Peter Bourne | |
---|---|
Director of the Office of Drug Abuse Policy | |
In office January 20, 1977 –June 20, 1978 | |
President | Jimmy Carter |
Preceded by | Robert DuPont (Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention,1975) |
Succeeded by | Lee Dogoloff |
Personal details | |
Born | Oxford,England,UK | August 6,1939
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse | Mary King |
Education | Emory University (MD) Stanford University (MA) |
Peter G. Bourne (born 6 August 1939 in Oxford,England) [1] is a physician,anthropologist,author and international civil servant with experience in several senior government positions. He is currently a visiting senior research fellow at Green Templeton College,Oxford,vice-chancellor emeritus at St. George's University in Grenada and chair of the Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba (MEDICC). He is also a distinguished fellow of the Rothermere American Institute at the University of Oxford.
Bourne was born on 6 August 1939 in Oxford,England. He received his early education at the Dragon School before attending Whitgift School,Croydon. Following a year of undergraduate studies (1957–1958) at Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,Bourne was admitted to the university's School of Medicine,where he received his M.D. degree in 1962. He later received an M.A. in anthropology from Stanford University in 1969. [2]
After graduating from medical school,he spent a year (1962–1963) as a fellow in Emory University's psychiatry department studying arrested alcoholics in the city jail in Atlanta. [3] He established a groundbreaking program through which arrested alcoholics could take the drug antabuse as an alternative to serving prison time. [4] He was active in the civil rights movement and participated in the effort to integrate lunch counters in the city. For the next year,he was a rotating intern at King County Hospital in Seattle.[ failed verification ]
In 1964,Bourne was commissioned as a captain in the United States Army Medical Corps. He was assigned to the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR),where he studied the psychological and physiological effects of stress on basic trainees as a research psychiatrist. He spent one year (1965–1966) in Vietnam as chief of the neuropsychiatry section of the Army's Psychiatric Research Team,where he studied stress in helicopter ambulance medics and Special Forces. [5] These were considered landmark studies in the field of psychoimmunology. During his service,he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal,the Air Medal and the Combat Medics Badge.
Upon discharge from the Army,he was active in the anti-war movement and completed a residency (1967–1969) in psychiatry at Stanford University while concurrently pursuing graduate studies in anthropology. Bourne also worked as a volunteer at the Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic during this period.
In 1969,Bourne returned to Emory University as an assistant professor of psychiatry,preventive medicine and community health. He ran the mental health department of a federally-funded Community Health Center which he eventually expanded into the first free-standing community mental health center in Georgia. He also continued to play an active role in the integration efforts in Georgia and the South. Together with his first wife,Judith Rooks,Bourne led an effort to overturn Georgia's restrictive abortion laws. Having failed in the state legislature,together with other plaintiffs,they filed suit against the state on behalf of Jane Doe,a patient seeking an abortion for whom Bourne was the physician of record. Following victories for the plaintiffs in the state courts the case,as Doe vs Bolton,was appealed to the Supreme Court of the US. It was heard together with the better known case from Texas,Roe vs Wade. The court's watershed ruling based on the two cases transformed women's access to abortion in the US. [6] He was active with the American Psychiatric Association (APA),chairing the organization's Task Force on Drugs and Drug Abuse Education and serving on the Task Force on the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. He has served on the editorial board of the journal Psychiatry since 1969. In 2008 he was made a Distinguished Life Fellow of the APA. In 1972 he was named one of "The Five Outstanding Young Men in Georgia."
Bourne had run,as part of his mental health center,a treatment program for heroin addicts. In 1971,Bourne established Georgia's first statewide drug treatment program under Governor Jimmy Carter;from 1970 to 1973,he also served as Carter's special advisor for health affairs. He remained personally close to Carter and was influential in convincing him to run for the American presidency. [7] Bourne would later become a key strategist and deputy campaign director for Carter,running the Washington office for the successful 1976 presidential campaign from 1975 to 1977.
As a result of setting up and successfully running Georgia's first statewide drug treatment program,Bourne left Emory in 1973 to take a position as assistant director in charge of treatment programs in President Richard Nixon's Special Action Office of Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP). He did so with the intention of resigning as soon as Carter announced his plans to run for the presidency. Upon leaving the administration in 1974,he served as president of the Foundation for International Resources and a fellow at the Drug Abuse Council through 1976. From 1974 to 1979,he was also a lecturer in psychiatry at Harvard Medical School with a clinical appointment at McLean Hospital in Boston,Massachusetts. Throughout this frenetic period,he also held consultancies with the World Health Organization and the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs.
Under Jimmy Carter,Bourne was appointed special assistant to the president for health issues and director of the Office of Drug Abuse Policy (ODAP),the predecessor of the current Office of National Drug Control Policy. He resigned this position on 20 July 1978,amid controversy concerning his efforts to maintain the confidentiality of one of his staff for whom he had written a prescription for methaqualone. Shortly thereafter,National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws executive director Keith Stroup leaked Bourne's alleged use of cannabis and cocaine (which Bourne had previously characterized as being "acutely pleasurable" in "The Great Cocaine Myth," a 1974 article for the Drugs and Drug Abuse Education Newsletter) [8] at a party coinciding with the group's annual convention to journalists Gary Cohn and Jack Anderson in retaliation for the Carter administration's continued use of paraquat on Mexican cannabis fields. Bourne denied the allegation. [9] [10]
Under his leadership,however,the number of deaths from drug overdoses dropped to its lowest level in 30 years. Bourne served as the personal envoy of the president of the United States in bilateral discussions with heads of state or government in Burma,Colombia,Thailand,the Philippines and Jamaica. He chaired the World Hunger Working Group,a sub-cabinet committee formed to formulate new US policy with regard to world hunger. [11] This led to the establishment of the Presidential Commission on World Hunger and Malnutrition. He also chaired the Interagency Committee on World Health formed to review the US role in global health and to formulate new presidential initiatives in this area. [12] He was the White House coordinator for the Presidential Commission on the UN International Year of the Child,and with Rosalynn Carter established a Commission on Mental Health and Mental Illness. Bourne also served on the President's Commission on White House Fellows.
Bourne also served as the White House coordinator for International Human Needs (health,literacy,housing,family planning and disaster relief) and the liaison with the UN specialized. In that capacity he was a member of the US delegation to the executive committee of UNICEF,Manila (1977),a member of the US delegation to the World Health Assembly,Geneva 1977,1978,a member of the US delegation to the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs,Geneva 1977,1978,and chairman of the US Delegation to the Governing Council of UN Development Programme (UNDP),Geneva,1978.
In 1979,Bourne became an Assistant Secretary-General at the United Nations,where he established and ran the "International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade," a 10-year program that would provide clean drinking water to more than 500 million people worldwide. As part of the program Bourne launched,in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,a global campaign to eradicate the water borne disease caused by guinea worm. Eventually,he convinced Carter to become the public face of the campaign,which is now nearing complete success. [13]
After leaving the UN in 1982 for the private sector,Bourne established an NGO,Global Water,to pursue the same goals as the UN program. He began serving on the boards of numerous charities including Save the Children,The Hunger Project (chairman of the board,1998–2009),Health and Development International,International Health Society,Student Partnerships Worldwide (SPW),the American Association for World Health (chairman of the board),American Public Health Association,The Institute for Human Virology (IHV),Royal Society of Medicine (fellow),the Center for Genetics Nutrition and Health and the Jefferson Awards for Public Service. Bourne also served on the Jury of the prestigious medical prize,The Lasker Awards. He also became president of Tropica Development Ltd,a company involved in fostering economic programs in Africa.
Building on a long-standing interest in the Cuban health care system and relationships established during several visits to the country when in the White House and at the UN,Bourne published in 1986 a well received biography of Fidel Castro. [14] In 1995 as chairman of the American Association for World Health he directed a year-long foundation-supported study of the impact of the US embargo on health and nutrition in CubaDenial of Food and Medicine:The Impact of the US Embargo on Health and Nutrition in Cuba. He co-authored the subsequent report. [15] The study,translated into six languages,drew worldwide attention and lead to the establishment of the NGO,Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba (MEDICC). [16] Its initial objective was to enable senior US medical students to spend six-week electives with family doctors in Cuba. Over five years more than 1,500 students from virtually every medical school in the U.S. took advantage of this program. In 2004 Federal regulations with regard to Cuba were changed making impossible to continue this student program. MEDICC then focussed on the production of a movie on the Cuban health system, [17] the publication of a peer-reviewed,English language journal on Cuban health and medicine [18] and the recruitment of delegations of high level health policy makers to visit Cuba.
As an informal foreign policy advisor to Bill Richardson,Bourne accompanied the legislator to Baghdad in 1995 for a meeting he had negotiated with Saddam Hussein to secure the release of two American aerospace workers who had been captured by the Iraqis after wandering over the Kuwait border. Richardson and Bourne subsequently collaborated on a number of such efforts in Iran,Peru,Cuba,Bangladesh,the United Arab Emirates,Kenya,and North Korea,where they helped win the release of an American lay preacher who had crossed to the wrong side of the border. [19]
Beginning in 1980,Bourne had been,on a part-time basis,chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at St. George's University Medical School in Grenada;in this capacity,he oversaw the placement and supervision of medical students in psychiatric teaching hospitals in the US and the UK. In 1998,he moved to Grenada and became Vice Chancellor of St. George's University. [20] Over the next five years he built and enhanced the reputation of the medical school,established a school of veterinary medicine,grew the embryonic school of arts and sciences into the second largest institution in the region for students of Caribbean origin,opened a program in public health granting an MPH degree,and started a department of marine biology. He also launched on campus,in collaboration with the West Indies Cricket Board,The Shell Cricket as the main training institution for the West Indies cricket team. It gave the university,for the first time,recognition and acceptance throughout the English-speaking Caribbean.
In 2003 Bourne left Grenada and returned to Washington,D.C. He was appointed as a visiting senior research fellow at Green Templeton College at the University of Oxford [2] and began dividing his time between the US and the UK. This included increasing the time he spent at his farm in Wales,where he raised red deer,llamas and North American bison. In 2012 he was made a visiting distinguished fellow at the Rothermere American Institute of Oxford University. At Green Templeton College he was on the steering committee of the annual Emerging Markets Symposium. [2]
Bourne is a member of the Reform Club (London),the Special Forces Club (London),and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine. A recreational runner he was,in 1993,nationally ranked in the marathon for his age group (age 44yrs) after completing the Marine Corps marathon in 2 hours,45 min,14 secs. At age 73 years he came in first in the over-70 category in the Oxford Half-Marathon. He also has a private pilot's license.
Emory University is a private research university in Atlanta,Georgia. It was founded in 1836 as Emory College by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory. Its main campus is in Druid Hills,3 miles (4.8 km) from Downtown Atlanta.
The National Academy of Medicine (NAM),known as the Institute of Medicine (IoM) until 2015,is an American nonprofit,non-governmental organization. The National Academy of Medicine is a part of the National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,along with the National Academy of Sciences (NAS),National Academy of Engineering (NAE),and the National Research Council (NRC).
The Emory University School of Medicine is the graduate medical school of Emory University and a component of Emory’s Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center. Emory University School of Medicine traces its origins back to 1915 when the Atlanta Medical College,the Southern Medical College (1878),and the Atlanta School of Medicine merged.
St. George's University is a private medical school and international university in Grenada,West Indies,offering degrees in medicine,veterinary medicine,public health,the health sciences,nursing,arts and sciences,and business. St. George's University was established by an act of Grenada's parliament on July 23,1976. Classes in the School of Medicine began January 17,1977. In 1993,the university added graduate and undergraduate programs. In 1996,it was granted a charter for the School of Arts and Sciences and a Graduate Studies Program. In 1997,undergraduate courses in international business,life sciences,medical sciences,pre-medical and pre-veterinary medicine were added. The School of Veterinary Medicine was established in 1999,as was the university's Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.
Latin American School of Medicine (LASM) formerly Latin American School of Medical Sciences,is an international public medical school operated by the Cuban government established in 1999 and supported by the Venezuelan Government (RBDEV). Its mission is to "contribute to the training of Primary Health Care physicians in diverse regions of the World" according to Almaty objectives.
The Cuban government operates a national health system and assumes fiscal and administrative responsibility for the health care of all its citizens. All healthcare in Cuba is free to Cuban residents,although challenges include low salaries for doctors,poor facilities,poor provision of equipment,and the frequent absence of essential drugs,of which the US embargo regime is a direct cause. There are no private hospitals or clinics as all health services are government-run. The current public health minister of Cuba is JoséAngel Portal Miranda.
MEDICC is a non-profit organization founded in 1997 that works to enhance cooperation among the US,Cuban and global health communities through its programs.
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis,prevention,and treatment of deleterious mental conditions. These include various matters related to mood,behaviour,cognition,perceptions,and emotions.
Stephen Garrard Post has served on the Board of the John Templeton Foundation (2008-2014),which focuses on virtue and public life. He is a researcher,opinion leader,medical school professor,and best-selling author who has taught at the University of Chicago Medical School,Fordham University-Marymount,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (1988-2008) and Stony Brook University School of Medicine (2008-). He is widely known for his research on the ways in which giving can enhance the health and happiness of the giver,how empathy and compassionate care contribute to patient outcomes,ethical issues in caring for people with dementia,medical professionalism and the virtues,and positive psychology in relation to health and well-being. Post is an elected member of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia,the New York Academy of Medicine,and the Royal Society of Medicine,London. He was selected nationally as the Public Member of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Composite Committee (2000-2005),and was reappointed for outstanding contributions.
James Douglas Bremner is an American physician,researcher,and writer based in Atlanta,Georgia. He has conducted research on posttraumatic stress disorder and the relationship between depression and suicide and the acne drug Accutane.
Arnold J. Mandell is an American neuroscientist and psychiatrist. Born in 1934,in Chicago,Illinois,he received his B.A. from Stanford University in 1954 and his M.D. from Tulane University in 1958. Founding chairman in 1969 of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California,San Diego,he was,at the time of his appointment,the youngest physician ever appointed as a chairman of a medical school psychiatry program in the U.S. An early biological psychiatrist,the department was the first in the U.S. to be biologically oriented. After leaving UCSD,he has been involved in studying the basic science and applied mathematics of brain activity and behavior.
David Franklin Musto was an American expert on U.S. drug policy and the War on Drugs who served as a government adviser on the subject during the Presidency of Jimmy Carter. He wrote extensively on the history of licit and illicit drugs and the process by which many of them were placed under governmental control.
Mark S. Gold is an American physician,professor,author,and researcher on the effects of opioids,cocaine,tobacco,and other drugs as well as food on the brain and behavior. He is married to Janice Finn Gold.
Michael J. Kuhar,is an American neuroscientist,author,and Candler Professor of Neuropharmacology at The Emory National Primate Research Center of Emory University. He is a Georgia Research Alliance eminent scholar,and a senior fellow in the Center for Ethics at Emory. He was previously a professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and branchchief at the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Walter Earl Barton,M.D. (1906–1999) was an American physician,a psychiatric administrator,and a leader in American psychiatry.
John Romano was an American physician,psychiatrist,and educator whose major interest was in medical education and the important relationship between psychiatry and medicine. He founded the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Rochester and served as chairman from 1946 to 1971. He published over 200 scientific papers and served on several editorial boards including the Journal of Psychiatric Research.
The political career of Fidel Castro saw Cuba undergo significant economic,political,and social changes. In the Cuban Revolution,Fidel Castro and an associated group of revolutionaries toppled the ruling government of Fulgencio Batista,forcing Batista out of power on 1 January 1959. Castro,who had already been an important figure in Cuban society,went on to serve as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976. He was also the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba,the most senior position in the communist state,from 1961 to 2011. In 1976,Castro officially became President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers. He retained the title until 2008,when the presidency was transferred to his brother,Raúl Castro. Fidel Castro remained the first secretary of the Communist Party until 2011.
Barry S. Fogel is an American neuropsychiatrist,behavioral neurologist,medical writer,medical educator and inventor. He is the senior author of a standard text in neuropsychiatry and medical psychiatry,and a founder of the American Neuropsychiatric Association and the International Neuropsychiatric Association.
Giovanni Andrea Fava is an Italian psychiatrist and former professor of clinical psychology at the University of Bologna. He is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.
Patrice Harris is an American psychiatrist and the first African-American woman to be elected president of the American Medical Association. She was elected the 174th president in June 2019.