500015000046500022.45.417.02.7230
2005–201060800015800045000021.95.316.62.6821
2010–201561900017100044800019.25.313.92.4016
2015–202060500018100042400018.15.512.62.2713
2020–202516.95.911.02.16
2025–203015.46.19.32.07
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)


Demographic and Health Surveys

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): [27]

YearTotalUrbanRural
CBRTFRCBRTFRCBRTFR
1950–5547.16.9
1955–6048.86.9
1960–196546.36.9
1965–7043.66.6
1970–197540.56.0
1975–198038.05.4
1980–198536.75.0
1985–199034.34.5
19864.12 (2.64)6.34 (3.66)
1991–199227.83.5 (2.0)23.52.8 (1.7)38.76.2 (3.0)
199627.43.5 (2.2)24.22.8 (1.9)33.55.6 (3.1)
2000222.9 (1.8)192.2 (1.5)274.3 (2.5)
2004–200619.22.6 (1.7)17.32.1 (1.5)22.63.7 (2.2)
2007–200818.62.5 (1.6)16.82.1 (1.5)22.23.7 (2.0)
200919.92.6 (1.8)18.72.3 (1.7)22.83.6 (2.1)
201019.02.5 (1.8)17.62.2 (1.6)22.33.5 (2.1)
201119.72.6 (1.8)18.52.3 (1.7)22.53.5 (2.1)
201219.62.6 (1.8)18.52.3 (1.7)22.33.5 (2.1)
201318.42.4 (1.7)17.12.1 (1.6)22.33.4 (2.1)
201419.12.5 (1.8)18.32.3 (1.7)21.73.3 (2.2)
2017-20182.22.03.1

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Peru since 1940 Life expectancy in Peru.svg
Life expectancy in Peru since 1940
Life expectancy in Peru since 1960 by gender Life expectancy by WBG -Peru -diff.png
Life expectancy in Peru since 1960 by gender
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195543.91985–199064.3
1955–196046.31990–199566.7
1960–196549.11995–200069.3
1965–197051.52000–200571.7
1970–197555.62005–201073.1
1975–198058.52010–201574.2
1980–198561.6

Source: UN World Population Prospects [28]

Ethnic groups

Ethnicity in Peru (2017) [29]
  1. Multiracial (60.2%)
  2. Amerindian (25.75%)
  3. Caucasian (5.89%)
  4. Sub-Saharan (3.57%)
  5. East Asian (0.16%)
  6. Others (4.42%)

Language

Languages of Perú [41]
Languagespercent
Spanish
82.6%
Quechua
13.9%
Aymara
1.7%
Other indigenous language
0.8%
Peruvian Paso MANTEQUILLA and ROY MASON 236x272.jpg
Peruvian Paso

According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages in areas where they predominate. Today, Spanish is spoken by some 83.9% of the population. It is used by the government and the media and in education and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the Amazon basin.

Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a socioeconomic divide between the coast's Hispanic mestizo culture and the more diverse, traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional customs, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Hispanic mestizo culture.

Amerindian woman with child Baby got Back.jpg
Amerindian woman with child

According to official sources, the use of Spanish has increased while the knowledge and use of indigenous languages have decreased considerably during the last four decades (1960–2000). At the beginning of the 1960s some 39% of the total Peruvian population were registered as speakers of indigenous languages, but by the 1990s the figures show a considerable decline in the use of Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages, when only 28% is registered as Quechua-speaking (16% of whom are reported to be bilingual in Spanish) and Spanish-speakers increased to 72%.

For 2017, government figures place Spanish as being spoken by 82.6% of the population, but among Amerindian languages, another decrease is registered. Of the indigenous languages, Quechua remains the most spoken, and even today is used by some 13.9% of the total Peruvian population or a third of Peru's total indigenous population. The number of speakers of Aymara and other indigenous languages is placed at 2.5%, and those of foreign languages at 0.2%.

The drastic decline in use and knowledge of indigenous languages is largely attributed to recent demographic factors. The urbanization and assimilation of Peru's Amerindian plurality into the Hispanic mestizo culture, as well as new socioeconomic factors associated with class structure, have given privilege to the use of Spanish at the expense of the Amerindian languages which were spoken by the majority of the population less than a century ago.

The major obstacle to a more widespread use of Quechua is the fact that multiple varieties of this language exist. Quechua, along with Aymara and the minor indigenous languages, was originally and remains essentially an oral language. As a result, there is a lack of modern media which use it, such as books, newspapers, software, magazines, and technical journals. However, non-governmental organizations, as well as state-sponsored groups, are involved in projects to edit and translate major works into Quechua; for instance, in late 2005 a version of Don Quixote was presented in the language. There has also been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where it is spoken.

The percentage of native speakers of Quechua who are illiterate was decreasing as of 2008, [42] as 86.87% of the Peruvian population is literate. More encouraging, nationwide literacy rate of youth aged 15 to 24 years is high and considered an achievement in Peruvian educational standards. [43] [ better source needed ]

As part of the recent push in Peru to recognize and integrate indigenous people into national life, the government of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski supported the use of indigenous languages in Peru, with the state-run TV station starting to broadcast in December 2016 a daily news program in Quechua and in April 2017 one in Aymara. The President's state-of-the-union address was simultaneously translated into Quechua in July 2017. [44] As of 2016, government figures show about 4 million (13 percent) of the population speak Quechua fluently, while up to 10 million – around a third of the population – understand some of the language. [45]

See also

References

  1. "Peruvian population reached 33 million 726 thousand persons in the year 2023". Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática . Retrieved June 10, 2025.
  2. "2017 Peruvian census" (PDF).
  3. "2017 Peruvian census" (PDF).
  4. "2017 Peruvian census" (PDF).
  5. "2017 Peruvian census" (PDF).
  6. "2017 Peruvian census" (PDF).
  7. "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 197.
  8. "Peru Population - Our World in Data". www.ourworldindata.org.
  9. "Población y Vivienda". Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática INEI. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  10. "El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes". www.inei.gob.pe (in Spanish). INEI. July 11, 2016.
  11. Newson, Linda A. (1985). "Indian Population Patterns in Colonial Spanish America". Latin American Research Review. 20 (3): 42–43. doi: 10.1017/S0023879100021695 . JSTOR   2503469. S2CID   202896817.
  12. "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  13. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  14. 1 2 "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  15. "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  16. "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
  17. "Planeamiento Urbano – Perú: Áreas metropolitanas (Pag. 3)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2014.
  18. "Peru: Estimated population by sex according to Departamento, province and district 2012 -2015" (PDF). Inie.gob.pe (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
  19. "Lima metropolitan area". Inie.gob.pe. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  20. Plandemetru – Trujillo municipality (ed.). "Plan de desarrollo metropolitano de Trujillo – Plandemetru" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015.
  21. Chiclayo municipality (ed.). "MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA GESTIÓN DEL DESARROLLO URBANO DE LA PROVINCIA DE CHICLAYO" (PDF). Munichiclayo.gob.pe. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  22. Arequipa municipality (ed.). "Plan director de Arequipa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2012.
  23. "PERU Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática INEI". www.inei.gob.pe. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  24. Nacimientos, Defunciones, Matrimonios y Divorcios, 2022. "Nacimientos, Defunciones, Matrimonios y Divorcios, 2022" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. "Mujeres cada vez tiene menos hijos: Tasa de fecundidad está en caída al igual que partos". www.ojo.pe. March 21, 2024.
  26. "Perú: Se reduce el número de nacimientos". www.ojo.pe. November 26, 2023. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  27. "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys". microdata.worldbank.org. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  28. "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations" . Retrieved July 15, 2017.
  29. "2017 Peruvian census" (PDF).
  30. Noble David Cook, Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620, p. 114.
  31. "Guns Germs & Steel: Variables. Smallpox - PBS". Pbs.org. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  32. Mario Vázquez, "Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru", pp. 79–81.
  33. "Scottish independence — a historical view and a Peruvian perspective". September 19, 2014.
  34. Magnus Mörner, Race mixture in the history of Latin America, p. 131.
  35. "Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture (2nd ed.)" . Reference Reviews. 23 (7): 60–62. September 18, 2009. doi:10.1108/09504120910990542. ISSN   0950-4125.
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  38. Dean, Bartholomew (2009). Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia. University Press of Florida. ISBN   9780813033785.
  39. Baeza, Cecilia (Spring 2015). "Palestinians and Latin America's Indigenous Peoples". Middle East Report. No. 274.
  40. Cuche, Denys. “Un siècle d’immigration palestinienne au Pérou: La construction d’une ethnicité spécifique.” Revue Européenne de Migrations Internationales 17/3 (2001): 94–95.
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  42. Austin, Peter (2008). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. p. 202. ISBN   9780520255609.
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  44. "Peru's indigenous-language push - News they can use". The Economist . Lima. August 26, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  45. Nikolau, Lisa (December 15, 2016). "Peru airs news in Quechua to fight marginalization of country's indigenous". Humanosphere. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.