Brazilian German

Last updated
Brazilian German
Native toBrazil
Official status
Official language in
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil [2] [3]
17 municipalities
Language codes
ISO 639-3 (partially included in pdt (Plautdietsch), hrx (Hunsrik), nds (Low German, more specifically East Pomeranian in Brazil))

The German-based varieties spoken by German Brazilians together form a significant minority language in Brazil. "Brazilian German" is strongly influenced by Portuguese and to a lesser extent by Italian dialects as well as indigenous languages. High German and Low Saxon/German dialects and Germanic languages are particularly strong in Brazil's South and Southeast Regions. According to Ethnologue, ca. 3 million people in Brazil speak the Hunsrik Language, 1.5 million speak Standard German.[ citation needed ]

Contents

German speakers from Germany, Switzerland and Austria make up the largest group of immigrants after Portuguese and Italian speakers. They tended to preserve their language longer than the speakers of Italian, which is closer to Portuguese. Consequently, German and Low Saxon/German was the second most common family language in Brazil at the 1940 census. However, even in areas that are still dominated by German speakers, most are bilingual. Today, (Low-) German is increasingly cultivated as a cultural heritage, and several municipalities have recently given co-official status with Portuguese to one Brazilian variant or another of it.

The language Hunsrik or Riograndenser Hunsrückisch is the most significant variant. It is particularly well represented in the two southernmost states, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. But especially in Espírito Santo there are significant pockets whose dialect is based on East Low German (East Pomeranian), [4] [3] and some other dialects can be found locally due to 20th century immigration.

Hunsrik

Hunsrik, a language derived from the Hunsrückisch dialect, is also referred to as Riograndenser Hunsrückisch (or Brazilian Hunsrückisch) after the country's southernmost state, Rio Grande do Sul. It is also strongly represented in Santa Catarina, where the local variant is referred to as Katharinensisch, and in Paraná. Together, these three states form Brazil's South Region. The area attracted significant immigration from German-speaking countries.

German immigration to Rio Grande do Sul started in 1824. [5] The German workers and settlers came from many different regions, but especially from the poor regions Hunsrück and nearby Palatinate. The German dialects began to mix with each other, adopting elements of the languages spoken by other immigrants, to form varieties that differed from municipality to municipality, often from family to family, and which had no relation to the dialect lines in Germany. [6] However, in most places the Hunsrück dialect proved dominant.

Initially, the immigrants had to organize their own school system, [7] but this was to change. Due to lack of exposure – from 1938 till 1961, German was not even taught at higher schools [8] – Standard German became restricted to formal contexts such as church, whereas all daily interactions happened either in dialect or in Portuguese, from which the required words for innovations were also taken. [9]

Speakers of Hunsrik are typically bilingual with Portuguese, but are not necessarily familiar with Standard German. The elementary school of Santa Maria do Herval, a municipality in Rio Grande do Sul with a population of roughly 6,000, teaches Hunsrik and uses a new orthography for this which is closer to Portuguese than to Standard German conventions, this follows a research by SIL International and led by professor Ursula Wiesemann to standardize the language according to its actual use in the local communities and social networks. [10] This method is also used for teaching on other local municipalities with native Hunsrik speakers. A concurrent standardization approach led by the professor Cléo Altenhofen criticizes this detachment, demanding a closer orthographic tie between Hunsrik and Standard German, and arguing that the efforts should try to revert the Portuguese influence over the language by keeping a very conservative orthography, in a way that it would be only a variation of the original Hunsrückisch dialect. [11] [12]

In July 2018, the mayor of Blumenau, Mario Hildebrandt, signed Decree no. 11,850/2018, which created the Bilingual Erich Klabunde Municipal School, offering teaching in Portuguese and German. [13] [14] [15]

Co-official status [16]

East Pomeranian

East Pomeranian, a dialect of Low German, is spoken in many places in southeastern and southern Brazil:

Municipalities where East Pomeranian dialects are co-official in Espirito Santo, Brazil Pomeranoespiritosanto.svg
Municipalities where East Pomeranian dialects are co-official in Espírito Santo, Brazil
Co-official status [16]

Other German and Low Saxon/Low German dialects in Brazil

Plattdüütsch or Vestfaliano

Plattdüütsch, or Vestfaliano is a variation of the Westphalian language or Westfalisch, one of the major dialect groups of West Low German. This spoken dialect has legal and co-official status in the municipality of Westfália, according to the lei N° 1302 of 2016 [30] This dialect variety was brought by immigrants coming from Westphalia establishing communities and language island [31] in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunsrückisch</span> Dialect of German

Hunsrückisch is a German dialect spoken in the Hunsrück region of Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate). This mountainous region of Germany has long been an exporter of emigrants to Brazil, United States, Canada, Australia and other parts of the world.

Hunsrik, also called Riograndese Hunsrik, Riograndenser Hunsrückisch or Katharinensisch, is a Moselle Franconian language derived primarily from the Hunsrückisch dialect of West Central German which is spoken in parts of South America. A co-official language in the Brazilian municipalities of Antônio Carlos, Santa Maria do Herval, and São João do Oeste, Hunsrik is spoken in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná, as well as some regions of neighboring Paraguay and Argentina. It has been an integral part of the historical and cultural heritage of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul since 2012, and considered an intangible cultural heritage of Santa Catarina state since 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Maria de Jetibá</span> Place in Southeast, Brazil

Santa Maria de Jetibá is the name of a municipality in central Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil. It was founded in 1857 by Pomeranian immigrants who arrived through the state capital Vitória by going up the river Santa Maria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">German Brazilians</span> Brazilian person of ethnic German ancestry or origin

German Brazilians refers to Brazilians of full or partial German ancestry. German Brazilians live mostly in the country's South Region, with a smaller but still significant percentage living in the Southeast Region.

Talian, or Brazilian Venetian, or Vêneto is a Venetian dialect spoken primarily in the Serra Gaúcha region in the northeast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. It is also spoken in other parts of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as in parts of Espírito Santo and of Santa Catarina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">São Leopoldo</span> Municipality in South, Brazil

São Leopoldo is a Brazilian industrial city located in the south state of Rio Grande do Sul.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immigration to Brazil</span>

Immigration to Brazil is the movement to Brazil of foreign peoples to reside permanently. It should not be confused with the forcible bringing of people from Africa as slaves. Latin Europe accounted for four-fifths of the arrivals. This engendered a strikingly multicultural society. Yet over a few generations, Brazil absorbed these new populations in a manner that resembles the experience of the rest of the New World.

East Pomeranian or Farther Pomeranian is an East Low German dialect moribund in Europe, which used to be spoken in the region of Farther Pomerania when it was part of the German Province of Pomerania, until World War II, and today is part of Poland. Currently, the language survives mainly in Brazil, where it is spoken by descendants of German immigrants of the 19th century and where it was given its own script by the linguist Ismael Tressmann. It has co-official status in 11 Brazilian municipalities and has been recognized as a historical and cultural heritage of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. East Pomeranian is also spoken in central Wisconsin and parts of Iowa, in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Brazil</span>

Portuguese is the official and national language of Brazil being widely spoken by most of the population. Brazil is the most populous Portuguese-speaking country in the world, with its lands comprising the majority of Portugal's former colonial holdings in the Americas.

Missões, Brazil is a region of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil roughly occupying the same area previously dominated by the colonial missions founded by Saint Roque González.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mato Queimado</span> Municipality in South, Brazil

Mato Queimado is a Brazilian municipality located in the northwestern part of the state of the Rio Grande do Sul. The population is about 1,629 in an area of 114.64 km². It is located 489 km in the west of the state capital of Porto Alegre and northeast of Alegrete.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of South America</span>

The languages of South America can be divided into three broad groups:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Picada Café</span> Municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Picada Café or Kaffeeschneiss in the local German dialect is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is located around 80 kilometers from the state capital of Porto Alegre.

Selbach is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As of 2020, the estimated population was 5,107.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">São Pedro do Butiá</span> Municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

São Pedro do Butiá is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As of 2020, the estimated population was 2,949.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Itapiranga, Santa Catarina</span> Municipality in South, Brazil

Itapiranga is the westernmost municipality in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">São Pedro de Alcântara, Santa Catarina</span> Municipality in South, Brazil

São Pedro de Alcântara, Santa Catarina is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">São João do Oeste</span> Municipality in South, Brazil

São João do Oeste is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">German colonization in Rio Grande do Sul</span>

The German colonization in Rio Grande do Sul was a large-scale and long-term project of the Brazilian government, motivated initially by the desire to populate the south of Brazil, ensuring the possession of the territory, threatened by Spanish neighbors. In addition, the search for Germans intended to recruit mercenary soldiers to reinforce the Brazilian army. The immigrants would also be important to improve the domestic supply of basic goods, since they would settle on the land as owners of productive small farms. Furthermore, the Germans would help to "whiten" the Brazilian population.

References

  1. ↑ Hunsrik, Ethnologue (2016).
  2. ↑ "IPOL realizará formação de recenseadores para o censo linguístico do município de Antônio Carlos-SC - IPOL". e-ipol.org.
  3. 1 2 3 "Pommern in Brasilien - LernCafe – Online-Journal zur allgemeinen Weiterbildung". www.lerncafe.de. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  4. ↑ Archived November 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Altenhofen, Cléo Vilson: Hunsrückisch in Rio Grande do Sul, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1996, p. 24.
  6. ↑ Altenhofen, p. 42.
  7. ↑ Altenhofen, p. 69.
  8. ↑ Altenhofen, p. 38.
  9. ↑ Altenhofen, p. 45.
  10. ↑ Wiesemann, Ursula (2008). "Contribuição ao desenvolvimento de uma ortografia da língua Hunsrik falada na América do Sul". Summer Institute of Linguistics. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-96BA-9.
  11. ↑ "Brasilien: Hunsrücker Platt wird zweite Amtssprache". volksfreund.de. 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
  12. ↑ "Uff Hunsrickisch schreiwe: Entrevista mit Cléo Altenhofen / Escrever em Hunsrückisch: Entrevista com Cléo Altenhofen | IPOL". ipol.org.br. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
  13. ↑ "Blumenau é pioneira na criação de escolas bilíngues". 25 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  14. ↑ "Blumenau terá duas escolas bilíngues". Archived from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  15. ↑ Decreto Nº 11.850, de 24 de julho de 2018, Leis Municipais, acessado em 29 de setembro de 2019
  16. 1 2 "IPOL realizará formação de recenseadores para o censo linguístico do município de Antônio Carlos-SC". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Bost, Bodo: Pommersche Sprache erlebt Renaissance in Brasilien. VDA Globus 1/2010.
  18. ↑ Lei 2.069 de 2013, Câmara Municipal de Afonso Cláudio
  19. ↑ Município de Itarana participa de ações do Inventário da Língua Pomerana, Prefeitura Municipal de Itarana
  20. ↑ «Lei Municipal nº 1.195/2016 de Itarana/ES». itarana.es.gov.br
  21. ↑ "Pomerano!? | Língua Portuguesa". Lpniceia.wordpress.com. 2008-12-27. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
  22. ↑ LEI Nº 2.644, DE 11 DE ABRIL 2023, dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua pomerana no âmbito do município de Espigão do Oeste - Roraima. Repositório Brasileiro de Legislações Linguísticas
  23. ↑ "Descendentes de etnia germânica vivem isolados em área rural de Minas" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  24. ↑ "Pomeranos em busca de recursos federais" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  25. ↑ "Resistência cultural – Imigrantes que buscaram no Brasil melhores condições de vida, ficaram isolados e sem apoio do poder público" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  26. ↑ Göz Kaufmann (2004). "Eine Gruppe - Zwei Geschichten - Drei Sprachen. Rußlanddeutsche Mennoniten in Brasilien und Paraguay". Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik. 71 (3): 257–306. JSTOR   40505042.
  27. ↑ "Mennoniten - junge gemeinde - Mennoniten in Lateinamerika / Paraguay / Brasilien / Bolivien / Mexiko / Südamerika". Jungegemeinde.de. 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
  28. ↑ René Laglstorfer. "Schuhplattln auf Brasilianisch". derStandard.at. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  29. ↑ "Fundação Cultural Suábio-Brasileira" . Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  30. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). camarawestfalia.rs.gov.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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