Peter West (physicist)

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Peter West
FRS
Born4 December 1951
Bromley, Kent
NationalityBritish
Education Liverpool College
Alma mater
Known for
AwardsChalmers 150th Anniversary Professor at the Chalmers Institute of Technology (1992) Fellow of the Royal Society (2006)
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions King's College London
Thesis Studies in Supersymmetry  (1976)
Doctoral advisor Abdus Salam [1]

Peter Christopher West FRS , born on 4 December 1951, is a British theoretical physicist at King's College, London and a fellow of the Royal Society. [2]

Contents

West was elected to the Royal Society in 2006; his citation read

Professor West is distinguished for the development of the theory of supersymmetry and its application to the construction of unified theories of all the fundamental particle interactions. His results have become cornerstones of the modern theory of superstrings and associated branes to which he continues to contribute actively. [3]

Together with his collaborators, West was one of the first to construct both type IIA and type IIB supergravity. [4] [5] These theories combine supersymmetry with general relativity, and they encode many of the properties of strings and branes.

West created a research group working on supersymmetry and strings in the Mathematics Department at King's College London.

Early life and education

Peter West completed his secondary school education at Liverpool College after which he obtained his BSc in physics at Imperial College, London in 1973 [6] where he subsequently studied for his Ph.D under the supervision of Abdus Salam [7] [6] until 1976. After postdoctoral positions at the École normale supérieure [6] in Paris and then Imperial College London, [6] he moved to King's College London [8] [6] in 1978. He has held short term positions at Stony Brook at The State University of New York, the California Institute of Technology, [6] CERN, [6] the Chalmers Institute of Technology [9] [6] in Goteborg and the Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics in Vienna.

Works

Peter West is one of the pioneers of supersymmetry and its application to string theory. He discovered many of the quantum properties of supersymmetric theories in four dimensions including an early version of the supersymmetry nonrenormalization theorems [10] and the superconformal invariance of large classes of supersymmetric quantum field theories, including the maximally supersymmetric N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, [11] which has 16 supersymmetries, theories with 8 supersymmetries [12] and 4 supersymmetries. [13] [14] [15] The non-renormalization theorem plays a key role in determining how supersymmetry might be realised in nature and the above were the first discovered non-trivial conformal quantum field theories in four dimensions.

West constructed the two maximal supergravity theories that exist in ten dimensions; the IIA theory [4] and, with Paul Howe and John Henry Schwarz, the IIB theory. [16] [5] These theories are the low energy effective actions, including non-perturbative effects, of the corresponding string theories and as a result they are one of the cornerstones in our understanding of string theory. Kellogg Stelle and West, [17] and at the same time Sergio Ferrara and Peter van Nieuwenhuizen, [18] found the supergravity theory in four dimensions which possesses an algebra with four supersymmetries which existed without the use of the equations of motion that is, they found the auxiliary fields that extended the first discovered supergravity theory. [19] [20] Using this off-shell formulation West and Stelle, [21] [22] together with the complementary work of Ferrara and van Nieuwenhuizen, [23] introduced a tensor calculus for supergravity and this led to the construction of the most general supersymmetric theory in four dimensions, which has played a crucial role in the construction of realistic supersymmetric models.

West, together with Ali Chamseddine, formulated both ordinary gravity and supergravity as a Yang–Mills theory [24] and so provided the first algebraic proof of the supersymmetric invariance of supergravity theories. The gauging approach of Chamseddine and West was different to the earlier ideas of gauging to find gravity that took the Poincaré transformations on Minkowski spacetime and made them local, that is, they took the translations to depend on spacetime. The gauging method of Chamseddine and West has been used to construct conformal supergravity theories and plays a key role in the formulation of higher spin theories.

André Neveu and West pioneered the development of gauge covariant string theory; including the free term [25] and the general features of the interacting theory. [26] [27] [28] A complete formulation of gauge covariant open string theory was found by Edward Witten. [29]

More recently West has proposed that M-theory, the underlying theory of strings and branes, should have a very large Kac–Moody algebra, called E11, as a symmetry. [30] [31] He has shown that this theory contains all the maximal supergravity theories. [32]

Books

Related Research Articles

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In supersymmetry, 4D supergravity is the theory of supergravity in four dimensions with a single supercharge. It contains exactly one supergravity multiplet, consisting of a graviton and a gravitino, but can also have an arbitrary number of chiral and vector supermultiplets, with supersymmetry imposing stringent constraints on how these can interact. The theory is primarily determined by three functions, those being the Kähler potential, the superpotential, and the gauge kinetic matrix. Many of its properties are strongly linked to the geometry associated to the scalar fields in the chiral multiplets. After the simplest form of this supergravity was first discovered, a theory involving only the supergravity multiplet, the following years saw an effort to incorporate different matter multiplets, with the general action being derived in 1982 by Eugène Cremmer, Sergio Ferrara, Luciano Girardello, and Antonie Van Proeyen.

References

  1. ↑ Peter West at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  2. ↑ Smith, Alexandra (19 May 2006). "BP chief appointed Royal Society fellow". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  3. ↑ "Peter West". The Royal Society. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  4. 1 2 Campbell, I.C.G.; West, P.C. (1984). "N = 2, D = 10 non-chiral supergravity and its spontaneous". Nuclear Physics B. 243 (1): 112–124. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(84)90388-2.
  5. 1 2 Howe, P.S.; West, P.C. (1984). "The complete N =2, d = 10 supergravity". Nuclear Physics B. 238 (1): 181–220. Bibcode:1984NuPhB.238..181H. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(84)90472-3.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Who's Who entry for Peter West. A & C Black Bloomsbury Publishing plc Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U151444. ISBN   978-0-19-954088-4 . Retrieved 4 April 2022.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ "Peter West's entry on the Mathematics Genealogy Project". The Mathematics Genealogy Project. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  8. ↑ "King's College London profile page". King's College London Website. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  9. ↑ "Jubilee Professors at Chalmers University". Chalmers University of Technology Website. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  10. ↑ West, P. (1976). "Supersymmetric Effective Potential". Nuclear Physics B. 106: 219–227. Bibcode:1976NuPhB.106..219W. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(76)90378-3.
  11. ↑ Sohnius, M.; West, P. (1981). "Conformal Invariance in N=4 Supersymmetric Yang–Mills Theory". Physics Letters B. 100 (3): 245–250. Bibcode:1981PhLB..100..245S. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(81)90326-9.
  12. ↑ Howe, P.; Stelle, K.; West, P. (1983). "A Class of Finite four-dimensional Supersymmetric Field Theories". Physics Letters B. 124 (1–2): 55–58. Bibcode:1983PhLB..124...55H. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(83)91402-8.
  13. ↑ Parkes, A.; West, P. (1984). "Finiteness in Rigid Supersymmetric Theories". Physics Letters B. 138 (1–3): 99–104. Bibcode:1984PhLB..138...99P. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(84)91881-1.
  14. ↑ West, P. (1984). "The Yukawa beta-Functions in N=1 Rigid Sypersymmetric Theories". Physics Letters B. 137 (5–6): 371–373. Bibcode:1984PhLB..137..371W. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(84)91734-9.
  15. ↑ Parkes, A.; West, P. (1985). "Three-Loop Results in Two-Loop Finite Supersymmetric Gauge Theories". Nuclear Physics B. 256: 340–352. Bibcode:1985NuPhB.256..340P. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(85)90397-9.
  16. ↑ Schwarz, J.; West, P. (1983). "Symmetries and Transformations of Chiral N=2, D=10 Supergravity". Physics Letters B. 126 (5): 301–304. Bibcode:1983PhLB..126..301S. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(83)90168-5.
  17. ↑ Stelle, K.; West, P. (1978). "Minimal Auxiliary Fields for Supergravity". Physics Letters B. 74 (4–5): 330–332. Bibcode:1978PhLB...74..330S. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90669-X.
  18. ↑ Ferrara, S.; van Nieuwenhuizen, P. (1978). "The Auxiliary Fields of Supergravity". Physics Letters B. 74 (4–5): 333–335. Bibcode:1978PhLB...74..333F. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90670-6.
  19. ↑ Freedman, D.; van Nieuwenhuizen, P.; Ferrara, S. (1976). "Progress Toward A Theory Of Supergravity". Physical Review D. 13 (12): 3214–3218. Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13.3214F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.3214.
  20. ↑ Deser, S.; Zumino, B. (1976). "Consistent Supergravity". Physics Letters B. 62 (3): 335–337. Bibcode:1976PhLB...62..335D. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(76)90089-7.
  21. ↑ Stelle, K.; West, P. (1978). "Tensor Calculus for the Vector Multiplet coupled to Supergravity". Physics Letters B. 77 (4–5): 376–378. Bibcode:1978PhLB...77..376S. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90581-6.
  22. ↑ Stelle, K.; West, P. (1978). "Relation between Vector and Scalar Multiplets and Invariance in Supergravity". Nuclear Physics B. 145 (1): 175–188. Bibcode:1978NuPhB.145..175S. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(78)90420-0.
  23. ↑ Ferrara, S.; van Nieuwenhuizen, P. (2008). "Tensor Calculus for Supergravity". Physics Letters B. 76 (4): 404–408. arXiv: 0711.2272 . Bibcode:1978PhLB...76..404F. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90893-6.
  24. ↑ Chamseddine, A.; West, P. (1977). "Supergravity as a Gauge Theory of Supersymmetry". Nuclear Physics B. 129 (1): 39–44. Bibcode:1977NuPhB.129...39C. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(77)90018-9.
  25. ↑ Neveu, A.; Nicolai, H.; West, P. (2008). "New Symmetries and Ghost Structure of Covariant String Theories". Physics Letters B. 167 (3): 307–314. arXiv: 0711.2272 . Bibcode:1978PhLB...76..404F. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90893-6.
  26. ↑ Neveu, A.; West, P. (1986). "Gauge Covariant Local Formulation of Bosonic Strings". Nuclear Physics B. 268 (1): 125–150. Bibcode:1986NuPhB.268..125N. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(86)90204-X.
  27. ↑ Neveu, A.; West, P. (1986). "The Interacting Gauge Covariant Bosonic String". Physics Letters B. 168 (3): 192–200. Bibcode:1986PhLB..168..192N. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(86)90962-7.
  28. ↑ Neveu, A.; West, P. (1987). "String Lengths in Covariant String Field Theory and OSp(26,2/2)". Nuclear Physics B. 293: 266–292. Bibcode:1987NuPhB.293..266N. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(87)90073-3.
  29. ↑ Witten, E. (1986). "Non-commutative Geometry and String Field Theory". Nuclear Physics B. 268 (2): 253–294. Bibcode:1986NuPhB.268..253W. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(86)90155-0.
  30. ↑ West, P. (2001). "E(11) and M-theory". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 18 (21): 4443–4460. arXiv: hep-th/0104081 . Bibcode:2001CQGra..18.4443W. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/18/21/305. S2CID   250872099.
  31. ↑ West, P. (2003). "E11, SL(32) and Central Charges". Physics Letters B. 575 (3–4): 333–342. arXiv: hep-th/0307098 . Bibcode:2003PhLB..575..333W. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.09.059. S2CID   118984824.
  32. ↑ West, P. (2017). "A Brief Review of E theory". In L. Brink, M. Duff and K. Phua (ed.). Memorial Volume on Abdus Salam's 90th Birthday. Memorial Meeting for Professor Abdus Salam's 90th Birthday. Vol. 31. World Scientific Publishing and IJMPA. pp. 135–176. arXiv: 1609.06863 . doi:10.1142/9789813144873_0009. ISBN   978-9813144866.
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