Edward Witten

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Edward Witten
Edward Witten.jpg
Witten in 2008
Born (1951-08-26) August 26, 1951 (age 72)
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
Education
Known for M-theory
Seiberg–Witten theory
Seiberg–Witten map
Seiberg–Witten invariants
Wess–Zumino–Witten model
Weinberg–Witten theorem
Gromov–Witten invariant
Hořava–Witten domain wall
Vafa–Witten theorem
Witten index
BCFW recursion
Topological quantum field theory (Witten-type TQFTs)
Topological string theory
CSW rules
Witten conjecture
Witten zeta function
Hanany–Witten transition
Twistor string theory
Chern–Simons theory
Positive energy theorem
Witten–Veneziano mechanism
Spouse Chiara Nappi
Children3
Awards MacArthur Fellowship (1982)
Albert Einstein Medal (1985)
ICTP Dirac Medal (1985)
Alan T. Waterman Award (1986)
Fields Medal (1990)
Dannie Heineman Prize (1998)
Nemmers Prize (2000)
National Medal of Science (2002)
Harvey Prize (2005)
Henri Poincaré Prize (2006)
Crafoord Prize (2008)
Lorentz Medal (2010)
Isaac Newton Medal (2010)
Breakthrough Prize in
Fundamental Physics (2012)
Kyoto Prize (2014)
Albert Einstein Award (2016) [1]
Scientific career
Fields Theoretical physics
Mathematical physics
Superstring theory
Institutions Institute for Advanced Study
Harvard University
Oxford University
California Institute of Technology
Princeton University
Thesis Some Problems in the Short Distance Analysis of Gauge Theories  (1976)
Doctoral advisor David Gross [2]
Other academic advisors Sidney Coleman [3]
Michael Atiyah [3]
Doctoral students Jonathan Bagger (1983)
Cumrun Vafa (1985)
Xiao-Gang Wen (1987)
Dror Bar-Natan (1991)
Shamit Kachru (1994)
Eva Silverstein (1996)
Sergei Gukov (2001)
Website www.ias.edu/sns/witten

Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American mathematical and theoretical physicist. He is a professor emeritus in the school of natural sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. [4] Witten is a researcher in string theory, quantum gravity, supersymmetric quantum field theories, and other areas of mathematical physics. Witten's work has also significantly impacted pure mathematics. [5] In 1990, he became the first physicist to be awarded a Fields Medal by the International Mathematical Union, for his mathematical insights in physics, such as his 1981 proof of the positive energy theorem in general relativity, and his interpretation of the Jones invariants of knots as Feynman integrals. [6] He is considered the practical founder of M-theory. [7]

Contents

Early life and education

Witten was born on August 26, 1951, in Baltimore, Maryland, to a Jewish family, [8] as the eldest of four children. His brother Matt Witten became a highly successful writer, and his brother Jesse Amnon Witten became a law partner in the firm Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath. [9] The three brothers' sister Celia M. Witten earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Stanford University [10] and then an M.D. from the University of Miami. [11] Edward Witten is the son of Lorraine (née Wollach) Witten [12] and Louis Witten, a theoretical physicist specializing in gravitation and general relativity. [13]

Witten attended the Park School of Baltimore (class of '68), and received his Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in history and minor in linguistics from Brandeis University in 1971. [14]

He had aspirations in journalism and politics and published articles in both The New Republic and The Nation in the late 1960s. [15] [16] In 1972 he worked for six months on George McGovern's presidential campaign. [17]

Witten attended the University of Michigan for one semester as an economics graduate student before dropping out. [18] He returned to academia, enrolling in applied mathematics at Princeton University in 1973, then shifting departments and receiving a PhD in physics in 1976 and completing a dissertation, "Some problems in the short distance analysis of gauge theories", under the supervision of David Gross. [19] He held a fellowship at Harvard University (1976–77), visited Oxford University (1977–78), [3] [20] was a junior fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows (1977–1980), and held a MacArthur Foundation fellowship (1982). [4]

Research

Fields medal work

Witten was awarded the Fields Medal by the International Mathematical Union in 1990. [21]

In a written address to the ICM, Michael Atiyah said of Witten: [5]

Although he is definitely a physicist (as his list of publications clearly shows) his command of mathematics is rivaled by few mathematicians, and his ability to interpret physical ideas in mathematical form is quite unique. Time and again he has surprised the mathematical community by a brilliant application of physical insight leading to new and deep mathematical theorems ... He has made a profound impact on contemporary mathematics. In his hands physics is once again providing a rich source of inspiration and insight in mathematics. [5]

Edward Witten (left) with mathematician Shigefumi Mori, probably at the ICM in 1990, where they received the Fields Medal Widden Mori.jpg
Edward Witten (left) with mathematician Shigefumi Mori, probably at the ICM in 1990, where they received the Fields Medal

As an example of Witten's work in pure mathematics, Atiyah cites his application of techniques from quantum field theory to the mathematical subject of low-dimensional topology. In the late 1980s, Witten coined the term topological quantum field theory for a certain type of physical theory in which the expectation values of observable quantities encode information about the topology of spacetime. [22] In particular, Witten realized that a physical theory now called Chern–Simons theory could provide a framework for understanding the mathematical theory of knots and 3-manifolds. [23] Although Witten's work was based on the mathematically ill-defined notion of a Feynman path integral and therefore not mathematically rigorous, mathematicians were able to systematically develop Witten's ideas, leading to the theory of Reshetikhin–Turaev invariants. [24]

Another result for which Witten was awarded the Fields Medal was his proof in 1981 of the positive energy theorem in general relativity. [25] This theorem asserts that (under appropriate assumptions) the total energy of a gravitating system is always positive and can be zero only if the geometry of spacetime is that of flat Minkowski space. It establishes Minkowski space as a stable ground state of the gravitational field. While the original proof of this result due to Richard Schoen and Shing-Tung Yau used variational methods, [26] [27] Witten's proof used ideas from supergravity theory to simplify the argument. [28]

A third area mentioned in Atiyah's address is Witten's work relating supersymmetry and Morse theory, [29] a branch of mathematics that studies the topology of manifolds using the concept of a differentiable function. Witten's work gave a physical proof of a classical result, the Morse inequalities, by interpreting the theory in terms of supersymmetric quantum mechanics. [29]

M-theory

By the mid 1990s, physicists working on string theory had developed five different consistent versions of the theory. These versions are known as type I, type IIA, type IIB, and the two flavors of heterotic string theory (SO(32) and E8×E8). The thinking was that of these five candidate theories, only one was the actual correct theory of everything, and that theory was the one whose low-energy limit matched the physics observed in our world today. [30]

Speaking at the string theory conference at University of Southern California in 1995, Witten made the surprising suggestion that these five string theories were in fact not distinct theories, but different limits of a single theory, which he called M-theory. [31] [32] Witten's proposal was based on the observation that the five string theories can be mapped to one another by certain rules called dualities and are identified by these dualities. It led to a flurry of work now known as the second superstring revolution. [30]

Other work

Edward Witten (center) with David Gross and Stephen Hawking at Strings 2001 at TIFR in Mumbai, India Gross Witten Hawking TIFR 2001.jpg
Edward Witten (center) with David Gross and Stephen Hawking at Strings 2001 at TIFR in Mumbai, India

Another of Witten's contributions to physics was to the result of gauge/gravity duality. In 1997, Juan Maldacena formulated a result known as the AdS/CFT correspondence, which establishes a relationship between certain quantum field theories and theories of quantum gravity. [33] Maldacena's discovery has dominated high-energy theoretical physics for the past 15 years because of its applications to theoretical problems in quantum gravity and quantum field theory. Witten's foundational work following Maldacena's result has shed light on this relationship. [34]

In collaboration with Nathan Seiberg, Witten established several powerful results in quantum field theories. In their paper on string theory and noncommutative geometry, Seiberg and Witten studied certain noncommutative quantum field theories that arise as limits of string theory. [35] In another well-known paper, they studied aspects of supersymmetric gauge theory. [36] The latter paper, combined with Witten's earlier work on topological quantum field theory, [22] led to developments in the topology of smooth 4-manifolds, in particular the notion of Seiberg–Witten invariants. [37]

With Anton Kapustin, Witten has made deep mathematical connections between S-duality of gauge theories and the geometric Langlands correspondence. [38] Partly in collaboration with Seiberg, one of his recent interests includes aspects of field theoretical description of topological phases in condensed matter and non-supersymmetric dualities in field theories that, among other things, are of high relevance in condensed matter theory. In 2016, he has also brought tensor models to the relevance of holographic and quantum gravity theories, by using them as a generalization of the Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev model. [39]

Witten has published influential and insightful work in many aspects of quantum field theories and mathematical physics, including the physics and mathematics of anomalies, integrability, dualities, localization, and homologies. Many of his results have deeply influenced areas in theoretical physics (often well beyond the original context of his results), including string theory, quantum gravity and topological condensed matter. [40]

Awards and honors

Witten has been honored with numerous awards including a MacArthur Grant (1982), the Fields Medal (1990), the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1997), [41] the Nemmers Prize in Mathematics (2000), the National Medal of Science [42] (2002), Pythagoras Award [43] (2005), the Henri Poincaré Prize (2006), the Crafoord Prize (2008), the Lorentz Medal (2010) the Isaac Newton Medal (2010) and the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (2012). Since 1999, he has been a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (London), and in March 2016 was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [44] [45] Pope Benedict XVI appointed Witten as a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (2006). He also appeared in the list of Time magazine's 100 most influential people of 2004. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. [46] Witten was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1984, a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1988, and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1993. [47] [48] [49] In May 2022 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Sciences from the University of Pennsylvania. [50]

In an informal poll at a 1990 cosmology conference, Witten received the largest number of mentions as "the smartest living physicist". [51]

Personal life

Witten has been married to Chiara Nappi, a professor of physics at Princeton University, since 1979. [52] They have two daughters and a son. Their daughter Ilana B. Witten is a neuroscientist at Princeton University, [53] and daughter Daniela Witten is a biostatistician at the University of Washington. [54]

Witten sits on the board of directors of Americans for Peace Now and on the advisory council of J Street. [55] He supports the two-state solution and advocates a boycott of Israeli institutions and economic activity beyond its 1967 borders, though not of Israel itself. [56] Witten lived in Israel for a year in the 1960s. [57]

Selected publications

Related Research Articles

M-theory is a theory in physics that unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory. Edward Witten first conjectured the existence of such a theory at a string theory conference at the University of Southern California in 1995. Witten's announcement initiated a flurry of research activity known as the second superstring revolution. Prior to Witten's announcement, string theorists had identified five versions of superstring theory. Although these theories initially appeared to be very different, work by many physicists showed that the theories were related in intricate and nontrivial ways. Physicists found that apparently distinct theories could be unified by mathematical transformations called S-duality and T-duality. Witten's conjecture was based in part on the existence of these dualities and in part on the relationship of the string theories to a field theory called eleven-dimensional supergravity.

In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string looks just like an ordinary particle, with its mass, charge, and other properties determined by the vibrational state of the string. In string theory, one of the many vibrational states of the string corresponds to the graviton, a quantum mechanical particle that carries the gravitational force. Thus, string theory is a theory of quantum gravity.

In theoretical physics, twistor theory was proposed by Roger Penrose in 1967 as a possible path to quantum gravity and has evolved into a widely studied branch of theoretical and mathematical physics. Penrose's idea was that twistor space should be the basic arena for physics from which space-time itself should emerge. It has led to powerful mathematical tools that have applications to differential and integral geometry, nonlinear differential equations and representation theory, and in physics to general relativity, quantum field theory, and the theory of scattering amplitudes. Twistor theory arose in the context of the rapidly expanding mathematical developments in Einstein's theory of general relativity in the late 1950s and in the 1960s and carries a number of influences from that period. In particular, Roger Penrose has credited Ivor Robinson as an important early influence in the development of twistor theory, through his construction of so-called Robinson congruences.

In theoretical physics, S-duality is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories. S-duality is useful for doing calculations in theoretical physics because it relates a theory in which calculations are difficult to a theory in which they are easier.

In theoretical physics, the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence is a conjectured relationship between two kinds of physical theories. On one side are anti-de Sitter spaces (AdS) which are used in theories of quantum gravity, formulated in terms of string theory or M-theory. On the other side of the correspondence are conformal field theories (CFT) which are quantum field theories, including theories similar to the Yang–Mills theories that describe elementary particles.

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Cumrun Vafa is an Iranian-American theoretical physicist and the Hollis Professor of Mathematicks and Natural Philosophy at Harvard University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nathan Seiberg</span> Israeli American theoretical physicist

Nathan "Nati" Seiberg is an Israeli American theoretical physicist who works on quantum field theory and string theory. He is currently a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.

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Montonen–Olive duality or electric–magnetic duality is the oldest known example of strong–weak duality or S-duality according to current terminology. It generalizes the electro-magnetic symmetry of Maxwell's equations by stating that magnetic monopoles, which are usually viewed as emergent quasiparticles that are "composite", can in fact be viewed as "elementary" quantized particles with electrons playing the reverse role of "composite" topological solitons; the viewpoints are equivalent and the situation dependent on the duality. It was later proven to hold true when dealing with a N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory. It is named after Finnish physicist Claus Montonen and British physicist David Olive after they proposed the idea in their academic paper Magnetic monopoles as gauge particles? where they state:

There should be two "dual equivalent" field formulations of the same theory in which electric (Noether) and magnetic (topological) quantum numbers exchange roles.

In theoretical physics, Seiberg–Witten theory is an supersymmetric gauge theory with an exact low-energy effective action, of which the kinetic part coincides with the Kähler potential of the moduli space of vacua. Before taking the low-energy effective action, the theory is known as supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, as the field content is a single vector supermultiplet, analogous to the field content of Yang–Mills theory being a single vector gauge field or connection.

In string theory, K-theory classification refers to a conjectured application of K-theory to superstrings, to classify the allowed Ramond–Ramond field strengths as well as the charges of stable D-branes.

Nikita Alexandrovich Nekrasov is a Russian mathematical and theoretical physicist at the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics and C.N.Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics at Stony Brook University in New York, and a Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In theoretical physics, 3D mirror symmetry is a version of mirror symmetry in 3-dimensional gauge theories with N=4 supersymmetry, or 8 supercharges. It was first proposed by Kenneth Intriligator and Nathan Seiberg, in their 1996 paper "Mirror symmetry in three-dimensional gauge theories", as a relation between pairs of 3-dimensional gauge theories, such that the Coulomb branch of the moduli space of one is the Higgs branch of the moduli space of the other. It was demonstrated using D-brane cartoons by Amihay Hanany and Edward Witten 4 months later, where they found that it is a consequence of S-duality in type IIB string theory.

In theoretical physics, the six-dimensional (2,0)-superconformal field theory is a quantum field theory whose existence is predicted by arguments in string theory. It is still poorly understood because there is no known description of the theory in terms of an action functional. Despite the inherent difficulty in studying this theory, it is considered to be an interesting object for a variety of reasons, both physical and mathematical.

Freddy Alexander Cachazo is a Venezuelan-born theoretical physicist who holds the Gluskin Sheff Freeman Dyson Chair in Theoretical Physics at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

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Supersymmetric localization is a method to exactly compute correlation functions of supersymmetric operators in certain supersymmetric quantum field theories such as the partition function, supersymmetric Wilson loops, etc. The method can be seen as an extension of the Berline–Vergne– Atiyah– Bott formula for equivariant integration to path integrals of certain supersymmetric quantum field theories. Although the method cannot be applied to general local operators, it does provide the full nonperturbative answer for the restricted class of supersymmetric operators. It is a powerful tool which is currently extensively used in the study of supersymmetric quantum field theory. The method, built on the previous works by E.Witten, in its modern form involves subjecting the theory to a nontrivial supergravity background, such that the fermionic symmetry preserved by the latter can be used to perform the localization computation, as in.

References

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  2. ↑ Woit, Peter (2006). Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory and the Search for Unity in Physical Law . New York: Basic Books. p.  105. ISBN   0-465-09275-6.
  3. 1 2 3 "Edward Witten – Adventures in physics and math (Kyoto Prize lecture 2014)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 23, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
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  6. ↑ Michael Atiyah. "On the Work of Edward Witten" (PDF). Mathunion.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  7. ↑ Duff 1998, p. 65
  8. ↑ J J O'Connor; E F Robertson (September 2009). "Edward Witten - Biography". Maths History. University of St Andrews. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  9. ↑ "LDB Appoints Jesse A. Witten to the LDB Legal Advisory Board". Brandeis Center. October 20, 2020.
  10. ↑ Celia Witten at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  11. ↑ "Celia Witten, M.D., Ph.D." The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy.
  12. ↑ "Obituary for Lorraine Witten". The Cincinnati Enquirer. February 10, 1987. p. 13.
  13. ↑ The International Who's Who: 1992–93. Europa Publications. 1992. p. 1754. ISBN   978-0-946653-84-3.
  14. ↑ "Edward Witten (1951)". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  15. ↑ Witten, Edward (October 18, 1969). "Are You Listening, D.H. Lawrence?". The New Republic.
  16. ↑ Witten, Edward (December 16, 1968). "The New Left". The Nation.
  17. ↑ Farmelo, Graham (May 2, 2019). "'The Universe Speaks in Numbers' – Interview 5". Graham Farmelo. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2020. Alt URL
  18. ↑ "Edward Witten". www.aip.org. February 24, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  19. ↑ Witten, E. (1976). Some problems in the short distance analysis of gauge theories.
  20. ↑ Interview by Hirosi Ooguri Archived March 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine , Notices of the American Mathematical Society , May 2015, pp. 491–506.
  21. ↑ "Edward Witten" (PDF). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  22. 1 2 Witten, Edward (1988), "Topological quantum field theory", Communications in Mathematical Physics , 117 (3): 353–386, Bibcode:1988CMaPh.117..353W, doi:10.1007/BF01223371, S2CID   43230714
  23. ↑ Witten, Edward (1989). "Quantum Field Theory and the Jones Polynomial" (PDF). Communications in Mathematical Physics . 121 (3): 351–399. Bibcode:1989CMaPh.121..351W. doi:10.1007/BF01217730. S2CID   14951363.
  24. ↑ Reshetikhin, Nicolai; Turaev, Vladimir (1991). "Invariants of 3-manifolds via link polynomials and quantum groups". Inventiones Mathematicae . 103 (1): 547–597. Bibcode:1991InMat.103..547R. doi:10.1007/BF01239527. S2CID   123376541.
  25. ↑ Witten, Edward (1981). "A new proof of the positive energy theorem". Communications in Mathematical Physics . 80 (3): 381–402. Bibcode:1981CMaPh..80..381W. doi:10.1007/BF01208277. S2CID   1035111.
  26. ↑ Schoen, Robert; Yau, Shing-Tung (1979). "On the proof of the positive mass conjecture in general relativity". Communications in Mathematical Physics . 65 (1): 45. Bibcode:1979CMaPh..65...45S. doi:10.1007/BF01940959. S2CID   54217085.
  27. ↑ Schoen, Robert; Yau, Shing-Tung (1981). "Proof of the positive mass theorem. II". Communications in Mathematical Physics . 79 (2): 231. Bibcode:1981CMaPh..79..231S. doi:10.1007/BF01942062. S2CID   59473203.
  28. ↑ Parker, Thomas H. (1985). "Gauge choice in Witten's energy expression". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 100 (4): 471–480. doi:10.1007/BF01217725. ISSN   0010-3616.
  29. 1 2 Witten, Edward (1982). "Super-symmetry and Morse Theory". Journal of Differential Geometry . 17 (4): 661–692. doi: 10.4310/jdg/1214437492 .
  30. 1 2 Rickles, Dean (August 23, 2016). A Brief History of String Theory. Springer. ISBN   978-3-662-50183-2.
  31. ↑ Witten, E. (March 13–18, 1995). Some problems of strong and weak coupling. physics.usc.edu. Future Perspectives in String Theory. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  32. ↑ Witten, Edward (1995). "String theory dynamics in various dimensions". Nuclear Physics B . 443 (1): 85–126. arXiv: hep-th/9503124 . Bibcode:1995NuPhB.443...85W. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(95)00158-O. S2CID   16790997.
  33. ↑ Juan M. Maldacena (1998). "The Large N limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity". Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics . 2 (2): 231–252. arXiv: hep-th/9711200 . Bibcode:1998AdTMP...2..231M. doi:10.4310/ATMP.1998.V2.N2.A1.
  34. ↑ Edward Witten (1998). "Anti-de Sitter space and holography". Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics . 2 (2): 253–291. arXiv: hep-th/9802150 . Bibcode:1998AdTMP...2..253W. doi:10.4310/ATMP.1998.v2.n2.a2. S2CID   10882387.
  35. ↑ Seiberg, Nathan; Witten, Edward (1999). "String Theory and Noncommutative Geometry". Journal of High Energy Physics . 1999 (9): 032. arXiv: hep-th/9908142 . Bibcode:1999JHEP...09..032S. doi:10.1088/1126-6708/1999/09/032. S2CID   668885.
  36. ↑ Seiberg, Nathan; Witten, Edward (1994). "Electric-magnetic duality, monopole condensation, and confinement in N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory". Nuclear Physics B . 426 (1): 19–52. arXiv: hep-th/9407087 . Bibcode:1994NuPhB.426...19S. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(94)90124-4. S2CID   14361074.
  37. ↑ Donaldson, Simon K. (1996), "The Seiberg-Witten equations and 4-manifold topology.", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society , (N.S.), 33 (1): 45–70, doi: 10.1090/S0273-0979-96-00625-8 , MR   1339810
  38. ↑ Kapustin, Anton; Witten, Edward (April 21, 2006). "Electric-Magnetic Duality And The Geometric Langlands Program". Communications in Number Theory and Physics. 1: 1–236. arXiv: hep-th/0604151 . Bibcode:2007CNTP....1....1K. doi:10.4310/CNTP.2007.v1.n1.a1. S2CID   30505126.
  39. ↑ Witten, Edward (October 31, 2016). "An SYK-Like Model Without Disorder". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. 52 (47): 474002. arXiv: 1610.09758 . doi:10.1088/1751-8121/ab3752. S2CID   118412962.
  40. ↑ Stiftung, Joachim Herz (July 3, 2023). "News". Joachim Herz Stiftung. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  41. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  42. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details". www.nsf.gov. National Science Foundation. 2003. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  43. ↑ "Il premio Pitagora al fisico teorico Witten". Il Crotonese (in Italian). September 23, 2005. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.
  44. ↑ "Current Fellows". royalsociety.org. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  45. ↑ "Fellows". June 21, 2016. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  46. ↑ "Fellows of the American Mathematical Society". American Mathematical Society. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  47. ↑ "Edward Witten". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
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  49. ↑ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  50. ↑ "Penn's 2022 Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipients" . Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  51. ↑ Lemonick, Michael (April 26, 2004). "Edward Witten". Time . Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
    "At a 1990 conference on cosmology," wrote John Horgan in 2014, "I asked attendees, who included folks like Stephen Hawking, Michael Turner, James Peebles, Alan Guth and Andrei Linde, to nominate the smartest living physicist. Edward Witten got the most votes (with Steven Weinberg the runner-up). Some considered Witten to be in the same league as Einstein and Newton." See "Physics Titan Edward Witten Still Thinks String Theory 'on the Right Track'". scientificamerican.com. September 22, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  52. ↑ Witten, Ed. "The 2014 Kyoto Prize Commemorative Lecture in Basic Sciences" (PDF). Retrieved January 28, 2017.
  53. ↑ "Faculty » Ilana B. Witten". princeton.edu. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  54. ↑ "UW Faculty » Daniela M. Witten". washington.edu. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  55. ↑ "Advisory Council". J Street. 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  56. ↑ Bird, Kai; Abraham, David; Witten, Edward; Walzer, Michael; Brooks, Peter; Beinart, Peter; Gitlin, Todd. "For an Economic Boycott and Political Nonrecognition of the Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Territories | Todd Gitlin". ISSN   0028-7504 . Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  57. ↑ "Edward Witten for Americans for Peace Now". Americans for Peace Now. February 8, 2005. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
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