Demographics of Brazil

Last updated

Demographics of Brazil
Brazil single age population pyramid 2020.png
Population pyramid of Brazil in 2020
PopulationIncrease2.svg 203,080,756 (2022 census)
Growth rateDecrease2.svg 0.52% (2022 census)
Birth rateDecrease2.svg 10.96 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rateIncrease2.svg 6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancyIncrease2.svg 77.76 years
  maleIncrease2.svg 74.29 years
  femaleIncrease2.svg 81.23 years
Fertility rateDecrease2.svg 1.562 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rateIncrease2.svg 10.31 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rateIncrease2.svg -0.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 yearsDecrease2.svg 19.77%
15–64 yearsIncrease2.svg 69.72%
65 and overIncrease2.svg 10.51% (2023 est.)
Sex ratio
Total0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Under 151.04 male(s)/female
65 and over0.58 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityBrazilian
Major ethnicMixed (45.3%)
Minor ethnic
  • White (43.5%)
  • Black (10.2%)
  • Asian (0.4%)
  • Indigenous (0.6%)
Language
OfficialPortuguese

Brazil had an official resident population of 203 million in 2022, according to IBGE. [1] Brazil is the seventh most populous country in the world, and the second most populous in the Americas and Western Hemisphere.

Contents

Brazilians are mainly concentrated in the eastern part of the country, which comprises the Southeast, South, and Northeast. But it also has a significant presence in large cities in the Center-West and North. According to the 2022 census, Brazil had 88,252,121 White people, 92,083,286 Mixed people, 20,656,458 Black people, 850,132 Asian people, and 1,227,640 Indigenous people. [2]

Demographic statistics

Population density, administrative divisions and economic regions of Brazil (1977) Brasil Populacao.jpg
Population density, administrative divisions and economic regions of Brazil (1977)
Map of Brazilian municipalities by population density Population density Brazil 2020.svg
Map of Brazilian municipalities by population density
A map of predominant racial groups by municipality.
.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}
Blue indicates a White majority,
Red indicates a Pardo (Mixed-race) majority,
Green indicates an Indigenous majority,
Yellow indicates a Black majority. Municipios do Brasil - Grupos etnico-raciais predominantes.png
A map of predominant racial groups by municipality.
  
Blue indicates a White majority,
  
Red indicates a Pardo (Mixed-race) majority,
  
Green indicates an Indigenous majority,
  
Yellow indicates a Black majority.

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review. [3]

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. [4] [5]

Age structure
0-14 years: 19.77% (male 22,084,172/female 21,148,290)
15-64 years: 69.72% (male 75,612,047/female 76,853,504)
65 years and over: 10.51% (male 9,848,975/female 13,142,769) (2023 est.)
Median age
total: 36.5 years
male: 35.8 years
female: 37.2 years (2023 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.534 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Population

203,080,756 (August 2022 est.)

Population growth rate
0.90% (2023 est.)

Birth rate:

10.01 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate
6.78 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Net migration rate
-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 77.76 years
male: 74.29 years
female: 81.23 years (2022 est.)
Languages
Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language)
Libras (Brazilian Sign Language) [6]
note: less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages
Religions
Roman Catholic 64.6%, other Catholic 0.4%, Protestant 22.2% (includes Adventist 6.5%, Assembly of God 2.0%, Christian Congregation of Brazil 1.2%, Universal Kingdom of God 1.0%, other Protestant 11.5%), other Christian 0.7%, Spiritist 2.2%, other 1.4%, none 8%, unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 43.5
youth dependency ratio: 29.7
elderly dependency ratio: 13.8
potential support ratio: 7.3 (2020 est.)

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1890 14,333,915    
1900 17,438,434+21.7%
1920 30,635,605+75.7%
1940 41,236,315+34.6%
1950 51,944,397+26.0%
1960 70,992,343+36.7%
1970 94,508,583+33.1%
1980 121,150,573+28.2%
1991 146,917,459+21.3%
2000 169,872,856+15.6%
2010 190,755,799+12.3%
2022 203,080,756+6.5%
Source: [7] [8]
Historical population of Brazil Historical population of Brazil.svg
Historical population of Brazil
Population of Brazil, 1550-2005 Population of brazil.svg
Population of Brazil, 1550–2005
Life expectancy in Brazil since 1900 Life expectancy in Brazil.svg
Life expectancy in Brazil since 1900
Life expectancy in Brazil since 1960 by gender Life expectancy by WBG -Brazil -diff.png
Life expectancy in Brazil since 1960 by gender

According to the 2008 PNAD (National Household Sample Survey), conducted by the IBGE, the Brazilian Statistics bureau, there were about 189,953,000 inhabitants in 2008. [9] As of the latest (2010) census, the Brazilian government estimates its population at 192.76 million.

The population of Brazil is estimated based on various sources from 1550 to 1850. The first official census took place in 1872. From that year, every 8 years (with some exceptions) the population is counted. The Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica has postponed the next census until 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [10]

Brazil is the seventh most populated country in the world.

Map of Brazilian states by population Brazilian States by Population.svg
Map of Brazilian states by population

Population distribution in Brazil is very uneven. The majority of Brazilians live within 300 km (190 mi) of the coast, while the interior in the Amazon Basin is highly remote. Therefore, the densely populated areas are on the coast and the sparsely populated areas are in the interior.

UN estimates

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects [13] [14] the population was 214,326,223 in 2021, compared to only 53,975,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 20.7%, 69.8% was between 15 and 61 years of age, while 9.5% was 65 years or older. [15]

Total population (x 1000)Population aged less than 15 (%)Population aged 15–64 (%)Population aged 65+ (%)
195053 97541.655.53.0
195562 65642.055.03.0
196072 49443.153.73.1
196584 13043.653.03.4
197095 98242.354.23.5
1975108 43140.256.03.8
1980122 20038.457.64.0
1985136 83636.959.04.1
1990150 39335.460.14.5
1995162 75532.462.65.0
2000175 78629.764.75.6
2005188 47927.566.26.3
2010198 61424.968.46.7
2015207 84822.569.59.0
2020215 96319.769.810.5

Vital statistics

Total fertility rate from 1940 to 1990

Map of Brazilian states by population density Brazilian States by Population density.svg
Map of Brazilian states by population density

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation. [16]

Years19401941194219431944194519461947194819491950 [16]
Total fertility rate in Brazil5.95.925.955.986.016.046.076.096.126.156.14
Years1951195219531954195519561957195819591960 [16]
Total fertility rate in Brazil6.136.16.096.086.076.076.076.086.086.07
Years1961196219631964196519661967196819691970 [16]
Total fertility rate in Brazil6.0565.945.855.735.65.455.35.155.01
Years1971197219731974197519761977197819791980 [16]
Total fertility rate in Brazil4.884.764.654.554.464.394.314.244.164.07
Years1981198219831984198519861987198819891990 [16]
Total fertility rate in Brazil3.973.863.743.623.493.363.233.113.012.91
Years1991199219931994199519961997199819992000 [16]
Total fertility rate in Brazil2.832.762.692.642.592.542.482.432.372.3
Years2001200220032004200520062007200820092010 [16]
Total fertility rate in Brazil2.232.162.12.031.981.931.911.891.871.85
Years20112012201320142018 [16] [4]
Total fertility rate in Brazil1.841.801.781.771.71

Registration of vital events in Brazil has considerably improved during the past decades but is still not considered complete, especially in the northern part of the country. The Population Division of the United Nations prepared the following estimates and forecasts. [15]

PeriodLive births
per year
Deaths
per year
Natural change
per year
CBR*CDR*NC*TFR*IMR*Life expectancy
total
Life expectancy
males
Life expectancy
females
1950–19552 578 000908,0001 670 00044.215.628.66.1513550.949.252.6
1955–19602 923 000956,0001 967 00043.314.129.16.1512253.351.555.2
1960–19653 315 000988,0002 327 00042.312.629.76.1510955.753.857.6
1965–19703 345 000975,0002 370 00037.210.826.45.3810057.655.759.6
1970–19753 462 000973,0002 489 00033.99.524.44.729159.557.361.8
1975–19803 788 0001 035 0002 753 00032.99.023.94.317961.559.263.9
1980–19854 006 0001 078 0002 928 00028.98.322.63.306363.460.466.8
1985–19903 790 0001 079 0002 711 00024.47.518.92.955265.361.969.1
1990–19953 547 0001 074 0002 473 00022.06.915.82.404367.363.671.2
1995–20003 658 0001 052 0002 606 00020.66.215.42.213470.366.574.3
2000–20053 370 0001 102 0002 268 00017.85.913.92.052771.968.275.8
2005–20103 066 0001 149 0001 917 00015.45.910.51.812473.269.776.9
2010–20152 975 0001 227 0001 748 00013.05.99.11.761974.871.278.5
2015–20202 934 0001 338 0001 596 00011.86.37.51.631676.573.080.1
2020–20252 763 0001 477 0001 286 00010.76.76.0
2025–20302 585 0001 625 000960 00011.77.14.6
2030–20352 445 0001 781 000664 00010.97.73.2
2035–20402 318 0001 945 000373 00010.38.32.0
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Births and deaths

[17] [18] [19]

YearPopulationLive birthsDeathsNatural increaseCrude birth rateCrude death rateRate of natural increaseTFR
19962,945,425908,8832,036,542
19973,026,658903,5162,123,142
19983,148,037931,8952,216,142
19993,256,433938,6582,317,775
2000 (c)169,590,6933,206,761946,6862,260,07518.85.613.2
2001176,208,6463,115,474961,4922,153,98217.75.512.2
2002178,499,2553,059,402982,8072,076,59517.15.511.6
2003180,708,3443,426,7271,005,8822,420,84519.05.613.4
2004182,865,0433,329,1201,025,9812,303,13918.25.612.6
2005184,991,1433,329,4311,010,0522,319,37918.05.512.5
2006187,061,6103,172,0001,037,5042,134,49617.05.511.5
2007189,038,2683,080,2661,050,4082,029,85816.35.610.7
2008191,010,2743,107,9271,074,8892,033,03816.35.610.7
2009192,980,9053,045,6961,098,3841,947,31215.85.710.11.906
2010192,755,7992,985,4061,132,7011,852,70515.35.89.51.869
2011197,397,0183,044,5941,163,7401,880,85415.45.99.51.833
2012199,242,4623,030,3641,172,4431,857,92115.25.99.31.801
2013201,032,7142,989,9811,195,9131,794,06814.95.98.91.770
2014202,768,5623,041,5681,208,5871,832,98115.06.09.01.742
2015204,450,6493,058,7831,244,5581,814,22515.06.18.91.716
2016206,081,4322,903,9331,288,8561,615,07714.16.37.81.692
2017207,660,9292,962,8151,292,2971,670,51814.36.28.01.63
2018208,494,9002,983,5671,298,5791,684,98814.36.28.11.61
2019210,147,1252,888,2181,332,4661,555,75213.76.37.41.59
2020211,242,5422,728,2731,524,9491,203,32412.97.25.71.57
2021213,317,6392,708,8841,802,487906,39712.78.54.21.53(e)
2022 (c)203,080,7562,561,9221,544,2661,017,65612.67.65.0

Current vital statistics

[20] [21]

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January – October 20222,139,7011,307,949+831,752
January – October 20232,143,9221,211,208+932,714
DifferenceIncrease2.svg +4,221 (+0.20%)Decrease Positive.svg -96,741 (-7.40%)Increase2.svg +100,962

Regional and racial differences

In some states in the North and Northeast, the fertility rate was higher than the national average in 2021. The highest rate was in Acre, with 1.98 children per woman. Other regions with high fertility include Amapá, with 1.87 children per woman, Amazonas, 1.85 in Roraima, 1.84, in Maranhão, 1.82, and Pará, 1.79.

On the other hand, São Paulo is the state with the lowest rate, 1.26 children per woman. Other states with low fertility include Santa Catarina, with 1.28, Rio Grande do Sul, 1.3, in Rio de Janeiro, 1.32 in Paraná and Minas Gerais, 1.33.

Regarding race of mothers, between 2015 and 2021, the fertility rate of all racial groups fell below replacement rate. Black fertility fell from 2.01 to 1.76, Pardo/Mixed fertility fell from 1.95 to 1.73 and white fertility fell from 1.60 to 1.55. There was no information regarding Asian fertility rates. Indigenous fertility was calculated at 3.87 children per women in 2010. [22]

Childlessness and education

The color or race of the woman and the level of education has also shown to influence the fact of not having children. In 2013, among white women aged 15 to 55 years, 41.5% had no children, while among black and brown women, the percentage was 35.8%.

The proportional difference is even greater among white women compared to black and brown 25–29 years. While the proportion among white women childless was 48.1% among black and brown women was 33.8%.

Regarding education, among women 15–49 years of age with more than eight years of schooling, 50% had no children in 2013, while among those with up to seven years of study this figure was 5%.

Schooling among women 25–29 years has shown an even greater disparity. Among the less educated, 16.3% had no children, while among the more educated 54.5% had no children. The proportion of women aged 45 to 49 without children was 8.2% in 2013 among those with less education and 15.1% among those with more years of schooling.

Total fertility rate

1.562 children born/woman (2023 est.) [23] [24]

Structure of the population

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 30.VII.2010): [25]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total93 406 99097 348 809190 755 799100
0–47 016 9876 779 17113 796 1587.23
5–97 624 1447 345 23114 969 3757.85
10–148 725 4138 441 34817 166 7619.00
15–198 558 8688 432 00416 990 8728.91
20–248 630 2298 614 96317 245 1929.04
25–298 460 9958 643 41917 104 4148.97
30–347 717 6588 026 85415 744 5128.25
35–396 766 6647 121 91513 888 5797.28
40–446 320 5686 688 79613 009 3646.82
45–495 692 0146 141 33811 833 3526.20
50–544 834 9955 305 40710 140 4025.32
55–593 902 3444 373 8778 276 2214.34
60–643 041 0353 468 0856 509 1203.41
65-692 224 0652 616 7454 840 8102.54
70-741 667 3722 074 2643 741 6361.96
75-791 090 5171 472 9302 563 4471.34
80-84668 623998 3491 666 9720.87
85-89310 759508 724819 4830.43
90-94114 964211 594326 5580.17
95-9931 52966 80698 3350.05
100+7 24716 98924 2360.01
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–1423 366 54422 565 75045 932 29424.08
15–6463 925 37066 816 658130 742 02868.54
65+6 115 0767 966 40114 081 4777.38
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Data include persons in remote areas, military personnel outside the country, merchant seamen at sea, civilian seasonal workers outside the country, and other civilians outside the country, and exclude nomads, foreign military, civilian aliens temporarily in the country, transients on ships and Indian jungle population. Projection of the population of Brazil and Federation Units by sex and age for the period 2010-2060.): [25]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total104 271 843109 045 796213 317 639100
0–47 523 2997 179 98214 703 2816.89
5–97 512 2527 177 14214 689 3946.89
10–147 484 1907 162 97414 647 1646.87
15–197 912 2607 617 12715 529 3877.28
20–248 634 9098 422 88517 057 7948.00
25–298 508 3788 502 84017 011 2187.97
30–348 505 5148 630 13217 135 6468.03
35–398 407 7558 715 96817 123 7238.03
40–447 737 4778 186 94015 924 4177.47
45–496 711 0347 219 38613 930 4206.53
50–546 105 5716 646 02112 751 5925.98
55–595 418 0696 065 29911 483 3685.38
60–644 485 3795 186 7969 672 1754.53
65-693 460 9184 162 8157 623 7333.57
70-742 499 9103 142 9915 642 9012.65
75-791 610 2352 163 7833 774 0181.77
80-84983 7581 459 4332 443 1911.15
85-89493 422824 5841 318 0060.62
90+277 513578 698856 2110.40
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–1422 519 74121 520 09844 039 83920.65
15–6472 426 34675 193 394147 619 74069.20
65+9 325 75612 332 30421 658 06010.15
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 01.VIII.2022): [26]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total98 532 431104 548 325203 080 756100
0–46 461 6896 243 17112 704 8606.26
5–97 011 2826 738 15813 749 4406.77
10–146 992 7466 682 21513 674 9616.73
15–197 317 5157 058 42714 375 9427.08
20–247 767 3067 699 15715 466 4637.62
25–297 627 4587 842 26515 469 7237.62
30–347 537 2857 935 83215 473 1177.62
35–397 827 3338 345 45816 172 7917.96
40–447 781 0598 291 11116 072 1707.91
45–496 549 1097 091 00313 640 1126.72
50–546 014 3916 584 19012 598 5816.20
55–595 419 5056 149 60111 569 1065.70
60–644 605 8345 338 5559 944 3894.90
65-693 588 0524 288 1807 876 2323.88
70-742 615 3503 243 1865 858 5362.88
75-791 657 7862 189 5933 847 3791.89
80-841 009 8521 465 1782 475 0301.22
85-89493 649835 5541 329 2030.65
90-94194 341385 388579 7290.29
95-9950 319114 859165 1780.08
100+10 57027 24437 8140.02
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–1420 465 71719 663 54440 129 26119.76
15–6468 446 79572 335 599140 782 39469.32
65+9 619 91912 549 18222 169 10110.92

Census 30.VII.2010

Brazil 100%European 47.73%African 7.61%Asian 1.09%Pardo (Multiracial) 43.13%Native Indigenous 0.43%
Population 0–1445,932,29420,460,4822,698,639420,95222,055,573295,862
Percent group 0–14 in race24.08%22.47%18.59%20.02%26.81%36.17%
Population 0–14 compared to racial groups100%44.54%5.88%0.92%48.02%0.64%
Population 15–49105,816,28549,381,2068,693,3501,178,39146,156,227402,079
Proportions 0–14 to 15–490,434070,414340,310430,357230,477850,73583
Age groupBrazil 100% (percent of the population)European 47.73% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)African 7.61% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)Asian 1.09% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)Pardo (Multiracial) 43.13% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)Native Indigenous 0.43% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
Population190,755,79991,051,64614,517,9612,084,28882,277,333817,9636,608
0–413,796,158 (7.23%)6,701,186 (7.36%/48.57%)655,958 (4.52%/4.75%)119,956 (5.76%/0.87%)6,217,638 (7.56%/45.07%)101,195 (12.37%/0.73%)225
5–914,969,375 (7.85%)6,562,558 (7.21%/43.84%)887,209 (6.11%/5.93%)139,543 (6.69%/0.93%)7,279,983 (8.85%/48.63%)99,841 (12.21%/0.67%)241
10–1417,166,761 (9.00%)7,196,738 (7.90%/41.92%)1,155,472 (7.96%/6.73%)161,453 (7.75%/0.94%)8,557,952 (10.40%/49.85%)94,826 (11.59%/0.55%)320
15–1916,990,872 (8.91%)7,311,734 (8.03%/43.03%)1,264,183 (8.71%/7.44%)177,008 (8.49%/1.04%)8,155,126 (9.91%/48.00%)82,500 (10.86%/0.49%)321
20–2417,245,192 (9.04%)7,774,488 (8.54%/45.08%)1,381,677 (9.52%/8.01%)200,060 (9.60%/1.16%)7,814,487 (9.50%/45.31%)73,387 (8.97%/0.43%)1 093
25–2917,104,414 (8.97%)7,936,115 (8.72%/46.40%)1,443,820 (9.95%/8.44%)202,733 (9.73%/1.19%)7,455,402 (9.06%/43.59%)65,104 (7.96%/0.38%)1 240
30–3415,744,512 (8.25%)7,344,600 (8.07%/46.65%)1,360,298 (9.37%/8.64%)182,150 (8.74%/1.16%)6,800,175 (8.26%/43.19%)56,326 (6.89%/0.36%)963
35–3913,888,579 (7.28%)6,596,137 (7.24%/47.49%)1,175,333 (8.10%/8.46%)152,546 (7.32%/1,10%)5,915,773 (7.18%/42.59%)48,167 (5.89%/0.35%)623
40–4413,009,364 (6.82%)6,365,363 (6.99%/48.93%)1,095,301 (7.54%/8.42%)139,230 (6.68%/1.07%)5,368,059 (6.52%/41.26%)40,950 (5.01%/0.31%)461
45–4911,833,352 (6.20%)6,052,769 (6.65%/51.15%)972,738 (6.70%/8.22%)124,664 (5.98%/1.05%)4,647,205 (5.65%/39.27%)35,645 (4.36%/0.30%)331
50–5410,140,402 (5.32%)5,286,559 (5.81%/52.13%)848,098 (5.84%/8.36%)106,539 (5.11%/1.05%)3,869,792 (4.70%/38.16%)29,156 (3.56%/0.29%)258
55–598,276,221 (4.34%)4,404,057 (4.84%/53.21%)675,404 (4.65%/8.16%)95,149 (4.57%/1.15%)3,076,630 (3.74%/37.17%)24,800 (3.03%/0.30%)181
60–6911,349,930 (5.95%)6,158,001 (6.76%/54.26%)906,487 (6.24%/7.99%)152,099 (7.30%/1.34%)4,097,068 (4.98%/36.10%)36,062 (4.41%/0.32%)213
70+9,240,667 (4.84%)5,361,341 (5.89%/58.02%)695,983 (4.79%/7.53%)131,158 (6.29%/1.42%)3,022,043 (3.67%/32.70%)30,004 (3.67%/0.32%)138

Census 01.VIII.2022 [27]

Brazil 100%European 43.46%African 10.17%Asian 0.42%Pardo (Multiracial) 45.34%Native Indigenous 0.60%
Population 0–1440 129 26116 928 2022 931 93896 20419 768 271403 008
Percent group 0–14 in race19.76%19.18%14.19%11.32%21.47%32.83%
Population 0–14 compared to racial groups100%42.18%%7.31%0.24%49.26%1.00%
Population 15–49106 670 31843 655 76611 919 890394 57450 071 944621 087
Proportions 0–14 to 15–490,37620,38780,24600,24380,39480,6489
Age groupBrazil 100% (percent of the population)European 43.46% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)African 10.17% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)Asian 0.42% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)Pardo (Multiracial) 45.34% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)Native Indigenous 0.60% (percent in the race/percent in the age group)
Population203 080 75688 252 12120 656 458850 13092 083 2861 227 64211 119
0–412 704 860 (6.26%)5 784 444 (6.55%/45.53%)801 774 (3.88%/6.31%)27 148 (3.19%/0.21%)5 951 556 (6.46%/46.84%)139 379 (11.35%/1.10%)559
5–913 749 440 (6.77%)5 734 804 (6.50%/41.71%)1 020 633 (4.94%/7.42%)33 191 (3.90%/0.24%)6 824 824 (7.41%/49.64%)135 440 (11.03%/0.99%)548
10–1413 674 961 (6.73%)5 408 954 (6.13%/39.55%)1 109 531 (5.37%/8.11%)35 865 (4.22%/0.26%)6 991 891 (7.59%/51.13%)128 189 (10.44%/0.94%)531
15–1914 375 942 (7.08%)5 610 575 (6.36%/39.03%)1 403 059 (6.79%/9.76%)42 066 (4.95%/0.29%)7 196 383 (7.82%/50.06%)123 236 (10.04%/0.86%)623
20–2415 466 463 (7.62%)6 076 604 (6.89%/39.29%)1 725 800 (8.35%/11.16%)49 540 (5.83%/0.32%)7 500 613 (8.15%/48.50%)112 621 (9.17%/0.73%)1 285
25–2915 469 723 (7.62%)6 182 951 (7.01%/39.97%)1 782 294 (8.63%/11.52%)51 685 (6.08%/0.33%)7 355 701 (7.99%/47.55%)95 762 (7.8%/0.62%)1 330
30–3415 473 117 (7.62%)6 375 027 (7.22%/41.20%)1 747 944 (8.46%/11.30%)56 875 (6.69%/0.37%)7 208 525 (7.83%/46.59%)83 594 (6.81%/0.54%)1 152
35–3916 172 791 (7.96%)6 725 099 (7.62%/41.58%)1 850 687 (8.96%/11.44%)65 073 (7.65%/0.40%)7 452 696 (8.09%/46.08%)78 225 (6.37%/0.48%)1 011
40–4416 072 170 (7.91%)6 827 463 (7.74%/42.48%)1 851 159 (8.96%/11.52%)69 575 (8.18%/0.43%)7 253 228 (7.88%/45.13%)69 796 (5.69%/0.43%)949
45–4913 640 112 (6.72%)5 858 047 (6.64%/42.95%)1 558 947 (7.55%/11.43%)59 760 (7.03%/0.44%)6 104 798 (6.63%/44.76%)57 853 (4.71%/0.42%)707
50–5412 598 581 (6.20%)5 628 210 (6.38%/44.67%)1 403 801 (6.80%/11.14%)56 819 (6.68%/0.45%)5 460 379 (5.93%/43.34%)48 764 (3.97%/0.39%)608
55–5911 569 106 (5.70%)5 442 507 (6.17%/47.04%)1 225 630 (5.93%/10.59%)55 775 (6.56%/0.48%)4 802 770 (5.22%/41.51%)41 912 (3.41%/0.36%)512
60–649 944 389 (4.90%)4 851 865 (5.50%/48.79%)1 038 306 (5.03%/10.44%)53 220 (6.26%/0.54%)3 965 766 (4.31%/39.88%)34 801 (2.83%/0.35%)431
65-697 876 232 (3.88%)3 979 726 (4.51%/50.53%)795 018 (3.85%/10.09%)52 667 (6.20%/0.67%)3 021 587 (3.28%/38.36%)26 946 (2.19%/0.34%)288
70-745 858 536 (2.88%)3 072 479 (3.48%/52.44%)571 071 (2.76%/9.75%)50 568 (5.95%/0.86%)2 144 482 (2.33%/36.60%)19 686 (1.60%/0.34%)250
75-793 847 379 (1.89%)2 091 008 (2.37%/54.35%)357 500 (1.73%/9.29%)39 386 (4.63%/1.02%)1 345 830 (1.46%/34.98%)13 528 (1.10%/0.35%)127
80-842 475 030 (1.22%)1 380 516 (1.56%/55.78%)225 159 (1.09%/9.10%)27 271 (3.21%/1.10%)832 790 (0.90%/33.65%)9 171 (0.75%/0.37%)123
85-891 329 203 (0.65%)771 547 (0.87%/58.05%)116 147 (0.56%/8.74%)14 890 (1.75%/1.12%)421 745 (0.46%/31.73%)4 823 (0.39%/0.36%)51
90-94579 729 (0.29%)341 266 (0.39%/58.87%)50 582 (0.24%/8.73%)6 520 (0.77%/1.12%)179 016 (0.19%/30.88%)2 319 (0.19%/0.40%)26
95-99165 178 (0.08%)92 544 (0.10%/56.03%)15 990 (0.08%/9.68%)1 924 (0.23%/1.16%)53 733 (0.06%/32.53%)983 (0.08%/0.60%)4
100+37 814 (0.02%)16 485 (0.02%/43.59%)5 426 (0.03%/14.35%)312 (0.04%/0.83%)14 973 (0.02%/39.60%)614 (0.05%/1.62%)4
0-1440 129 261 (19.76%)16 928 202 (19.18%/42.18%)2 931 938 (14.19%/7.31%)96 204 (11.32%/0.24%)19 768 271 (21.47%/49.26%)403 008 (32.83%/1.00%)1 638
15-64140 782 394 (69.32%)59 578 348 (67.51%/42.32%)15 587 627 (75.46%/11.07%)560 388 (65.92%/0.40%)64 300 859 (69.83%/45.67%)746 564 (60.81%/0.53%)8 608
65+22 169 101 (10.92%)11 745 571 (13.31%/52.98%)2 136 893 (10.34%/9.64%)193 538 (22.77%/0.87%)8 014 156 (8.70%/36.15%)78 070 (6.36%/0.35%)873

Urbanization

In Brazil, most important cities are on the coast or close to it. State capitals are also, commonly, the largest city of their states. Notable exceptions to this are Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina.

There are also non-capital metropolitan areas, for example, in São Paulo state (Campinas, Santos, Paraíba Valley, Sorocaba, Ribeirão Preto and Franca), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley), and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley), amongst others.

São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are far larger than any other Brazilian cities. São Paulo's influence in most economic aspects can be noted in a national (and even international) scale; Rio de Janeiro – partially due to its former status as the national capital – still host various large corporations' headquarters, besides being Brazil's cultural center with respect to film production and other such televised media. Brasília, the capital of Brazil, is its 3rd biggest city.

Migration

Summary

The United Nations reported in the International Migration Stock that 64 countries had significant emigration or immigration with Brazil in 2020. [28] [29] The Migration Policy Institute defines significant migration if 1,000+ people are in the emigration or/and migration group. [30] Venezuela, Haiti, Portugal, Bolivia, and Uruguay have the most positive net migration, while the United States, Japan, Spain, Italy, and France have the most negative net migration.

CountryImmigrantsEmigrantsNet migration
RankPeopleRankPeopleRankPeople
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 1248,105305,6801+242,425
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 2175,2513154,0173+21,234
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 362,2962204,81463-142,518
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 449,842679,89754-30,055
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia 549,2891528,6124+20,677
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 647,1934133,39861-86,205
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 739,0285133,24462-94,216
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 836,9101049,26749-12,357
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 932,7968602+32,796
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 1030,5372114,7625+15,775
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 1124,632957,60255-32,970
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 1222,4101517,51964-495,109
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 1320,625770,88859-50,263
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 1419,5961818,97628+620
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 1519,0741916,45817+2,616
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 1615,6648606+15,664
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 1714,7988607+14,798
Flag of France.svg  France 1812,138865,76160-53,623
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 1910,9818608+10,981
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 208,700324,68514+4,015
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 218,1848609+8,184
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 228,00386010+8,003
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 236,2811144,17556-37,894
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 246,2674667011+5,597
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 255,3842214,62847-9,244
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 264,4215134013+4,081
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  DR Congo 274,37586012+4,375
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 284,2191722,97451-18,755
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 293,9576713015+3,827
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 303,7891342,71557-38,926
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 313,50586016+3,505
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 323,400276,96439-3,564
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 332,968296,17338-3,205
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 342,554258,67344-6,119
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 352,459831318+2,446
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 362,407421,26026+1,147
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 372,195372,77432-579
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 382,1644469021+1,474
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 392,1512016,34550-14,194
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 402,09486019+2,094
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 412,0141431,56853-29,554
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 422,014353,53535-1,521
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 431,956392,25831-302
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 441,936411,32129+615
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 451,80986020+1,809
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 461,7615043122+1,330
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cabo Verde 471,5165230124+1,215
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 481,3387010523+1,233
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 501,2744567130+603
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 511,19986025+1,199
Flag of India.svg  India 521,11886027+1,118
Flag of France.svg  French Guiana 548961625,72952-24,833
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 55804249,53346-8,729
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 58728286,25643-5,528
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 577471243,32158-42,574
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 61660382,40636-1,746
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 62655401,88934-1,234
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 65626334,60541-3,979
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechia 68566431,15033-584
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 77346268,31945-7,973
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 78346315,56642-5,220
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 862172311,80048-11,583
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 88182362,84137-2,659
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 11168343,72240-3,654

Immigration

Immigration to Brazil, by national origin, periods from 1830 to 1933
Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE)

Period

origin1830–18551856–18831884–18931894–19031904–19131914–19231924–19331934–2023
Portuguese16,737116,000170,621155,542384,672201,252233,650400,000
Italians100,000510,533537,784196,52186,32070,177
Spaniards113,116102,142224,67294,77952,400
Germans2,00830,00022,7786,69833,85929,33961,723
Japanese11,86820,398110,191
Lebanese967,12445,80320,40020,400
Others66,52442,820109,22251,493164,586

Immigration has been a very important demographic factor in the formation, structure and history of the population in Brazil, influencing culture, economy, education, racial issues, etc. Brazil has received the third largest number of immigrants in the Western Hemisphere.

Brazil's structure, legislation and settlement policies for arriving immigrants were much less organized than in Canada and the United States at the time. Nevertheless, an Immigrant Inn (Hospedaria dos Imigrantes) was built in 1886 in São Paulo, and quick admittance and recording routines for the throngs of immigrants arriving by ship at the seaports of Vitória, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Paranaguá, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre were established. The São Paulo State alone processed more than 2.5 million immigrants in its almost 100 years of continuous operation. People of more than 70 different nationalities were recorded.

Following the trend of several other countries in the Americas, which encouraged immigration from many countries, Brazil quickly became a melting pot of races and nationalities, but being peculiar in the sense of having the highest degree of intermarriage in the world. Immigrants found a strong social and cultural tolerance toward inter-racial marriage, including large numbers of Mulattoes (European and African), Caboclos (Indian and European) and mixed European, African and Indian people, though it was not accompanied by an entire lack of racism. Correspondingly, the same mentality reflected in low psychological and social barriers regarding intermarriage between Europeans, Middle Easterners and Asians of several origins, as well as between people of different religions.

History of immigration

It is postulated that the Americas were settled by three migratory waves from Northern Asia. The Native Brazilians are thought to descend from the first wave of migrants, who arrived in the region around 9000 BC. The main Native Brazilian groups are the Tupi-Guarani, the , the Arawaks and the Caraibas (Kalina or Caribs). The Tupi-Guarani nation, originally from the Paraná river basin and also one of the largest of the Native-Paraguayan nations, had spread all along the Brazilian coastline from South to North and came to be known by the Portuguese as "Os Índios da Língua Geral" ("The Indians of the General Language"); the nation occupied most of the interior of the country from Maranhão to Santa Catarina. The Arawaks and the Caribs, the last ones to get in contact with the Portuguese, lived in the North and Northwest of Brazil.

The European immigration to Brazil started in the 16th century, with the vast majority of them coming from Portugal. In the first two centuries of colonization, 100,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil (around 500 colonists per year). In the 18th century, 600,000 Portuguese arrived (6,000 per year). [31] The first region to be settled by the Portuguese was Northeastern Brazil, followed by the Southeast region. The original Amerindian population of Brazil (between two and five million) largely died from disease or violence or was assimilated into the Portuguese population. [32] The Mamelucos (or Caboclos, a mixed race between Europeans and Amerindians) have always been present in many parts of Brazil.

Another important ethnic group, Africans, first arrived as slaves. Many came from Guinea-Bissau, or from West African countries – by the end of the eighteenth century many had been taken from the Kingdom of Kongo and modern-day Angola, Congo, Mozambique, Benin and Nigeria. By the time of the end of the slave trade in 1850, around six million slaves had been brought to Brazil–50% of all slave traffic between Africa and the Americas. Nowadays, there are still small immigration waves coming from the African continent. The largest influx of European immigrants to Brazil occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to the Memorial do Imigrante statistics data, Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953. [33] [34]

These immigrants were divided in two groups: a part of them was sent to Southern Brazil to work as small farmers. However, the biggest part of the immigrants was sent to Southeast Brazil to work in the coffee plantations. The immigrants sent to Southern Brazil were mainly Germans (starting in 1824, mainly from Rhineland-Palatinate, Pomerania, Hamburg, Westphalia, etc.) Italians (starting in 1875, mainly from the Veneto and Lombardia), Austrians, Poles, Ukrainians, Dutch and Russians. In the South, the immigrants established rural communities that retain a cultural connection with their ancestral homelands. In Southeast Brazil, most of the immigrants were Italians (mainly from the Veneto, Campania, Calabria and Lombardia), Portuguese (mainly from Beira Alta, Minho and Alto Trás-os-Montes), Dutch, Spaniards (mainly from Galicia and Andalusia), Lithuanians, French, Hungarians and Ashkenazi Jews.

Notably, the first half of the 20th century saw a large inflow of Japanese (mainly from Honshū, Hokkaidō and Okinawa) and Levantine Christians from Lebanon (and few from Syria). These Christian Levantine immigrants were wrongly called "Turks" by many Brazilians because their original countries were still under Ottoman rule back in the period when their immigration to Brazil began. The number of actual Turks who immigrated to Brazil was in fact very small. Chinese, Taiwanese and Koreans influx became common after the 1950s.

IBGE's 1998 PME

On the other hand, in 1998, the IBGE, within its preparation for the 2000 census, experimentally introduced a question about "origem" (origin/ancestry) in its "Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego" (Monthly Employment Research), to test the viability of introducing that variable in the census [35] :3 (the IBGE ended by deciding against the inclusion of questions about it in the census). This research interviewed about 90,000 people in six metropolitan regions (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, and Recife). [36] To this day, it remains the only actual published survey about the immigrant origin of Brazilians.

Here are its results: [37]

Brazilian Population, by ancestry, 1998 [35]
Ancestry%
Flag of Brazil.svg "Brazilian"86.09%
Flag of Portugal.svg Portuguese 10.46%
Flag of Italy.svg Italian10.41%
Indigenous 6.64%
Black5.09%
Flag of Spain.svg Spanish4.40%
Flag of Germany.svg German3.54%
African2.06%
Flag of Japan.svg Japanese1.34%
Flag of Lebanon.svg Flag of Syria.svg Lebanese/Syrian 0.48%
Jewish0.20%
Others2.81%
Total133.52%

Notice that the total is higher than 100% because of multiple answers. Many Brazilians are unaware of their ancestry, especially those of old immigration, due to this the high number who declared themselves only as Brazilians.

Emigration

In the second half of the 1980s, Brazilians from various socioeconomic backgrounds started to emigrate to other countries in search of better economic opportunities.

By the 1990s, nearly 1.9 million Brazilians were living outside the country, mainly in the United States, Paraguay and Japan, [38] but also in Italy, Portugal, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Spain and Israel. Despite the surge in the phenomenon, there were no specific policies implemented by the government to encourage or discourage this emigration process. [39] Thanks to the favourable outlook of the Brazilian economy and due to the crisis that hit countries such as Japan, Portugal or the United States, emigration of Brazilian citizens stagnated - with many returning to their home country - until 2011, when 1,898,762 Brazilians were living abroad.

The 2000 Brazilian census provides some information about the high number of migrants returning to Brazil. For instance, of those who reported residing in another country less than 10 years before the 2000 census, 66.9 percent were Brazilians. If only the returning migrants (former Brazilian immigrants) are considered, 26.8 percent of Brazilians came from Paraguay, 17 percent came from Japan, and 15.8 percent came from the United States. [39]

As political unrest, increasing violence, inflation, soaring unemployment rates and an economic crisis hit Brazil, millions of citizens moved abroad starting in 2011, generating the largest emigration process ever witnessed in Brazilian history, since Brazil has historically been a land of immigrants. In 2021 more than 4.4 million Brazilians live abroad, [40] this is an increase of around 132% compared to the previous 10 years.

The largest Brazilian community abroad - comprising almost half of the diaspora - is the one in the US, where around 2,000,000 Brazilians live; they are present especially in Florida. Almost 300,000 Brazilians - hence 6.8% of all Brazilians living abroad - lived in other Portuguese-speaking countries (94% in Portugal). In the same year around 680,000 Brazilians - hence 15.5% of the Brazilian diaspora - lived in Spanish-speaking countries, with the majority found in neighbouring countries such as Paraguay and Uruguay.

Other major communities are found in countries such as the UK (220,000 Brazilians in 2021), Canada (122,500 Brazilians in 2021) Ireland (70,000 Brazilians in 2021) and Australia (60,000 Brazilians in 2021).

There are also noticeable Brazilian communities in countries once source of immigrants such as Japan (210,000 Brazilians in 2021), Italy (162,000 Brazilians in 2021), Germany (140,000 Brazilians in 2021), the Netherlands (65,000 Brazilians in 2021) and Lebanon (21,000 Brazilians in 2021). Many of the Brazilians found in these countries are descendants of the early immigrants who came to Brazil in the early 1900s.

There is also a sizeable Brazilian community in France (172,000 Brazilians in 2021), almost equally split between Metropolitan France and French Guyana.

Racial composition

Former Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has Italian ancestry 01 11 2021 Almoco oferecido pela Prefeita Alessandra Buoso e pela comunidade de Anguillara Veneta para a Familia Bolsonaro (51648119963).jpg
Former Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has Italian ancestry
Italian regional immigration to Brazil, which has the most people of Italian origin outside Italy. Unlike other countries with Italian immigrants, Brazil prioritized Northern Italy which it considered more developed Mapa emigrantes italianos.png
Italian regional immigration to Brazil, which has the most people of Italian origin outside Italy. Unlike other countries with Italian immigrants, Brazil prioritized Northern Italy which it considered more developed
German colonies in Southern Brazil Kolonien Suedbrasilien.png
German colonies in Southern Brazil

The bulk of the Brazilian population descends from three main source populations (either alone, or more commonly, in varying combinations mixed in varying degrees); early European settlers (chiefly ethnic Portuguese, but also Portuguese New Christians of ethnic Sephardic Jewish origin forced to convert to Christianity), [41] sub-Saharan Africans (Yoruba, Ewe, Akan, Bantu, and others), and the indigenous peoples in Brazil (mostly Tupi and Guarani, but also many other indigenous Brazilian ethnic groups).

Starting in the late 19th century, Brazil received substantial post-colonial immigration from several other regions, mainly from peoples of what are now the countries of Italy, Germany, Spain, Poland, as well as Middle-Eastern Christians from the Levant (mostly from what is now Lebanon, and less so from Syria), Ukraine, Japan, China and Korea.

Jews in Brazil are a small but sizable population, [42] [43] and they include mostly Ashkenazi Jews (who also arrived with the post-colonial contingent of European migration), [44] a smaller proportion of Sephardi Jews (mostly Eastern Sephardim arrived with the contingent of post-colonial immigrants from Syria and Lebanon, but also North African Sephardim from Morocco settled in the Amazon, and Western Sephardim arrived with the Dutch), and to a much lesser extent Mizrahi Jews.

Overall, the small but sizable Brazilian Jewish community is concentrated especially in São Paulo, [45] Rio de Janeiro [46] and Porto Alegre, [47] and they are accounted for without Brazilian descendants of Portuguese "New Christians" (ethnic Sephardic Jews forced to convert to Christianity and arrived with the ethnic Portuguese during the colonial period), [44] which if included would inflate the Jewish origin population in Brazil considerably. By themselves, Brazilian descendants of Portuguese "New Christians" are estimated to account for a figure anywhere between hundreds of thousands to several million.

The descendants of European immigrants, particularly the Germans, Italians, Austrians, Swiss, Poles, Ukrainians, French, Dutch, Lithuanians, Scandinavians, Russians, Hungarians, Finns and Luxembourgers are mainly concentrated in the southern part of the country, in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, and the most populous, São Paulo; these states have a wide majority of citizens of European descent. [48] [49] São Paulo alone has the largest population in absolute numbers with 30 million Europeans. [50]

In the rest of the country, part of the European-Brazilian population is of colonial Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish and French settler stock, especially in the Northeast. In the mid-southern states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul and in the Federal District, the number of Europeans (European and Levantine phenotype) revolves around 50% of the population or above, being close to the proportion of people of Mixed-race Brazilians, and other minorities like Black Brazilians and East Asian Brazilians. [51]

In the Northeast, which received large masses of African slaves to work in sugarcane, tobacco and cotton plantations, people of African and mixed-race descent predominate, mostly on the coast, whereas in the semi-arid country land (usually called sertão) there is a predominance of Europeans and Amerindian-European mixed people. Most of the African or mulatto people in the sertão are descended from freed African slaves or mulattos who fled inland from the coast and worked as cowboys for semi-feudal lords.

The city of Salvador da Bahia is considered one of the largest African cities of the world. In the Northwest (covering largely the Brazilian Amazon), a great part of the population has distinguishable ethnic characteristics that emphasize their Amerindian roots. Other ethnic groups have merged with the Indigenous tribes there. This region is not densely populated, and "caboclos", people of mixed native and European descent, are a small part of the entire Brazilian population.

The Japanese are the largest Asian group in Brazil. In fact, Brazil has the largest population of Japanese ancestry outside Japan, with 1.8 million Japanese Brazilians, most of them living in São Paulo. Some Chinese and Korean also settled Brazil. Most Chinese came from mainland China, but others came from Taiwan and Hong Kong, and also from Portuguese-speaking Macau—these Chinese from Macau could speak and understand Portuguese, and it was not hard for them to adjust to Brazilian life.

Those immigrant populations and their descendants still retain some of their original ethnic identity; however, they are not closed communities and are rapidly integrating into mainstream Brazilian society: for instance, very few of the third generation can understand their grandparents' languages.

European-Brazilians

According to the 2020 census, there were more than 104 million European-Brazilians, comprising 48.538% of Brazil's population. [52] European-Brazilians are defined as people who are solely or mostly descended from European immigrants, although most Brazilians have some degree of European ancestry. Europeans are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although they are most concentrated in the south and southeastern parts of the country. [53] [54]

A survey conducted in 1998 by the Minas Gerais sociologist Simon Schwartzman interviewed about 34 million Brazilians, of whom nearly 20 million declared themselves white. Asked the ethnic origin of the participants of white race, a plurality pointed only Brazilian origin (53%).

More than half, however, managed to point to a foreign origin: 17.2% indicated Portuguese ancestry, 16.50% Italian, 9.42% Spanish, 6.51% German and 12.32% other origins, which include Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, Lithuanian, Dutch, Austrian, Swiss, French, Hungarian, Norwegian, partial distant African, indigenous, British, American Confederate, Jewish (mostly Ashkenazi, but also Sephardi including Jews from Morocco and Egypt) and Christian Levantine (Lebanese). [55] [56]

Nearly one million Europeans had arrived in Brazil by 1800; most of them colonists from Portugal. An immigration boom occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries, when nearly six million Europeans emigrated to Brazil, most of them Portuguese, Germans, Italians and Spaniards.

Many European-Brazilians have some Amerindian and/or African ancestry (similarly found in European-Americans [57] and European-Argentines). [58] It is estimated that 75% of all Brazilians have varying degrees of Portuguese ancestry.

Nowadays, European-Brazilians come from a very diverse background, which includes:

Mixed-race/Pardo-Brazilians

The Pardos can be a mixture of Europeans, Levantine, Crypto-Jews or Anusim, Africans, Amerindians, Roma and Asians. Brazil does not have a category for multiracial people, but a Pardo (brown) one, which may include caboclos, mulatos, cafuzos (local ethnonyms for people of noticeable mixed European and Amerindian, African and European, and Amerindian and African descent, i.e., mestizos, mulattoes and zambos, respectively), the multiracial result of their intermixing (despite most of European and African Brazilians possessing some degree of race-mixing, since brownness in Brazil is a matter of phenotype) and assimilated, westernized indigenous people. [79] [80]

The Pardos make up 42.64% or 92.14 million people of Brazil's population. Multiracial Brazilians live in the entire territory of Brazil. Although, according to DNA resources, most Brazilians possess some degree of mixed-race ancestry, less than 45% of the country's population classified themselves as being part of this group due to phenotype. [81]

The caboclo or mestiço population, those whose ancestry is Native and European, revolves around 43 million people or 21% of the population. Genetic studies conducted by the geneticist Sergio D.J. Pena of the Federal University of Minas Gerais have shown that the caboclo population is made of individuals whose DNA ranges from 80% to 92% European (mostly Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French or Italian 1500s to 1700s male settlers) with the remaining percentage spanning different Indigenous markers.

Similar DNA tests showed that people self-classified as mulatto or European and African mix, span from 72% to 93% European (mostly descendants of Portuguese, Dutch and French settlers during the colonial period in the Northeast). The pardo category in Brazil also includes 800 thousand Roma people, most of them coming from Portugal but also different countries in Eastern Europe and the Baltics. Eurasians can also be classified as pardo. The majority of them consisting of Ainoko or Hafu, individuals of Japanese and European ancestry.

Research has suggested that Asians from the early Portuguese Eastern Empire, known as Luso-Asians first came to Brazil during the sixteenth century as seamen known as Lascars, or as servants, slaves and concubines accompanying the governors, merchants and clergy who has served in Portuguese Asia. [82] This first presence of Asians was limited to Northeast Brazil, especially Bahia, but others were brought as cultivators, textile workers and miners to Pará and other parts of the Northeast.

African-Brazilians

African-Brazilians are defined as people who are solely, or mostly, descended from former African slaves, or immigrants. According to the 2010 census, there are 14,517,961 Black Brazilians, about 7.6% of the population. [83]

Although the majority of Brazilians have at least some degree of African heritage, the racial makeup of black Brazilians themselves is very mixed and mostly of them have a significant degree of white admixture with a minor indigenous component, the range of white admixture for Afro-Brazilians is typically between 30% and 70%; "pure" black Brazilians with more than 80% of their genes coming from African ancestry are a subgroup minority. [81]

Asian-Brazilians

According to the 2006 census, people of East Asian descent number 3,500,650, or 1.62% of Brazil's population. Estimates say that there are 2.5 to 3.0 million people of Japanese descent in Brazil, who are mostly concentrated in two states: São Paulo and Paraná, but smaller communities are found in the entire territory of the country. Brazil has the largest population of Japanese descent outside Japan. [84]

There are also smaller communities of Korean people and Chinese origin. [85] Some Chinese, especially from Macau, speak a Portuguese-based creole language called Macanese (patuá or macaísta), aside from Hakka, Mandarin and Cantonese. Japanese immigration to Brazil started on 18 June 1908, when the Japanese ship Kasato-Maru arrived in the Port of Santos, south of São Paulo, carrying the first 781 people to take advantage of a bilateral agreement promoting immigration.

Half of them were from the southern part of the Okinawa Island, located about 640 km (400 miles) south of the rest of Japan, which had its own distinct language and culture dating back to before the island's annexation by Tokyo in 1879. The names on shop fronts are in Japanese and selling everything from Japanese food and kitchen utensils to traditional home decorations. Red painted archways, Japanese temples and a Japanese garden are present in this little Japanese corner of Brazil.

Aboriginal-Brazilians

The Amerindians make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 865,000 people. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Centre-Western part of the country. Over 60 million Brazilians possess at least one Native South American ancestor, according to a mitochondrial DNA study. [86]


Genetic studies

Genetic studies have shown the Brazilian population as a whole to have European, African and Native American components.

Autosomal DNA studies

A 2015 autosomal DNA genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%). [87]

Region [87] EuropeanAfricanNative American
North Region 51%16%32%
Northeast Region 69%16%15%
Central-West Region 72%15%12%
Southeast Region 75%15%10%
South Region 90%5%5%

An autosomal DNA study (2011), with nearly 1000 samples from every major race group ("whites", "pardos" and "blacks", according to their respective proportions) all over the country found out a major European contribution, followed by a high African contribution and an important Native American component. [88]

"In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South". The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood donors (the lowest classes constitute the great majority of blood donors in Brazil [89] ), and also public health institutions personnel and health students.

Region [88] EuropeanAfricanNative American
Northern Brazil 68.80%10.50%18.50%
Northeast Brazil 71.10%16.30%12.40%
Southeast Brazil 74.20%17.30%7.30%
Southern Brazil 79.50%10.30%9.40%

An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from all of the Brazilian regions, found a predominant degree of European ancestry combined with African and Native American contributions, in varying degrees. 'Following an increasing North to South gradient, European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values up to 74%). The populations in the North consisted of a significant proportion of Native American ancestry that was about two times higher than the African contribution. Conversely, in the Northeast, Center-West and Southeast, African ancestry was the second most prevalent. At an intrapopulation level, all urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation in ancestry proportions was observed between individuals within each population rather than among population'. [90]

Region [91] EuropeanAfricanNative American
North Region 51%17%32%
Northeast Region 73%16%11%
Central-West Region 75%15%10%
Southeast Region 73%17%10%
South Region 92%3%5%

An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found a similar profile: "all the Brazilian samples (regions) lie more closely to the European group than to the African populations or to the Mestizos from Mexico". [92]

Region [93] EuropeanAfricanNative American
North Region 60.6%21.3%18.1%
Northeast Region 77.3%16.1%6.6%
Central-West Region 70.3%19.7%10.0%
Southeast Region 67.7%25.0%7.3%
South Region 91.5%4.3%4.2%

A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%). [87]

Region [87] EuropeanAfricanNative American
North Region 51%16%32%
Northeast Region 77%16%7%
Central-West Region 78%14%8%
Southeast Region 72%19%9%
South Region 91%5%4%

Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Estimates of ancestry results are consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771) followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed populations". [94]

According to another autosomal DNA study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil (in all regions), accounting for 65.90% of heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24.80%) and the Native American (9.3%). [95]

São Paulo state, the most populous state in Brazil, with about 40 million people, showed the following composition, according to an autosomal study from 2006: European genes account for 79% of the heritage of the people of São Paulo, 14% are of African origin, and 7% Native American. [96] A study from 2013 found the following composition in São Paulo state: 70% European, 20% African, 6% Asian and 4% Native American. [97] Another study focused on highly admixed populations yielded similar results. [98]

Races and ethnicities by region

South

The South of Brazil is the region with the largest percentage of Europeans. According to the 2005 census, people of European ancestry account for 87% of the population. [84] In colonial times, this region had a very small population.

The region what is now Southern Brazil was originally settled by Amerindian peoples, mostly Guarani and Kaingangs. [99] Only a few settlers from São Paulo were living there. This situation made the region vulnerable to attacks from neighboring countries. This fact forced the King of Portugal to decide to populate the region. For this, settlers from the Portuguese Azores islands were sent to the coast in 1617. [100]

To stimulate the immigration to Brazil, the king offered several benefits for the Azorean couples. Between 1748 and 1756, six thousand Portuguese from the Azores moved to the coast of Santa Catarina. They were mainly newly married who were seeking a better life. At that time, the Azores were one of the poorest regions of Portugal.

They established themselves mainly in the Santa Catarina Island, nowadays the region of Florianópolis. Later, some couples moved to Rio Grande do Sul, where they established Porto Alegre, the capital. The Azoreans lived on fishing and agriculture, especially flour. They composed over half of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina's population in the late 18th century. [101] The state of Paraná was settled by colonists from São Paulo due to their proximity (Paraná was part of São Paulo until the mid-19th century).

With the development of cattle in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, African slaves began arriving in large numbers. By 1822, Africans were 50% of Rio Grande do Sul's population. This number decreased to 25% in 1858 and to only 2.2% in 2015. Most of them came from Angola. [102]

After independence from Portugal (1822) the Brazilian government started to stimulate the arrival of a new wave of immigrants to settle the South. In 1824 they established São Leopoldo, a German community. Major Schaeffer, a German who was living in Brazil, was sent to Germany in order to bring immigrants. From Rhineland-Palatinate, the Major brought the immigrants and soldiers. Settlers from Germany were brought to work as small farmers, because there were many land holdings without workers. [103]

To attract the immigrants, the Brazilian government had promised large tracts of land, where they could settle with their families and colonize the region. The first years were not easy. Many Germans died of tropical disease, while others left the colonies to find better living conditions. The German colony of São Leopoldo was a disaster. Nevertheless, in the following years, a further 4,830 Germans arrived at São Leopoldo, and then the colony started to develop, with the immigrants establishing the town of Novo Hamburgo (New Hamburg). [104]

From São Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo, the German immigrants spread into others areas of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly close to sources of rivers. The whole region of Vale dos Sinos was populated by Germans. During the 1830s and part of the 1840s German immigration to Brazil was interrupted due to conflicts in the country (Ragamuffin War). The immigration restarted after 1845 with the creation of new colonies. The most important ones were Blumenau, in 1850, and Joinville in 1851, both in Santa Catarina state; these attracted thousands of German immigrants to the region. In the next five decades, other 28 thousand Germans were brought to Rio Grande do Sul to work as small farmers in the countryside. [105] By 1914, it is estimated that 50 thousand Germans settled in this state.

Another immigration boom to this region started in 1875. Communities with Italian immigrants were also created in southern Brazil. The first colonies to be populated by Italians were created in the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul (Serra Gaúcha). These were Garibaldi and Bento Gonçalves. These immigrants were predominantly from Veneto, in northern Italy. After five years, in 1880, the great numbers of Italian immigrants arriving caused the Brazilian government to create another Italian colony, Caxias do Sul. After initially settling in the government-promoted colonies, many of the Italian immigrants spread themselves into other areas of Rio Grande do Sul seeking further opportunities. [106]

They created many other Italian colonies on their own, mainly in highlands, because the lowlands were already populated by Germans and native gaúchos. The Italian established many vineyards in the region. Nowadays, the wine produced in these areas of Italian colonization in southern Brazil is much appreciated within the country, though little is available for export. In 1875, the first Italian colonies were established in Santa Catarina, which lies immediately to the north of Rio Grande do Sul. The colonies gave rise to towns such as Criciúma, and later also spread further north, to Paraná.

A significant number of Poles have settled in Southern Brazil. The first immigrants arrived in 1869 and until 1959, it is estimated that over 100,000 Poles migrated to Brazil, [107] 95% of whom were peasants. The State of Paraná received the majority of Polish immigrants, who settled mainly in the region of Curitiba, in the towns of Mallet, Cruz Machado, São Matheus do Sul, Irati, and União da Vitória. [108]

Southeast

The Southeastern region of Brazil is the most ethnically diverse part of the country. Europeans make up 62% of its population, those of mixed-race 30,6%, and African descent 6.4%. It has the largest percentage of Asian Brazilians, composing 0.8%, and a small Amerindian community (0.2%).

Southeast Brazil is home to the oldest Portuguese village in the Americas, São Vicente, São Paulo, established in 1532. [109] The region, since the beginning of its colonization, is a melting pot of Africans, Natives, and Europeans. The Indigenous peoples of the region were enslaved by the Portuguese.

The race mixing between the indigenous females and their European masters produced the Bandeirante, the colonial inhabitant of São Paulo, who formed expeditions that crossed the interior of Brazil and greatly increased the Portuguese colonial territory. The main language spoken by these people of mixed Indian/Portuguese heritage was Língua geral, a language that mixed Tupi and Portuguese words.

In the late 17th century the Bandeirantes found gold in the area that nowadays is Minas Gerais. A gold rush took place in Brazil and thousands of Portuguese colonists arrived during this period. The confrontation between the Bandeirantes and the Portuguese for obtaining possession of the mines led to the Emboabas' War.

The Portuguese won the war. The Amerindian culture declined, giving space to a stronger Portuguese cultural domination. In order to control the wealth, the Portuguese Crown moved the capital of Brazil from Salvador, Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. Thousands of African slaves were brought to work in the gold mines.

They were landed in Rio de Janeiro and sent to other regions. By the late 18th century, Rio de Janeiro was an "African city": most of its inhabitants were slaves. No other place in the world had as many slaves since the end of the Roman Empire. [110] In 1808 the Portuguese royal family, fleeing from Napoleon, took charge in Rio de Janeiro. Some 23,000 Portuguese nobles moved to Brazil. The region changed a lot, becoming more European.

After independence and principally after 1850, Southeast Brazil was "inundated" by European immigrants, who were attracted by the government to replace the African slaves in the coffee plantations. Most immigrants landed in the Port of Santos and have been forwarded to the coffee farms within São Paulo.

The vast majority of the immigrants came from Italy. Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953. The large number of Italians are visible in many parts of Southeast Brazil. Their descendants are nowadays predominant in many areas. For example, Northeast São Paulo is 45% Italian. [111]

The arrival of immigrants from several parts of Europe, the Middle-East and Asia produced an ethnically diverse population. The city of Bastos, in São Paulo, is 11.4% Japanese. The city of São Paulo is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan itself. [112]

Northeast

The population of Northeast Brazil is a result of an intensive race mixing, which has occurred in the region for more than four centuries. According to the 2006 census people reported as "Pardo" (Multiracial) make up 50.1% of the population. Those reported as African account for 3.9%.

This region did not have much effect from the massive European immigration that took place in Southern Brazil in the late 19th century and first decades of the 20th century. The Northeast has been a poorer region of Brazil since the decline of sugar cane plantations in the late 17th century, so its economy did not require immigrants.

The ethnic composition of the population starts in the 16th century. The Portuguese settlers rarely brought women, which led to relationships with the Indian women. Later, interracial relationships occurred between Portuguese males and African females. The coast, in the past the place where millions of African slaves arrived (mostly from modern-day Angola, Ghana, Nigeria and Benin) to work in sugar-cane plantations, is where nowadays there is a predominance of Mulattoes, those of African and European ancestry. Salvador, Bahia is considered the largest African city outside of Africa, with over 80% of its inhabitants being African-Brazilians. In the interior, there is a predominance of Indian and European mixture. [113]

North

Northern Brazil, largely covered by the Amazon rainforest, is the Brazilian region with the largest Amerindian influences, both in culture and ethnicity. Inhabited by diverse indigenous tribes, this part of Brazil was reached by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 17th century, but it started to be populated by non-Indians only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The exploitation of rubber used in the growing industries of automobiles, has emerged a huge migration to the region.

Many people from the poor Northeast Brazil, mostly Ceará, moved to the Amazon area. The contact between the Indians and the northeastern rubbers created the base of the ethnic composition of the region, with its mixed-race majority.

Central-West

The Central-West region of Brazil was inhabited by diverse Indians when the Portuguese arrived in the early 18th century. The Portuguese came to explore the precious stones that were found there. Contact between the Portuguese and the Indians created a mixed-race population. Until the mid-20th century, Central-West Brazil had a very small population. The situation changed with the construction of Brasília, the new capital of Brazil, in 1960. Many workers were attracted to the region, mostly from northeastern Brazil.

A new wave of settlers started arriving from the 1970s. With the mechanization of agriculture in the South of Brazil, many rural workers of German and Italian origin migrated to Central-West Brazil. In some areas, they are already the majority of the population.

Education and health

The Federal Constitution of 1988 and the 1996 General Law of Education in Brazil (LDB) attributed to the Federal Government, states, Federal District and municipalities the responsibility of managing the Brazilian educational system, considering three educational public systems as a basis for collaboration between these federal systems.

Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as mechanisms and sources for financial resources. The new Constitution reserves 25% of state and municipal taxes and 18% of federal taxes for education. [114]

As set out by the Brazilian Constitution, the main responsibility for basic education is attributed to the states and municipalities. Hence, a historical feature of Brazilian basic education is its extremely decentralized nature, which gives great organizational autonomy to sub-national governments (27 states and 5,546 municipalities) in organizing their educational systems.

Early childhood education, from 0–6 years, is under exclusive responsibility of the municipalities. Responsibility for compulsory primary education from 1st to 9th grades is shared between states and municipalities. Kindergarten and pre-school education are the responsibility of local levels of government, whereas secondary schools are under the responsibility of the states.

Maintenance of the system, including salaries, the definition of teacher career structures and supervision of early childhood, primary, and secondary levels (which make up basic education) is decentralized, and these levels are responsible for defining their respective curriculum content.

Higher education starts with undergraduate or sequential courses, which may offer different specialization choices such as academic or vocational paths. Depending on the choice, students may improve their educational background with Stricto Sensu or Lato Sensu postgraduate courses.

Higher education has three main purposes: teaching, research and extension, each with their own specific contribution to make to a particular course. Diplomas and certificates are proof of having passed through higher education.

According to Brazilian Government, the most serious health problems are: [115]

Religion

According to the IBGE census 2010 [116] 64.6% are Roman Catholics; 24% are Protestants and other Christians, 8% are agnostics, atheists or have no religion, 2% are followers of Spiritism, and 1% are members of other religions. Some of these religions are Jehovah's Witnesses (1,100,000), Latter-day Saints (200,000), Buddhism (215,000), Judaism (86,000), and Islam (27,000). [117]

Brazil has the largest Roman Catholic population in the world. [118]

Followers of Protestantism are rising in number. Until 1970, the majority of Brazilian Protestants were adherents of "traditional churches", mostly Lutherans, Presbyterians and Baptists. There are 120,000 Episcopalians in 9 dioceses (Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil). Since then, numbers of Pentecostal and Neopentecostal adherents have increased significantly.

Islam in Brazil was first practiced by African slaves. [119] The Muslim population in Brazil is made up mostly of Arab immigrants. [120]

The largest population of Buddhists in Latin America lives in Brazil, due greatly to Brazil's large Japanese population.

Languages

Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil. [121] It is spoken by nearly the entire population and is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio, TV and for all business and administrative purposes. Moreover, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity.

Many Amerindian languages are spoken daily in indigenous communities, primarily in Northern Brazil. Although many of these communities have significant contact with Portuguese, [122] there are incentives stimulating preservation and the teaching of native languages. According to SIL International, 133 Native American languages are currently endangered. Some of the largest indigenous language groups include Arawak, Carib, Macro-Gê and Tupi. [123] In 2006, the City of São Gabriel da Cachoeira in the region of Cabeça do Cachorro (Northwestern region of the State of Amazonas), has adopted some indigenous languages as some of its other official languages along with Portuguese.

Other languages are spoken by descendants of immigrants, who are usually bilingual, in small rural communities in Southern Brazil. The most important are the Brazilian German dialects, such as Riograndenser Hunsrückisch and the East Pomeranian dialect, and also the Talian, based on the Italian Venetian language. There are also bilingual speakers of Polish, Ukrainian and Russian in Southern Brazil, especially Paraná. In the city of São Paulo, Levantine, Japanese, Chinese and Korean can be heard in the immigrant neighborhoods, such as Liberdade. Yiddish and Hebrew are used by Jewish communities mainly in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Curitiba, Brasília, Belo Horizonte and Recife as well as the Vlax Romani dialect by Romani communities all across the nation.

The World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from The World Factbook , unless otherwise indicated [124]

Nationality

Population

Languages

Ethnic groups

Literacy

Religions

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paraná (state)</span> State of Brazil

Paraná is one of the 26 states of Brazil, in the south of the country. It is bordered in the north by São Paulo state, in the east by the Atlantic Ocean, in the south by Santa Catarina state and the province of Misiones, Argentina, and in the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary. It is subdivided into 399 municipalities, and its capital is the city of Curitiba. Other major cities are Londrina, Maringá, Ponta Grossa, Cascavel, São José dos Pinhais and Foz do Iguaçu. The state is home to 5.4% of the Brazilian population and generates 6.2% of the Brazilian GDP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rio Grande do Sul</span> State of Brazil

Rio Grande do Sul is a state in the southern region of Brazil. It is the fifth-most populous state and the ninth-largest by area. Located in the southernmost part of the country, Rio Grande do Sul is bordered clockwise by Santa Catarina to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Uruguayan departments of Rocha, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo, Rivera, and Artigas to the south and southwest, and the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones to the west and northwest. The capital and largest city is Porto Alegre. The state has the highest life expectancy in Brazil, and the crime rate is relatively low compared to the Brazilian national average. Despite the high standard of living, unemployment is still high in the state, as of 2017. The state has 5.4% of the Brazilian population and it is responsible for 6.6% of the Brazilian GDP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pardo Brazilians</span> Ethnic and skin color category used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics

In Brazil, Pardo is an ethnic and skin color category used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in the Brazilian censuses. The term "pardo" is a complex one, more commonly used to refer to Brazilians of mixed ethnic ancestries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese Brazilians</span> Ethnic group

Japanese Brazilians are Brazilian citizens who are nationals or naturals of Japanese ancestry or Japanese immigrants living in Brazil or Japanese people of Brazilian ancestry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afro-Brazilians</span> Brazilians with sub-Saharan African ancestry

Afro-Brazilians are Brazilians who have predominantly sub-Saharan African ancestry. Most members of another group of people, multiracial Brazilians or pardos, may also have a range of degree of African ancestry. Depending on the circumstances, the ones whose African features are more evident are always or frequently seen by others as "africans" - consequently identifying themselves as such, while the ones for whom this evidence is lesser may not be seen as such as regularly. It is important to note that the term pardo, such as preto, is rarely used outside the census spectrum. Brazilian society has a range of words, including negro itself, to describe multiracial people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">German Brazilians</span> Brazilian person of ethnic German ancestry or origin

German Brazilians refers to Brazilians of full or partial German ancestry. German Brazilians live mostly in the country's South Region, with a smaller but still significant percentage living in Southeast Region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regions of Brazil</span> Official subdivision of Brazil into subregions

Brazil is geopolitically divided into five regions, by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, which are formed by the federative units of Brazil. Although officially recognized, the division is merely academic, considering geographic, social and economic factors, among others, and has no political effects other than orientating Federal-level government programs. Under the state level, they are further divided into intermediate regions and even further into immediate regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazil socio-geographic division</span>

The Brazil socio-geographic division is a slightly different division than the Brazilian Division by Regions. It separates the country into three different and distinctive regions:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Region, Brazil</span> Region in Brazil

The South Region of Brazil is one of the five regions of Brazil. It includes the states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina, and covers 576,409.6 square kilometres (222,553.0 sq mi), being the smallest region of the country, occupying only about 6.76% of the territory of Brazil. Its whole area is smaller than that of the state of Minas Gerais, in Southeast Brazil, for example or the whole metropolitan France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immigration to Brazil</span> Overview of immigration to Brazil

Immigration to Brazil is the movement to Brazil of foreign peoples to reside permanently. It should not be confused with the forcible bringing of people from Africa as slaves. Latin Europe accounted for four-fifths of the arrivals. This engendered a strikingly multicultural society. Yet over a few generations, Brazil absorbed these new populations in a manner that resembles the experience of the rest of the New World.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish Brazilians</span>

Spanish Brazilians are Brazilians of full or partial Spanish ancestry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portuguese Brazilians</span> Brazilian individuals from Portugal

Portuguese Brazilians are Brazilian citizens whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Portugal. Most of the Portuguese who arrived throughout the centuries in Brazil sought economic opportunities. Although present since the onset of the colonization, Portuguese people began migrating to Brazil in larger numbers and without state support in the 18th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Brazil</span> Overview of the languages spoken in Brazil

Portuguese is the official and national language of Brazil being widely spoken by most of the population. Brazil is the most populous Portuguese-speaking country in the world, with its lands comprising the majority of Portugal’s former colonial holdings in the Americas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White Brazilians</span> Ethnic group

White Brazilians refers to Brazilian citizens who are considered or self-identify as "white", typically because of European or Levantine ancestry from Lebanon and Syria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazilians</span> Citizens of Brazil

Brazilians are the citizens of Brazil. A Brazilian can also be a person born abroad to a Brazilian parent or legal guardian as well as a person who acquired Brazilian citizenship. Brazil is a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many ethnic origins, and there is no correlation between one's stock and their Brazilian identity.

Brazilian censuses do not use a "multiracial" category. Instead, the censuses use skin colour categories. Most Brazilians of visibly mixed racial origins self-identify as pardos. However, many White Brazilians have distant non-white ancestry, while the group known as pardos likely contains acculturated Amerindians. According to the 2010 census, "pardos" make up 82.277 million people or 43.13% of Brazil's population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antônio Prado</span> Municipality in South, Brazil

Antônio Prado is a municipality located in the Serra Gaúcha regionin The city is situated in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It boasts the largest collection of architectural heritage designated by IPHAN related to Italian colonization in Brazil. Its population is estimated at 13,041 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Race and ethnicity in Brazil</span> Overview of race and ethnicity in Brazil

Brazilian society is made up of a confluence of people of Indigenous, Portuguese, and African descent. Other major significant groups include Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Lebanese, and Japanese.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch Brazilians</span> Brazilians of Dutch descent

Dutch Brazilians refers to Brazilians of full or partial Dutch ancestry. Dutch Brazilians are mainly descendants of immigrants from the Netherlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian Brazilians</span> Brazilians of Italian birth or descent

Italian Brazilians are Brazilians of full or partial Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Brazil during the Italian diaspora, or more recent Italian-born people who've settled in Brazil. Italian Brazilians are the largest number of people with full or partial Italian ancestry outside Italy, with São Paulo being the most populous city with Italian ancestry in the world. Nowadays, it is possible to find millions of descendants of Italians, from the southeastern state of Minas Gerais to the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul, with the majority living in São Paulo state. Small southern Brazilian towns, such as Nova Veneza, have as much as 95% of their population of Italian descent.

References

  1. População do Brasil – IBGE
  2. "Censo Demográfi co 2020 Características da população e dos domicílios Resultados do universo" (PDF). 8 November 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  3. "Brazil Population 2018", World Population Review
  4. 1 2 "World Factbook EUROPE : GERMANY", The World Factbook , 12 July 2018PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  5. "Brazil Demographics Profile".
  6. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/2002/l10436.htm Federal law recognizing Libras as an official language
  7. "Históricos dos censos demográficos". Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  8. "Projeção da população do Brasil e das Unidades da Federação". Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  9. IBGE. 2008 PNAD
  10. Technical Brief on the Implications of COVID-19 on Census (PDF). UNFPA. 2020.
  11. "Portal Brazil". Brasil.gov.br. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  12. "IBGE – Panorama do Censo 2022" . Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  13. "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  14. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  15. 1 2 "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". esa.un.org.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Max Roser (2014), "Total fertility rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation
  17. "United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org.
  18. "Estatísticas Vitais – Mortalidade e Nascidos Vivos". TABNET – Ministerio da Saúde. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  19. "O número de nascimentos no Brasil em 2022 foi o menor em 70 anos, artigo de José Eustáquio Diniz Alves". ecodebate.com.br.
  20. "Painel de Monitoramento de Nascidos Vivos". Plataforma integrada de vigilancia em saúde - Ministerio de Saúde. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  21. "Painel de Monitoramento da Mortalidade CID-10". Plataforma integrada de vigilancia em saúde - Ministerio da Saúde. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  22. "Fecundidade E Dinâmica Da População Brasileira" [Fertility and Dynamics of the Brazilian Population](PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Brasília: UNFPA. December 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  23. "IBGE – 2010 Census: Country faces decline of fertility". Ibge.gov.br. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  24. "Tabela 1.3.1 – População residente, por cor ou raça, segundo o sexo e os Sexo e grupos de idade : Brasil – 2010" (PDF). Ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  25. 1 2 "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  26. "Panorama do Censo 2022".
  27. "Tabela 9606: População residente, por cor ou raça, segundo o sexo e a idade".
  28. "International Migrant Stock". United Nations . Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  29. "International Migration Stock Methodology" (PDF). United Nations . Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  30. "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  31. "Memórias da Emigração Portuguesa". Archived from the original on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007.
  32. "Brazil – Amerindians". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  33. "Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil – 1870/1907" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
  34. "Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil – 1908/1953" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
  35. 1 2 Simon Schwartzman. "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil" (PDF).
  36. Simon Schwartzman. "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil" (PDF). Note 3, p.3
  37. Simon Schwartzman. "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil" (PDF).Table 6, p. 10
  38. Sanchanta, Mariko (19 July 2007). "Signs betray 'hidden workers' of Japan". Financial Times . Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  39. 1 2 Amaral, Ernesto F. (2005) "Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration", Migration Policy Institute website. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
  40. "Brasileiros no exterior" (PDF).
  41. ""Jewish Roots of Brazil", Anita Novinsky, 1987". Rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  42. "10 Most Jewish-Friendly Countries in the World". Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  43. "You are being redirected..." global100.adl.org. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  44. 1 2 "Brazil Virtual Jewish History Tour". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
  45. "Brazil – Modern-Day Community". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org/. 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  46. "Brazil – International Religious Freedom Report 2009". State.gov/. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  47. "Federação Israelita do Rio Grande do Sul". Firgs.org.br. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
  48. "PNAD 2006" (PDF). Ibge.gov.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  49. "Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática – SIDRA". Ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  50. "Censo Brasil 2010". Noticias.uol.com.br. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  51. Davis, Darién J. (10 May 2000). Afro-brasileiros hoje. Selo Negro. ISBN   9788587478092 via Google Books.
  52. "IBGE | Portal do IBGE | IBGE" (PDF). 16 October 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  53. Monasterio, Leonardo (8 May 2020). "Surnames and ancestry in Brazil". PLOS ONE. 12 (5): e0176890. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276890M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176890 . PMC   5421764 . PMID   28481940.
  54. Júnior, Judicael Clevelario (1997). "A participação da imigração na formação da população brasileira" [The participation of immigration in the formation of the Brazilian population]. Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População (in Portuguese). 14 (1/2): 51–71.
  55. "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidades étnicas no Brasil" . Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  56. Hout, Michael; Goldstein, Joshua R. (1994). "How 4.5 Million Irish Immigrants Became 40 Million Irish Americans: Demographic and Subjective Aspects of the Ethnic Composition of White Americans". American Sociological Review. 59 (1): 64–82. doi:10.2307/2096133. JSTOR   2096133.
  57. "Racial Reality – European-Americans". Sitesled.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  58. "El 56% de los argentinos tiene antepasados indígenas". Clarin.com. 16 January 2005. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2006.
  59. "Imigração Holandesa no Brasil. Glossário. História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil – HISTEDBR – Faculdade de Educação – UNICAMP". Histedbr.fae.unicamp.br. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  60. "Holandeses no Brasil – Radio Nederland, a emissora internacional e independente da Holanda – Português". 6 September 2009. Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  61. "Research Professor, A.C. Van Raalte Institute, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, USA". Twelfth International Economic History Conference, Madrid, Spain, 28 August 1998 (Session C-31). Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  62. 1 2 "O panorama lingüístico brasileiro: a coexistência de línguas minoritárias com o português" (PDF). Revistas.usp.br. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  63. "Paraná State Government page". Cidadao.pr.gov.br. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  64. "Olivet Second Most Spoken Languages Around the World". Olivet.edu. 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  65. "Brazil". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  66. "Hunsrik". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  67. Pupp Spinassé, Karen (2008). "Os imigrantes alemães e seus descendentes no Brasil : a língua como fator identitário e inclusivo" [German immigrants and their descendants in Brazil: language as an identity and inclusive factor]. Conexão Letras (in Portuguese). 3 (3): 125–140. hdl:10183/20697.
  68. Altenhofen, Cléo Vilson: Hunsrückisch in Rio Grande do Sul, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1996
  69. Levy, Maria Stella Ferreira (June 1974). "O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)" [The role of international migration on the evolution of the Brazilian population (1872 to 1972)]. Revista de Saúde Pública (in Portuguese). 8 (suppl): 49–90. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003 .
  70. "São Paulo capital, uma cidade italiana e os misteres profissionais dos imigrantes italianos". Brasil500anos.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  71. "Veneto". Ethnologue. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  72. "Venetian or Talian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  73. "Estudo descobre 31 milhões de portugueses pelo mundo". Dn.pt. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  74. "Observatório da Emigração". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  75. "Só o Brasil concedeu mais de 52 mil vistos de residência nos primeiros 6 meses". Graciano Coutinho OPovo. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  76. "Imigração aumenta 50 por cento em seis meses". Brasil.gov.br. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  77. "Datos Básicos". Archived from the original on 2 November 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.
  78. Pacific Island Travel web-site, accessed 4.8.08 Archived 3 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine , taken from: Brazil: the Rough Guide, by David Cleary, Dilwyn Jenkins, Oliver Marshall, Jim Hine. ISBN   1-85828-223-3
  79. Edward Eric Telles (2004). "Racial Classification". Race in Another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil . Princeton University Press. pp.  81–84. ISBN   978-0-691-11866-6.
  80. David I. Kertzer and Dominique Arel (2002). Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN   978-0-521-00427-5.
  81. 1 2 Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho; Moraes, Manoel Odorico; Moraes, Maria Elisabete Amaral de; Moraes, Milene Raiol de; Ojopi, Élida B.; Perini, Jamila A.; Racciopi, Clarice; Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Ândrea Kely Campos; Rios-Santos, Fabrício; Romano-Silva, Marco A.; Sortica, Vinicius A.; Suarez-Kurtz, Guilherme (16 February 2011). "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 . PMC   3040205 . PMID   21359226.
  82. Pereira, Clifford J. (May 2014). "East in the West: Investigating the Asian presence and influence in Brazil from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries". Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage. Honolulu, Hawai'i.
  83. "Censo Demográfi co 2010 Características da população e dos domicílios Resultados do universo" (PDF). 8 November 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  84. 1 2 "PNDA Census 2005 race" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.
  85. "'Estou orgulhoso com a minha raíz da China' --Leone Da Silveira Lee, primeiro e único general brasileiro com descendência chinesa" ['I am proud of my Chinese roots' --Leone Da Silveira Lee, the first and only Brazilian general of Chinese descent]. China Radio International online (in Portuguese). 22 May 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  86. Alves-Silva, J; da Silva Santos, M; Guimarães, PE; et al. (August 2000). "The ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA lineages". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67 (2): 444–61. doi:10.1086/303004. PMC   1287189 . PMID   10873790.
  87. 1 2 3 4 Rodrigues de Moura, Ronald; Coelho, Antonio Victor Campos; de Queiroz Balbino, Valdir; Crovella, Sergio; Brandão, Lucas André Cavalcanti (10 September 2015). "Meta-analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries". American Journal of Human Biology. 27 (5): 674–680. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22714. hdl: 11368/2837176 . PMID   25820814. S2CID   25051722.
  88. 1 2 Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; et al. (2011). Harpending, Henry (ed.). "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 . PMC   3040205 . PMID   21359226.
  89. Profile of the Brazilian blood donor Archived October 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Amigodoador.com.br. Retrieved on 2012-05-19.
  90. Saloum de Neves Manta, Fernanda; Pereira, Rui; Vianna, Romulo; Rodolfo Beuttenmüller de Araújo, Alfredo; Leite Góes Gitaí, Daniel; Aparecida da Silva, Dayse; de Vargas Wolfgramm, Eldamária; da Mota Pontes, Isabel; Ivan Aguiar, José; Ozório Moraes, Milton; Fagundes de Carvalho, Elizeu; Gusmão, Leonor; O'Rourke, Dennis (20 September 2013). "Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75145. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875145S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075145 . PMC   3779230 . PMID   24073242.
  91. Lins, Tulio C.; Vieira, Rodrigo G.; Abreu, Breno S.; Grattapaglia, Dario; Pereira, Rinaldo W. (2009). "Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs". American Journal of Human Biology. 22 (2): 187–92. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20976 . PMID   19639555. S2CID   205301927.
  92. De Assis Poiares, L; De Sá Osorio, P; Spanhol, F. A.; Coltre, S. C.; Rodenbusch, R; Gusmão, L; Largura, A; Sandrini, F; Da Silva, C. M. (February 2010). "Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population". Forensic Sci Int Genet. 4 (2): e61–3. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006. PMID   20129458.
  93. de Assis Poiares, Lilian; de Sá Osorio, Paulo; Spanhol, Fábio Alexandre; Coltre, Sidnei César; Rodenbusch, Rodrigo; Gusmão, Leonor; Largura, Alvaro; Sandrini, Fabiano; da Silva, Cláudia Maria Dornelles (February 2010). "Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 4 (2): e61–e63. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006. PMID   20129458.
  94. Lins, TC; Vieira, RG; Abreu, BS; Grattapaglia, D; Pereira, RW (2010). "Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs". Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22 (2): 187–92. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20976 . PMID   19639555. S2CID   205301927.
  95. "the impact of migrations in the constitution of Latin American populations" (PDF). Repositorio.unb.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  96. Ferreira, Luzitano Brandão; Mendes, Celso Teixeira; Wiezel, Cláudia Emília Vieira; Luizon, Marcelo Rizzatti; Simões, Aguinaldo Luiz (1 September 2006). "Genomic ancestry of a sample population from the state of São Paulo, Brazil". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (5): 702–705. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20474 . PMID   16917899. S2CID   10103856.
  97. Manta, Fernanda Saloum de Neves; Pereira, Rui; Vianna, Romulo; Araújo, Alfredo Rodolfo Beuttenmüller de; Gitaí, Daniel Leite Góes; Silva, Dayse Aparecida da; Wolfgramm, Eldamária de Vargas; Pontes, Isabel da Mota; Aguiar, José Ivan; Moraes, Milton Ozório; Carvalho, Elizeu Fagundes de; Gusmão, Leonor (20 September 2013). "Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75145. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875145S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075145 . PMC   3779230 . PMID   24073242.
  98. Naslavsky, Michel S.; et al. (2022). "Whole-genome sequencing of 1,171 elderly admixed individuals from Brazil". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 1004. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28648-3. PMC   8897431 . PMID   35246524.
  99. "Grupos indígenas e sua distribuição – Página do Gaúcho". Paginadogaucho.com.br. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
  100. Poubel, Mayra. "Imigração Açoriana no Brasil - História". InfoEscola.
  101. "Imigrantes: Açorianos". 31 December 2007. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  102. "RS VIRTUAL - O Rio Grande do Sul na Internet". www.riogrande.com.br. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  103. Silva, Misleine Neris de Souza. "Imigração alemã no Rio Grande do Sul - História". InfoEscola.
  104. Novo Hamburgo
  105. "Germans". Archived from the original on 16 July 2007.
  106. "Imigração Italiana no Rio Grande do Sul – Museu Etnográfico da Colônia Maciel". wp.ufpel.edu.br.
  107. Decol, René D. (24 February 2016). "Uma história oculta: a imigração dos países da Europa do Centro-Leste para o Brasil" [A hidden story: immigration from Central European countries to Brazil]. Anais (in Portuguese): 1–12.
  108. Poubel, Mayra. "Imigração Polonesa no Brasil - História". InfoEscola.
  109. RankBrasil – Livro Dos Recordes Brasileiros – Os melhores e maiores do Brasil Archived 24 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  110. Pdt – Rj Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  111. Fundação Lorenzato Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  112. "São Paulo é tudo de bom – Turismo, eventos e entretenimento na cidade de São Paulo". Archived from the original on 7 January 2008.
  113. "Regiões do Brasil". 5 January 2008. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  114. Japan Bank for International Cooperation report, November 2005, "Sector Study for Education in Brazil" Archived 19 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine , retrieved 28 February 2007
  115. "Untitled Document". Archived from the original on 7 January 2006. Retrieved 21 December 2005.
  116. IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). 2010 Census. Accessed 07.08.2012.
  117. "Religion in Brazil" (PDF). IBGE. 2000. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
  118. "The Global Catholic Population". Pew Research Center. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  119. Lovejoy, Paul E., Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil, Markus Wiener Pub., 2007. ISBN   1-55876-378-3.
  120. de Oliveira, Vitória Peres (2006). "Islam in Brazil or the Islam of Brazil?". Religião & Sociedade. 2.
  121. "Portuguese, the official language of Brazil". Brazilian Government official website. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
  122. "Portuguese throughout the world". Brazilian Government official website. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
  123. "Línguas Indígenas". Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007.
  124. "South America :: BRAZIL". CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 30 August 2017.

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.  (Archived 2006 edition)