National Congress of Brazil

Last updated

National Congress

Congresso Nacional
57th Legislature of the National Congress
Logo do Congresso Nacional.png
Type
Type
Houses
History
Founded6 May 1826 (1826-05-06)
New session started
5 February 2024 (2024-02-05)
Leadership
Rodrigo Pacheco, PSD
since 1 February 2021
Arthur Lira, PP
since 1 February 2021
Government Leader
Randolfe Rodrigues, Ind.
since 3 January 2023
Majority Leader
Daniella Ribeiro, PSD
since 1 June 2023
Minority Leader
Flávio Bolsonaro, PL
since 13 April 2023
Structure
Seats
  • 594 members:
  • 81 senators
  • 513 federal deputies
Brazil Senate December 2023.svg
Federal Senate political groups
Government (16)
   PT (8)
   PSB (4)
   PDT (3)
   Independent (1)

Opposition (15)

   PL (12)
   PSDB (2)
   NOVO (1)

Independents (50)

   PSD (15)
   MDB (11)
   PODE (7)
   UNIÃO (7)
   PP (6)
   Republicans (4)
Brazil Chamber of Deputies December 2023.svg
Chamber of Deputies political groups
Government (225)
   FE Brasil (81)
   MDB (43)
   PSD (43)
   PDT (18)
   PSB (14)
   PSOL REDE Fdr. (14)
   Avante (7)
   Solidarity (5)

Opposition (117)

   PL (96)
   NOVO (3)

Independents (169)

   UNIÃO (59)
   PP (50)
   Republicans (40)
   PODE (16)
   PRD (4)
Elections
Federal Senate voting system
Plurality voting, alternating every four years between single-member elections (FPTP) and dual-member elections (Block voting)
Chamber of Deputies voting system
Open list proportional representation (D'Hondt method) with a 2% election threshold [1]
Last general election
2 October 2022
Next general election
4 October 2026
Meeting place
Brasilia Congresso Nacional 05 2007 221.jpg
Nereu Ramos Palace, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
Website

The National Congress (Portuguese : Congresso Nacional) is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government. Unlike the state legislative assemblies and municipal chambers, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate (the upper house) and the Chamber of Deputies (the lower house). The Congress meets annually in Brasília from 2 February to 22 December, with a mid-term break taking place between 17 July and 1 August. [2] [3]

Contents

The Senate represents the 26 states and the Federal District. Each state and the Federal District has a representation of three senators, who are elected by popular ballot for a term of eight years. Every four years, renewal of either one third or two-thirds of the Senate (and of the delegations of the States and the Federal District) takes place. [4] [5] The Chamber of Deputies represents the people of each state, and its members are elected for a four-year term by a system of proportional representation. Seats are allotted proportionally according to each state's population, with each state eligible for a minimum of 8 seats (least populous) and a maximum of 70 seats (most populous). Unlike the Senate, the whole of the Chamber of Deputies is renewed every four years. [6]

Until recently it was common for politicians to switch parties and the proportion of congressional seats held by each party would often change. Seats belong to the parties and not to the politicians; one can only change parties and retain his or her seat in a very limited set of cases. Politicians who abandon the party for which they were elected now face the loss of their congressional seat. [7] Each house of the Brazilian Congress elects its president and the other members of its directing board from among its members. The President of the Senate is ex officio the President of the National Congress, and in that capacity summons and presides over joint sessions, as well as over the joint services of both houses. The President of the Chamber is second in the presidential line of succession while the President of the Senate (and of Congress) is third.

Board of the National Congress

The current composition of the Board of the National Congress is as follows: [8]

OfficeNamePartyState
President Rodrigo Pacheco PSD Minas Gerais
1st Vice-President Marcos Pereira Republicanos São Paulo
2nd Vice-PresidentRodrigo Cunha UNIÃO Alagoas
1st Secretary Luciano Bivar UNIÃO Pernambuco
2nd Secretary Weverton Rocha PDT Maranhão
3rd SecretaryJúlio Cesar PSD Piauí
4th Secretary Styvenson Valentim PODE Rio Grande do Norte

Houses

Federal Senate

The Federal Senate (Portuguese : Senado Federal) is the upper house of the National Congress. Created by the first Constitution of the Brazilian Empire in 1824, it was inspired in United Kingdom's House of Lords, but with the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 it became closer to the United States Senate. [9] Currently, the Senate comprises 81 seats. Three senators from each of the 26 states and three senators from the Federal District are elected on a majority basis to serve eight-year terms. Elections are staggered so that two-thirds of the upper house is up for election at one time and the remaining one-third four years later. When one seat is up for election in each State, each voter casts one vote for the Senate; when two seats are up for election, each voter casts two votes, and the voter cannot give his two votes for the same candidate, but, in elections for the renewal of two-thirds of the Senate, each party can present two candidates for election. The candidate in each State and the Federal District (or the first two candidates, when two-thirds of the seats are up for election) who achieve the greatest plurality of votes are elected. [10]

Chamber of Deputies

The Chamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados) is the lower house of the National Congress, it is composed of 513 federal deputies, who are elected by a proportional representation of votes to serve a four-year term. Seats are allotted proportionally according to each state's population, with each state eligible for a minimum of 8 seats (least populous) and a maximum of 70 seats (most populous). [11]

In 2018, 24 out of the country's 33 political parties were able to elect at least one representative in the Chamber, while sixteen of them were able to elect at least one senator.

See the Latest election section for election results table.

Building

In early 1900s, the Brazilian National Congress happened to be in separate buildings in Rio de Janeiro which was then the national capital. The Senate was located near Railway Central Station, beside the Republica Square, at Moncorvo Filho Street, where there is today a Federal University of Rio de Janeiro students' center. The Federal Chamber of Deputies was located at Misericórdia Street, which would later be the location of the State of Rio de Janeiro's local Chamber of Deputies. From the 1930s to early 1960s, the Senate occupied the Monroe Palace, which was demolished in the 1970s to allow the construction of the subway Cinelândia Station. The Federal Chamber of Deputies moved to Brasília in the early 1960s, a process that took years to complete. [12]

Since the 1960s, the National Congress has been located in Brasília. As with most of the city's government buildings, the National Congress building was designed by Oscar Niemeyer. [13]

The semi-sphere on the left is the seat of the Senate, and the semi-sphere on the right is the seat of the Chamber of the Deputies. Between them are two vertical office towers. [14]

The building is located in the middle of the Monumental Axis, the main street of Brasília. In front of it there is a large lawn where demonstrations take place. At the back of it, is the Praça dos Três Poderes ('Three Powers Plaza'), where lies the Palácio do Planalto and the Supreme Federal Court.

On 6 December 2007, the Institute of Historic and Artistic National Heritage (Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional) decided to declare the building of the National Congress a historical heritage of the Brazilian people. The building has also been a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as part of Brasília's original urban buildings, since 1987. [15]

2023 storming

On 8 January 2023, supporters of the former president Jair Bolsonaro invaded and vandalized the Brazilian National Congress as well as other federal buildings in Brasília. [16]

National Congress building

Latest election

Chamber of Deputies

Camara dos Deputados do Brasil 2022.svg
Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Liberal Party 18,201,24616.6299+66 [lower-alpha 1]
Brazil
of Hope
Workers' Party 13,170,62612.0267+11
Communist Party of Brazil 1,154,7121.056–4 [lower-alpha 2]
Green Party 954,5780.876+2
Brazil Union 10,198,2889.3159–22 [lower-alpha 3]
Progressistas 8,692,9187.9447+10
Social Democratic Party 8,293,9567.5742+8
Brazilian Democratic Movement 7,870,8107.1842+8
Republicans 7,610,8946.9541+11 [lower-alpha 4]
Always
Forward
Brazilian Social Democracy Party 3,309,0613.0213–16
Cidadania 1,614,1061.475–3 [lower-alpha 5]
PSOL
REDE
Socialism and Liberty Party 3,856,0313.5212+2
Sustainability Network 783,6010.722+1
Brazilian Socialist Party 4,172,3833.8114–18
Democratic Labour Party 3,828,2893.4917–11
Podemos 3,610,6343.3012–5 [lower-alpha 6]
Avante 2,175,3551.9970
Social Christian Party 1,944,6781.786–2
Solidarity 1,697,1271.554–9
Patriota 1,526,5701.394–5 [lower-alpha 7]
Brazilian Labour Party 1,422,6521.301–9
New Party 1,354,7541.243–5
Republican Party of the Social Order 1,042,6980.954–4
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party 288,0270.2600
Party of National Mobilization 256,5780.230–3
Act 158,6220.140–2 [lower-alpha 8]
Christian Democracy 97,7410.090–1
Brazilian Communist Party 85,5110.0800
Brazilian Woman's Party 83,0550.0800
Popular Unity 54,5860.050New
United Socialist Workers' Party 27,9950.0300
Workers' Cause Party 7,3080.0100
Total109,545,390100.005130
Valid votes109,545,39088.92
Invalid votes6,149,0564.99
Blank votes7,501,1256.09
Total votes123,195,571100.00
Registered voters/turnout155,557,50379.20
Source: Superior Electoral Court

Federal Senate

Senado Federal Brasil 2022.svg
Party or allianceVotes%Seats
ElectedTotal+/–
Liberal Party 25,278,76425.39813+11 [lower-alpha 9]
Brazilian Socialist Party 13,615,84613.6711–1
Brazil
of Hope
Workers' Party 12,024,69612.0849+3
Green Party 475,5970.48000
Communist Party of Brazil 299,0130.30000
Social Democratic Party 11,312,51211.36210+3
Progressistas 7,592,3917.6237+2
Brazil Union 5,465,4865.49512+2 [lower-alpha 10]
Social Christian Party 4,285,4854.30110
Republicans 4,259,2794.2823+2 [lower-alpha 11]
Brazilian Democratic Movement 3,882,4583.90110–2
Brazilian Labour Party 2,046,0032.0500–3
Podemos 1,776,2831.7806–1 [lower-alpha 12]
Democratic Labour Party 1,586,9221.5902–2
Always
Forward
Brazilian Social Democracy Party 1,384,8711.3904–5
Cidadania 00.0001–1 [lower-alpha 13]
Avante 1,359,4551.37000
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party 758,9380.76000
PSOL
REDE
Socialism and Liberty Party 675,2440.68000
Sustainability Network 8,1330.0101–4
New Party 479,5930.48000
Popular Unity 291,2940.2900New
Republican Party of the Social Order 213,2470.21010
United Socialist Workers' Party 132,6800.13000
Christian Democracy 94,0980.09000
Patriota 76,7290.0800–1 [lower-alpha 14]
Brazilian Communist Party 64,5690.06000
Brazilian Woman's Party 61,3500.06000
Party of National Mobilization 27,8120.03000
Act 24,0760.0200–1 [lower-alpha 15]
Solidarity 17,3390.0200–1
Workers' Cause Party 5,5720.01000
Independent 00.0000–1
Total99,575,735100.0027810
Valid votes99,575,73580.83
Invalid votes14,279,52711.59
Blank votes9,340,3097.58
Total votes123,195,571100.00
Registered voters/turnout155,557,50379.20
Source: Superior Electoral Court

Legislatures

The Legislatures are counted from the first meeting of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate, on 6 May 1826, in the imperial era (the Chamber of Deputies met for preparatory sessions from 29 April 1826 onwards to elect its officers and conduct other preliminary business, but the Legislature was formally opened on 6 May). The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate were created by Brazil's first Constitution, the Constitution of the Empire of Brazil, adopted in 1824. The previous Constituent and Legislative Assembly of the Empire of Brazil, a unicameral National Assembly, that was convened in 1823 and that was dissolved by Emperor Pedro I before adopting a Constitution is not counted among the Legislatures. Thus, the numbering includes only the bicameral Legislatures that existed from 1826 to the present day, and includes only Legislatures elected after the adoption of the first Brazilian Constitution.

In the imperial era, the national legislature was named General Assembly. It was made up of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Senators were elected for life and the Senate was a permanent institution, whereas the Chamber of Deputies, unless dissolved earlier, was elected every four years. When Brazil became a Republic and a Federal State the model of a bicameral Legislature was retained at the Federal level, but the Parliament was renamed National Congress. The National Congress is made up of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Both Houses have fixed terms and cannot be dissolved earlier. Under Brazil's present Constitution, adopted in 1988, Senators are elected to eight-year terms, and Deputies are elected every four years. [17]

The numbering of the Legislatures is continuous, including the Legislatures of the imperial General Assembly and of the republican National Congress. The inauguration of a new composition of Chamber of Deputies for a four-year term of office marks the start of a new Legislature.

LegislaturePeriodLegislaturePeriodLegislaturePeriodLegislaturePeriodLegislaturePeriod
1st Legislature 1826–1829 13th Legislature 1867–1868 25th Legislature 1900–1902 37th Legislature 1935–1937 49th Legislature 1991–1995
2nd Legislature 1830–1833 14th Legislature 1869–1872 26th Legislature 1903–1905 38th Legislature 1946–1950 50th Legislature 1995–1999
3rd Legislature 1834–1837 15th Legislature 1872–1875 27th Legislature 1906–1908 39th Legislature 1951–1954 51st Legislature 1999–2003
4th Legislature 1838–1841 16th Legislature 1876–1877 28th Legislature 1909–1911 40th Legislature 1955–1958 52nd Legislature 2003–2007
5th Legislature 1842–1844 17th Legislature 1878–1881 29th Legislature 1912–1914 41st Legislature 1959–1962 53rd Legislature 2007–2011
6th Legislature 1845–1847 18th Legislature 1882–1884 30th Legislature 1915–1917 42nd Legislature 1963–1967 54th Legislature 2011–2015
7th Legislature 1848–1848 19th Legislature 1885–1885 31st Legislature 1918–1920 43rd Legislature 1967–1970 55th Legislature 2015–2019
8th Legislature 1849–1852 20th Legislature 1886–1889 32nd Legislature 1921–1923 44th Legislature 1971–1975 56th Legislature 2019–2023
9th Legislature 1853–1856 21st Legislature 1890–1891 33rd Legislature 1924–1926 45th Legislature 1975–1979 57th Legislature 2023–2027
10th Legislature 1857–1860 22nd Legislature 1891–1893 34th Legislature 1927–1929 46th Legislature 1979–1983
11th Legislature 1861–1863 23rd Legislature 1894–1896 35th Legislature 1930–1930 47th Legislature 1983–1987
12th Legislature 1864–1866 24th Legislature 1897–1899 36th Legislature 1933–1935 48th Legislature 1987–1991

Notes

  1. Compared to the deputies of the Party of the Republic elected in 2018. The party was renamed Liberal Party in 2019.
  2. Compared to the combined deputies of the Communist Party of Brazil and of the Free Fatherland Party elected in 2018. The parties merged after that election.
  3. Compared to the combined deputies of the Social Liberal Party and of Democrats elected in 2018. The parties merged to form Brazil Union in 2022.
  4. Compared to the deputies of the Brazilian Republican Party elected in 2018. The party was renamed Republicans in 2019.
  5. Compared to the deputies of the Popular Socialist Party elected in 2018. The party was renamed Cidadania in 2019.
  6. Compared to the combined deputies of Podemos and of the Humanist Party of Solidarity elected in 2018. The parties merged after that election.
  7. Compared to the combined deputies of Patriota and of the Progressive Republican Party elected in 2018. The parties merged after that election.
  8. Compared to the deputies of the Christian Labour Party elected in 2018. The party was renamed Act in 2022.
  9. Compared to the senators of the Party of the Republic elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The party was renamed Liberal Party in 2019.
  10. Compared to the combined senators of Democrats and of the Social Liberal Party elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The parties merged to form Brazil Union in 2022.
  11. Compared to the senators of the Brazilian Republican Party elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The party was renamed Republicans in 2019.
  12. Compared to the combined senators of Podemos and of the Humanist Party of Solidarity elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The parties merged after that election.
  13. Compared to the senators of the Popular Socialist Party elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The party was renamed Cidadania in 2019.
  14. Compared to the combined senators of Patriota and of the Progressive Republican Party elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The parties merged after that election.
  15. Compared to the senators of the Christian Labour Party elected in 2018 or not up for election in 2018. The party was renamed Act in 2022.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Senate of Spain</span> Upper house of the Cortes Generales

The Senate is the upper house of the Cortes Generales, which along with the Congress of Deputies – the lower chamber – comprises the Parliament of the Kingdom of Spain. The Senate meets in the Palace of the Senate in Madrid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Congress of the Union</span> Legislature of Mexico

The Congress of the Union, formally known as the General Congress of the United Mexican States, is the legislature of the federal government of Mexico consisting of two chambers: the Senate of the Republic and the Chamber of Deputies. Its 628 members meet in Mexico City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michigan Legislature</span> Legislative branch of the state government of Michigan

The Michigan Legislature is the legislature of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is organized as a bicameral body composed of an upper chamber, the Senate, and a lower chamber, the House of Representatives. Article IV of the Michigan Constitution, adopted in 1963, defines the role of the Legislature and how it is to be constituted. The chief purposes of the Legislature are to enact new laws and amend or repeal existing laws. The Legislature meets in the Capitol building in Lansing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Senate of the Republic (Mexico)</span> Upper house of the legislature of Mexico

The Senate of the Republic, constitutionally Chamber of Senators of the Honorable Congress of the Union, is the upper house of Mexico's bicameral Congress. It currently consists of 128 members, who serve six-year terms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Assembly (Venezuela)</span> Parliament of Venezuela

The National Assembly is the legislature for Venezuela that was first elected in 2000. It is a unicameral body made up of a variable number of members, who were elected by a "universal, direct, personal, and secret" vote partly by direct election in state-based voting districts, and partly on a state-based party-list proportional representation system. The number of seats is constant, each state and the Capital district elected three representatives plus the result of dividing the state population by 1.1% of the total population of the country. Three seats are reserved for representatives of Venezuela's indigenous peoples and elected separately by all citizens, not just those with indigenous backgrounds. For the 2010 to 2015 the number of seats was 165. All deputies serve five-year terms. The National Assembly meets in the Federal Legislative Palace in Venezuela's capital, Caracas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argentine Senate</span> Upper house of the National Congress of Argentina

The Honorable Senate of the Argentine Nation is the upper house of the National Congress of Argentina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elections in Brazil</span> Elections

Brazil elects on the national level a head of state—the president—and a legislature. The president is elected to a four-year term by absolute majority vote through a two-round system. The National Congress has two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies has 513 members, elected to a four-year term by proportional representation. The Federal Senate has 81 members, elected to an eight-year term, with elections every four years for alternatively one-third and two-thirds of the seats. Brazil has a multi-party system, with such numerous parties that often no one party has a chance of gaining power alone, and so they must work with each other to form coalition governments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Connecticut State Senate</span> Upper house of the Connecticut General Assembly

The Connecticut State Senate is the upper house of the Connecticut General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. The state senate comprises 36 members, each representing a district with around 99,280 inhabitants. Senators are elected to two-year terms without term limits. The Connecticut State Senate is one of 14 state legislative upper houses whose members serve two-year terms; four-year terms are more common.

Cidadania is a Brazilian political party. It was originally founded as the Popular Socialist Party by members of the former Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), as a centre-left social democratic and democratic socialist party. Despite its left-wing alignment, PPS moved to be opposition against the Workers' Party since 2004, forming alliances with centre-right parties, in particular the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), and supporting the Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. Later the party's National Convention adopted the new naming in March 2019, and it was later approved by the Superior Electoral Court that September. The party then began moving towards a more social liberal position akin to the third way.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)</span> Lower house of the National Congress of Brazil

The Chamber of Deputies is a federal legislative body and the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil. The chamber comprises 513 deputies, who are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms. The current President of the Chamber is the Deputy Arthur Lira (PP-AL), who was elected on 1 February 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Congress of Argentina</span> Bicameral legislature of Argentina

The National Congress of Argentina is the legislative branch of the government of Argentina. Its composition is bicameral, constituted by a 72-seat Senate and a 257-seat Chamber of Deputies. The Senate, whose members are elected to six-year terms renewable by thirds each two years, consists of three representatives from each province and the federal capital. The Chamber of Deputies, whose members are elected to four-year terms, is apportioned according to population, and renews their members by a half each two years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Senate (Brazil)</span> Upper house of the National Congress of Brazil

The Federal Senate is the upper house of the National Congress of Brazil. When created under the Imperial Constitution in 1824, it was based on the House of Lords of the British Parliament, but since the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 and under the first republican Constitution the Federal Senate has resembled the United States Senate.

The Democrats was a centre-right political party in Brazil that merged with the Social Liberal Party to found the Brazil Union in 2021. It was founded in 1985 under the name of Liberal Front Party from a dissidence of the defunct Democratic Social Party (PDS), successor to the National Renewal Alliance (ARENA), the official party during the military dictatorship of 1964–1985. It changed to its current name in 2007. The original name reflected the party's support of free market policies, rather than the identification with international liberal parties. Instead, the party affiliated itself to the international federations of Christian-democratic (CDI) and conservative parties (IDU). The Democrats' identification number is 25 and its colors are green, blue, and white.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazilian presidential inauguration</span>

The inauguration of the president of Brazil is composed of several ceremonies that happen in the same day. Through democratic elections or coups, resignations and deaths, presidential inaugurations have been important events in Brazilian history.

The Federal Government of Brazil is the national government of the Federative Republic of Brazil, a republic in South America divided into 26 states and a federal district. The Brazilian federal government is divided into three branches: the executive, which is headed by the President and the cabinet; the legislative, whose powers are vested by the Constitution in the National Congress; and the judiciary, whose powers are vested in nine organs, including the Supreme Federal Court and lower federal courts. The seat of the federal government is located in Brasília.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auro de Moura Andrade</span> Brazilian lawyer and politician

Auro Soares de Moura Andrade, commonly known as Auro de Moura Andrade or Moura Andrade, was a Brazilian lawyer and politician. He was born in a wealthy family of farmers from the countryside, son of the cattle rancher Antônio Joaquim de Moura Andrade, known as "The King of the Cattle".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">56th Legislature of the National Congress</span>

The 56th Legislature of National Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the Federal Government of Brazil, composed by the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. It convened in Brasília on 1 February 2019, a month after the beginning of Jair Bolsonaro's only term as president, and ended on 31 January 2023.

The National Brazilian Congress has a bicameral system, with the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Women are extremely underrepresented in both parts of the Congress. Between 1983 and 2015 women only made up on average 7.2% of seats in the Senate, and 6.2% of seats in the Chamber of Deputies. While the majority of seats on both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies were held by male politicians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">57th Legislature of the National Congress</span> Incumbent meeting of the legislature of Brazil

The 57th Legislature of National Congress is the current meeting of the legislative branch of the Federal Government of Brazil, composed by the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. It convened in Brasília on 1 February 2023, a month after the inauguration of the winner of the 2022 presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Congress Palace</span> Meeting place of the National Congress of Brazil

The National Congress Palace is a building in Brasilia, Brazil that serves as the meeting place of the Brazilian national legislature, the National Congress of Brazil. It was built in 1960.

References

  1. "Com dura cláusula de barreira, metade das siglas corre risco de acabar". O Tempo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 12 July 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  2. "Brazil – The legislature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  3. "The National Congress". Portal da Câmara dos Deputados (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  4. Bruns, Axel; Enli, Gunn; Skogerbo, Eli; Larsson, Anders Olof; Christensen, Christian (22 December 2015). The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-317-50656-0.
  5. Brazil - The legislature.
  6. Ameringer, Charles D. (1992). Political Parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 105. ISBN   978-0-313-27418-3.
  7. Morgenstern, Scott; Nacif, Benito; Lange, Peter (4 March 2002). Legislative Politics in Latin America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-79659-0.
  8. "Mesa do Congresso Nacional". Congresso Nacional (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  9. "Senado Federal – SF". Portal Brasileiro de Dados Abertos (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  10. "Como funciona a eleição dos senadores". Senado Notícias (in Portuguese). 13 September 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  11. Pereira, Anthony W. (24 September 2020). Modern Brazil: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 80. ISBN   978-0-19-254013-3.
  12. Brawer, Moshe (12 February 1992). Atlas of South America. Springer. p. 112. ISBN   978-1-349-12579-1.
  13. Bonfitto, Peter Louis (6 December 2021). World Architecture and Society: From Stonehenge to One World Trade Center [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 34. ISBN   978-1-4408-6585-5.
  14. Barnes, Ashley. "Modern Architecture in Brazil". wou.edu. Western Oregon University.
  15. Galván, Javier A. (4 August 2020). Modern Brazil. ABC-CLIO. p. 9. ISBN   978-1-4408-6032-4.
  16. "Brazil protests: Lula vows to punish 'neo-fascists' after Bolsonaro supporters storm congress". the Guardian. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  17. Ameringer 1992 , p. 105

See also

15°47′59″S47°51′51″W / 15.79972°S 47.86417°W / -15.79972; -47.86417