Crimes in the Penal Code
There are several articles of the Brazilian Penal Code that restrict freedom of speech defining some speeches as a crime.
Inducement, instigation or assistance to suicide
Article 122 - Causing or inciting a person to commit suicide or provide them assistance to do so:
Penalty - imprisonment from two to six years if the suicide is consummated; or imprisonment of one to three years if the suicide attempt resulting bodily injury of a serious nature.
Single Paragraph - The penalty is doubled:
I - if the crime is committed by selfish motive;
II - if the victim is a minor or has diminished, for any reason, capacity of resistance.
Slander
Article 138 - Slandering someone, charging them falsely with a fact defined as a crime:
Penalty - imprisonment from six months to two years and fine.
§ 1 - The same penalty applies to those who knowingly propagate or publish the falsehood.
§ 2 - Is punishable, slander against the dead.
§ 3 - It is recognized proof of the truth, unless:
I - if the offended has not been convicted by a final judgment;
II - the fact is attributed to any of the persons mentioned in item I of Article 141;
III - if the offended was acquitted by a final sentence.
Defamation
Article 139 - Defaming someone, charging them of fact offensive to his reputation:
Penalty - imprisonment of three (3) months to one (1) year and a fine.
Single Paragraph - The exception of truth only is allowed if the offended is a public official and the offense is on the exercise of their functions.
Injury
Article 140 - Insulting someone, offending his dignity or decorum:
Penalty - detention of one to six months, or a fine.
§ 1 - The court may forego applying the pen:
I - when the offended, the reprehensible manner, directly caused the injury;
II - for immediate retaliation, consisting of another injury.
§ 2 - If the injury is to violence or blows, which, by their nature or the means employed, if they consider demeaning:
Penalty - imprisonment from three months to one year and a fine addition to the penalty corresponding to violence.
§ 3 - If the injury is to use elements of race, color, ethnicity, religion, origin or condition of elderly or disabled person:
Penalty - imprisonment of one to three years and fine.
Threat
Article 147 - Threatening someone, by word, writing or gesture, or any other symbolic medium, to cause them harm unjust and severe:
Penalty - detention of one to six months, or a fine.
Outrage of worship and impediment or disruption of the act relating to it
Article 208 - Mocking someone publicly, by reason of belief or religious function; impede or disturb ceremony or practice of religious worship; publicly vilify material act or object of religious worship:
Penalty - detention of one month to one year or a fine.
Single Paragraph - If there is use of violence, the penalty is increased by one third, without prejudice to the corresponding violence.
Incitement to crime
Article 286 - Inciting publicly the practice of crime:
Penalty - detention of three to six months or a fine.
Apology of crime or criminal
Article 287 - Making publicly, praise or justification of criminal act or crime author:
Penalty - detention of three to six months or a fine.
Contempt
Article 331 - Insulting a public official on the job or by reason of their duties:
Penalty - detention of six months to two years or a fine.
Slanderous denunciation
Article 339 - To cause police investigation, court proceedings, administrative investigation, civil investigation or action administrative impropriety against someone, charging them with a crime knowing they are innocent:
Penalty - imprisonment of two to eight years and a fine.
§ 1 - The penalty is increased by the sixth part, if the agent makes use of anonymous or assumed name.
§ 2 - The penalty is reduced by half if the charge is the practice of misdemeanor.
False reporting of a crime or misdemeanor
Article 340 - Provoking the action of an authority, informing it of the occurrence of crime or misdemeanor, knowing it did not occur:
Penalty - detention of one to six months or a fine.
False self-accusation
Article 341 - Self-accuse, to the authorities of non-existent crime or practiced by others:
Penalty - detention of three months to two years or a fine.
Increase of penalty for slander, defamation and injury
There are specific causes of increased punishment for slander, defamation, injury.
Article 141 - The penalties prescribed in this chapter is increased by one third if any crime is committed:
I - against the President or against the head of government, foreign;
II - against a public official by reason of their duties;
III - in the presence of several people, or by facilitating the dissemination of slander, defamation or injury;
IV - against a person over sixty (60) years old or disabled, except in case of injury.
Single paragraph. If crime is committed through payment or promise of reward, applies to pen double.
Not punishable exceptions for injury or defamation
Article 142 - [The following provisions] Do not constitute punishable injury or defamation:
I - the offense made in court, during the discussion, by the defendant or his attorney;
II - the unfavorable opinion of literary, artistic or scientific criticism, unless there is the intention to insult or slander;
III - the unfavorable concept issued by a public official in the performance of duty.
Single Paragraph - In the case of sections I and III, is punishable by slander or defamation who gives you advertising.
Retraction for libel or defamation
Article 143 - The accused before conviction, apologizing fully for the libel or defamation, is free from penalty.
Single paragraph. Where the defendant has committed slander or defamation using media, the retraction will be given, if desired, by the same means in which it is practiced offense.
A statute of limitations, known in civil law systems as a prescriptive period, is a law passed by a legislative body to set the maximum time after an event within which legal proceedings may be initiated. In most jurisdictions, such periods exist for both criminal law and civil law such as contract law and property law, though often under different names and with varying details.
Defamation is a communication that injures a third party's reputation and causes a legally redressable injury. The precise legal definition of defamation varies from country to country. It is not necessarily restricted to making assertions that are falsifiable, and can extend to concepts that are more abstract than reputation – like dignity and honour. In the English-speaking world, the law of defamation traditionally distinguishes between libel and slander. It is treated as a civil wrong, as a criminal offence, or both.
Treason is the crime of attacking a state authority to which one owes allegiance. This typically includes acts such as participating in a war against one's native country, attempting to overthrow its government, spying on its military, its diplomats, or its secret services for a hostile and foreign power, or attempting to kill its head of state. A person who commits treason is known in law as a traitor.
Lèse-majesté or lese-majesty is an offence or defamation against the dignity of a ruling head of state or of the state itself. The English name for this crime is a modernised borrowing from the medieval French, where the phrase meant 'a crime against the Crown'. In classical Latin, laesa māiestās meant 'hurt/violated majesty' or 'injured sovereignty'.
Volksverhetzung, in English "incitement to hatred", "incitement of popular hatred", "incitement of the masses", or "instigation of the people", is a concept in German criminal law that refers to incitement to hatred against segments of the population and refers to calls for violent or arbitrary measures against them, including assaults against the human dignity of others by insulting, maliciously maligning, or defaming segments of the population.
Resisting arrest, or simply resisting, is an illegal act of a suspected criminal either fleeing, threatening, assaulting, or providing a fake ID to a police officer during arrest.
Censorship in Iraq has changed under different regimes, most recently due to the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
The age of consent varies by jurisdiction across Europe. The ages of consent – hereby meaning the age from which one is deemed able to consent to having sex with anyone else of consenting age or above – are between 14 and 18. The vast majority of countries set their ages in the range of 14 to 16; only four countries, Cyprus (17), Ireland (17), Turkey (18), and the Vatican City (18), set an age of consent higher than 16.
The Revised Penal Code contains the general penal laws of the Philippines. First enacted in 1930, it remains in effect today, despite several amendments thereto. It does not comprise a comprehensive compendium of all Philippine penal laws. The Revised Penal Code itself was enacted as Act No. 3815, and some Philippine criminal laws have been enacted outside of the Revised Penal Code as separate Republic Acts.
Between 1941 and 1945, the government of Nazi Germany perpetrated the Holocaust: a large-scale industrialised genocide in which approximately six million Jews were systematically murdered throughout German-occupied Europe. Since World War II, several countries have criminalised Holocaust denial—the assertion by antisemites that the genocide was fabricated or has been exaggerated. Currently, 17 European countries, along with Israel and Canada, have laws in place that cover Holocaust denial as a punishable offence. Many countries also have broader laws that criminalise genocide denial as a whole, including that of the Holocaust. Among the countries that have banned Holocaust denial, Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Poland, Romania, Russia and Ukraine have also banned Nazi symbols. Additionally, any expression of genocide justification is also a criminal offence in several countries, as is any attempt to portray Nazism in a positive light.
Laws regarding incest vary considerably between jurisdictions, and depend on the type of sexual activity and the nature of the family relationship of the parties involved, as well as the age and sex of the parties. Besides legal prohibitions, at least some forms of incest are also socially taboo or frowned upon in most cultures around the world.
Freedom of speech is the concept of the inherent human right to voice one's opinion publicly without fear of censorship or punishment. "Speech" is not limited to public speaking and is generally taken to include other forms of expression. The right is preserved in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and is granted formal recognition by the laws of most nations. Nonetheless, the degree to which the right is upheld in practice varies greatly from one nation to another. In many nations, particularly those with authoritarian forms of government, overt government censorship is enforced. Censorship has also been claimed to occur in other forms and there are different approaches to issues such as hate speech, obscenity, and defamation laws.
A blasphemy law is a law prohibiting blasphemy, which is the act of insulting or showing contempt or lack of reverence to a deity, or sacred objects, or toward something considered sacred or inviolable. According to Pew Research Center, about a quarter of the world's countries and territories (26%) had anti-blasphemy laws or policies as of 2014.
The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria prohibits blasphemy against Islam by using legislation rather than by using Sharia. The penalty for blasphemy may be years of imprisonment as well as a fine. Every Algerian child has an opportunity to learn what blasphemy is because Islam is a compulsory subject in public schools, which are regulated jointly by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Religious Affairs.
Anti-discrimination laws in Brazil are present in the Constitution of Brazil, in the labour law, in the child and adolescent law, in the ageing law, and in the penal code.
In traffic laws, a hit and run or a hit-and-run is the criminal act of causing a traffic collision and not stopping afterwards. It is considered a supplemental crime in most jurisdictions.
The legal system in the United Arab Emirates is based on civil law, and Sharia law in the personal status matters of Muslims and blood money compensation. Personal status matters of non-Muslims are based on civil law. The UAE constitution established a federal court system and allows all emirates to establish local courts systems. The emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah have local court systems, while other emirates follow the federal court system. Some financial free trade zones in Abu Dhabi and Dubai have their own legal and court systems based on English common law; local businesses in both emirates are allowed to opt-in to the jurisdiction of common law courts for business contracts.
Insult is the infringement of another human's honor by whatsoever means of expression, in particular an offensive statement or gesture communicated, and is a crime in some countries. In a few countries seen as the same, in most the distinction between insult and defamation is that, from a focusing point of view, the former ascribes a value whereas the latter attributes or imputes a fact.
Hate speech is public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation. Hate speech is "usually thought to include communications of animosity or disparagement of an individual or a group on account of a group characteristic such as race, colour, national origin, sex, disability, religion, or sexual orientation".
Lèse-majesté in Japan was a special crime of defamation concerning the imperial family that was in effect between 1877 and 1947, mostly in militarized Japan. It is an act of disrespect against the imperial family and affiliated sites like imperial shrines and mausoleums. It first appeared in 1877 in the draft of the Japanese Penal Code. Later, it was stipulated in Articles 74 and 76 as one of the elements of the current Penal Code, Part II, Chapter 1, "Crimes against the Imperial Family," which came into effect in 1908. Here, the scope of the crime was extremely wide and any actions considered the act to be disrespectful was enacted. Therefore, this law forced Japanese people to support the Emperor, Shinto, and militaristic Japan during World War II. However, after World War II, in accordance with the strong instructions of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, MacArthur, and the spirit of the new constitution, which respects the equality of individuals, "crimes against the imperial family," including lèse-majesté, were abolished in the 1947 revision of the penal code. Therefore, there is no lèse-majesté in the current law in Japan. During the Meiji and Taisho periods, the number of people who were suspected of lèse-majesté averaged less than ten per year, but during World War II, the number increased dramatically, and from 1941 to 1943, the annual average number rose to nearly 160.
