Crafoord Prize

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The Crafoord Prize
Awarded forastronomy and mathematics, biosciences, geosciences or polyarthritis research, awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Country Sweden
Presented by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
First awarded1982 (1982)
Website www.crafoordprize.se

The Crafoord Prize is an annual science prize established in 1980 by Holger Crafoord, a Swedish industrialist, and his wife Anna-Greta Crafoord. The Prize is awarded in partnership between the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Crafoord Foundation in Lund. The Academy is responsible for selecting the Crafoord Laureates. [1] The prize is awarded in four categories: astronomy and mathematics; geosciences; biosciences, with particular emphasis on ecology; and polyarthritis, the disease from which Holger severely suffered in his last years.

Contents

According to the Academy, "these disciplines are chosen so as to complement those for which the Nobel Prizes are awarded". [2] Only one award is given each year, according to a rotating scheme – astronomy and mathematics; then geosciences; then biosciences. [2] A Crafoord Prize in polyarthritis is only awarded when a special committee decides that substantial progress in the field has been made. [2] The recipient of the Crafoord Prize is announced each year in mid-January; on Crafoord Days in April or May, the prize is presented by the King of Sweden, who also presents the Nobel Prizes at the ceremony in December. [2] [3] As of 2024, the prize money is 6,000,000 kr (or US$700,000). [4] The prize has been compared to the Nobel Prize for its prestige in the geosciences. [5]

The inaugural laureates, Vladimir Arnold and Louis Nirenberg, were cited by the Academy for their work in the field of non-linear differential equations. As of 2022, the winners have predominantly been men. The first woman to be awarded the prize was astronomer Andrea Ghez in 2012.

Laureates

The Crafoord prize has been awarded to the following scientists: [6]

YearCategoryImageLaureateNationalityRationaleRef.
1982Mathematics Vladimir Arnold-1.jpg Vladimir Arnold Russian“for outstanding achievements in the theory of non-linear differential equations” [7] [8]
Louis Nirenberg.jpeg Louis Nirenberg Canadian / American [A] [7] [9]
1983Geosciences— Edward Norton Lorenz American“for fundamental contributions to the field of geophysical hydrodynamics, which in a unique way have contributed to a deeper understanding of the large-scale motions of the atmosphere and the sea” [7] [10]
Stommel about n1 35630.jpg Henry Stommel American
1984Biosciences Daniel Janzen (3214457162) (cropped).jpg Daniel H. Janzen American“for his imaginative and stimulating studies on co-evolution which have inspired many researchers to further work in this field” [7] [11]
1985Astronomy 1946- Lyman Spitzer (4526166350).jpg Lyman Spitzer American“for fundamental pioneering studies of practically every aspect of the interstellar medium, culminating in the results obtained using the Copernicus satellite” [7] [12]
1986Geosciences Claude Allegre, 2009 (cropped).jpg Claude Allègre French“for pioneering studies of isotope geochemical relations and the geological interpretations that these results permit” [7] [13]
— Gerald J. Wasserburg American
1987Biosciences— Eugene Odum American“for pioneering contributions within the field of ecosystem ecology” [7] [14]
— Howard T. Odum American
1988Mathematics Pierre Deligne (2005) (cropped).jpg Pierre Deligne Belgian“for fundamental research in algebraic geometry” [7] [15]
Alexander Grothendieck.jpg Alexander Grothendieck French [B] [7] [16]
1989Geosciences VanAllen.gif James Van Allen American“for his pioneering exploration of space, in particular the discovery of the energetic particles trapped in the geomagnetic field which forms the radiation belts - the Van Allen belts - around the planet Earth” [7] [13]
1990Biosciences Paul Ehrlich - 1974.jpg Paul R. Ehrlich American“for his research on the dynamics and genetics of fragmented populations and the importance of the distribution pattern for their survival probabilities” [7] [17]
Edward O. Wilson, 2003 (cropped).jpg E. O. Wilson American“for the theory of island biogeography and other research on species diversity and community dynamics on islands and in other habitats with differing degrees of isolation” [7] [18]
1991Astronomy— Allan Sandage American“for his important contributions to the study of galaxies, their populations of stars, clusters and nebulae, their evolution, the velocity-distance relation (or Hubble relation), and its evolution over time” [7] [19]
1992Geosciences— Adolf Seilacher German“for his innovative research concerning the evolution of life in interaction with the environment as documented in the geological record” [7] [13]
1993Biosciences— W. D. Hamilton British“for his theories concerning kin selection and genetic relationship as a prerequisite for the evolution of altruistic behavior” [7] [20] [21]
Seymour Benzer.gif Seymour Benzer American“for his pioneering genetical and neurophysiological studies on behavioural mutants in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster” [7] [22] [23]
1994Mathematics Simon Donaldson.jpg Simon Donaldson British"for his fundamental investigations in four-dimensional geometry through application of instantos in particular his new discovery of new differential invariants" [7] [24] [25]
Shing-Tung Yau.jpg Shing-Tung Yau American [C] “for his development of non-linear techniques in differential geometry leading the solution of several outstanding problems” [7] [26]
1995Geosciences— Willi Dansgaard Danish“for fundamental work on developing and applying isotope geological analysis methods for the study of climatic variations during the Quaternary period” [7] [13]
— Nicholas Shackleton British
1996Biosciences BobMayHarvard.jpg Robert May Australian“for his pioneering ecological research concerning theoretical analysis of the dynamics of populations, communities and ecosystems” [7] [27]
1997Astronomy Institute of Astronomy, statue of Sir Fred Hoyle cropped.jpg Fred Hoyle British“for pioneering contributions to the study of nuclear processes in stars and stellar evolution” [7] [28]
— Edwin Ernest Salpeter American [7] [29]
1998Geosciences Don L. Anderson portrait photo.jpg Don L. Anderson American“for fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the structures and processes in the interior of the Earth” [7] [22]
Adam Dziewonski, Schlosshotel Linderhof - 09150004 ff34219 03 (cropped).jpg Adam M. Dziewonski Polish / American [D] [7] [30]
1999Biosciences Ernst Mayr, 1994 (cropped).jpg Ernst Mayr American“for fundamental contributions to the conceptual development of evolutionary biology” [7] [31]
John Maynard Smith.jpg John Maynard Smith British
— George Christopher Williams American
2000Polyarthritis— Marc Feldmann British“for identification of TNF blockade as an effective therapeutic principle in rheumatoid arthrits” [3] [7]
MainiFotoThalerT.JPG Ravinder N. Maini British
2001Mathematics Alain Connes.jpg Alain Connes French“for penetrating work on the theory of operator algebras and for having been a founder of non-commutative geometry” [7] [32]
2002Geosciences— Dan McKenzie British“for fundamental contributions to the understanding of the Dynamics of the Lithosphere, particularly Plate Tectonics, Sedimentary Basin Formation and Mantle Melting” [7] [33] [34]
2003Biosciences Carl Woese.jpg Carl Woese American“for his discovery of a third domain of life” [7] [35] [36]
2004Polyarthritis— Eugene C. Butcher American“for their studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in migration of white blood cells in health and disease” [7] [37]
— Timothy A. Springer American
2005Astronomy JamesEGunn2000 (cropped).jpg James E. Gunn American“for contributions towards understanding the large-scale structure of the Universe” [7] [22]
Jim Peebles (cropped 2).jpg James Peebles American [7] [38]
Official portrait of Lord Rees of Ludlow crop 3.jpg Martin Rees British
2006Geosciences Wally Broecker, c. 2010.jpg Wallace Smith Broecker American“for his innovative and pioneering research on the operation of the global carbon cycle within the ocean – atmosphere – biosphere system, and its interaction with climate” [7] [39]
2007Biosciences— Robert Trivers American“for his fundamental analysis of social evolution, conflict and cooperation” [7] [40]
2008Astronomy Sunyaev.jpg Rashid Alievich Sunyaev Russian“for his decisive contributions to high energy astrophysics and cosmology, in particular processes and dynamics around black holes and neutron stars and demonstration of the diagnostic power of structures in the background radiation” [7] [41]
Mathematics Maxim Kontsevich 1994 (headshot).jpg Maxim Kontsevich Russian [E] “for their important contributions to mathematics inspired by modern theoretical physics” [7] [42]
Edward Witten.jpg Edward Witten American
2009Polyarthritis Charles Dinarello 2010-04.JPG Charles Dinarello American“for their pioneering work to isolate interleukins, determine their properties and explore their role in the onset of inflammatory diseases” [7] [43]
Crafoordpriset 2009-press conference 07.jpg Tadamitsu Kishimoto Japanese
Crafoordpriset 2009-press conference 20.jpg Toshio Hirano Japanese
2010Geosciences Crafoordprize 2010-03.jpg Walter Munk American“for his pioneering and fundamental contributions to our understanding of ocean circulation, tides and waves, and their role in the Earth’s dynamics” [7] [22]
2011Biosciences Ilkka Hanski.jpg Ilkka Hanski Finnish"for his pioneering studies on how spatial variation affects the dynamics of animal and plant populations" [7] [44]
2012Astronomy Reinhard Genzel.jpg Reinhard Genzel German"for their observations of the stars orbiting the galactic centre, indicating the presence of a supermassive black hole" [7] [45]
Andrea Ghez (cropped).jpg Andrea M. Ghez American
Mathematics Jean Bourgain (vertical crop).jpg Jean Bourgain Belgian"for their brilliant and groundbreaking work in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, ergodic theory, number theory, combinatorics, functional analysis and theoretical computer science" [7] [46]
Ttao2006.jpg Terence Tao Australian / American
2013Polyarthritis Peter K. Gregersen 3 2013.jpg Peter K. Gregersen American"for their discoveries concerning the role of different genetic factors and their interactions with environmental factors in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis" [7] [47]
Lars Klareskog 3 2013.jpg Lars Klareskog Swedish
Robert J. Winchester 3 2013.jpg Robert J. Winchester  [ de ]American
2014Geosciences— Peter Molnar American"for his ground-breaking contribution to the understanding of global tectonics, in particular the deformation of continents and the structure and evolution of mountain ranges, as well as the impact of tectonic processes on ocean-atmosphere circulation and climate" [7] [48]
2015Biosciences— Richard Lewontin American"for their pioneering analyses and fundamental contributions to the understanding of genetic polymorphism" [7] [49]
Tomoko Harada cropped 2 Tomoko Harada 201611.png Tomoko Ohta Japanese
2016Astronomy Roy Kerr 2016 01.jpg Roy Kerr New Zealand"for fundamental work concerning rotating black holes and their astrophysical consequences" [50] [51]
Roger Blandford and Roy Kerr 2016 05 (cropped).jpg Roger Blandford American
Mathematics Yakov Eliashberg 2016 04.jpg Yakov Eliashberg American [F] "for the development of contact and symplectic topology and groundbreaking discoveries of rigidity and flexibility phenomena"
2017Polyarthritis Shimon Sakaguchi cropped 3 Shimon Sakaguchi 201711.jpg Shimon Sakaguchi Japanese"for their discoveries relating to regulatory T cells, which counteract harmful immune reactions in arthritis and other autoimmune diseases" [52]
Fred Ramsdell, 2015 (portrait).jpg Fred Ramsdell American
Alexander Rudensky 2013 (cropped).jpg Alexander Rudensky American [G]
2018Geosciences Crafoord Prize EM1B0732 (42329290061).jpg Syukuro Manabe Japanese / American"for fundamental contributions to understanding the role of atmospheric trace gases in Earth’s climate system" [53]
Crafoord Prize EM1B0739 (28456528038).jpg Susan Solomon American
2019Biosciences Sallie Chisholm.jpg Sallie W. Chisholm American"for the discovery and pioneering studies of the most abundant photosynthesising organism on Earth, Prochlorococcus" [54]
2020Astronomy Dr. Eugene PKSC-20180809-PH KLS02 0003arker Speaks to Media (30123740568) (portrait).jpg Eugene N. Parker American"for pioneering and fundamental studies of the solar wind and magnetic fields from stellar to galactic scales" [55]
Mathematics Enrico Bombieri.jpg Enrico Bombieri Italian / American"for outstanding and influential contributions in all the major areas of mathematics, particularly number theory, analysis and algebraic geometry"
2021Polyarthritis Daniel L. Kastner (portrait).jpg Daniel L. Kastner American"for establishing the concept of autoinflammatory diseases" [56]
2022Geosciences Andrew-Herbert-Knoll-ForMemRS (cropped).jpg Andrew H. Knoll American"for fundamental contributions to our understanding of the first three billion years of life on Earth and life’s interactions with the physical environment through time" [57]
2023Biosciences— Dolph Schluter Canadian"for fundamental contributions to the understanding of adaptive radiation and ecological speciation" [58]
2024Astronomy— Douglas Gough British"for developing the methods of asteroseismology and their application to the study of the interior of the Sun and of other stars" [59]
Jorgen Christensen-Dalsgaard, Rasmus Roerbaek.jpg Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard Danish
Conny Aerts presenting in 2023.jpg Conny Aerts Belgian
Mathematics 2009-Claire-Voisin-Scotland.jpg Claire Voisin French"for outstanding contributions to complex and algebraic geometry, including Hodge theory, algebraic cycles, and hyperkähler geometry"

Notes

A Nirenberg was born in Canada. [9]

B Grothendieck was born in Germany, but spent most of his life in France ; he was legally stateless till 1971, then acquired French citizenship. He also declined his prize. [16]

C Shing-Tung Yau was born in China. [60]

D Dziewonski was born in Poland. [30]

E Kontsevich was born in Russia. [42]

F Eliashberg was born in Russia. [51]

G Rudensky was born in Russia. [61]

See also

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References

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  53. ↑ Crafoord Prize 2018 Crafoordprize.se
  54. ↑ Crafoord Prize 2019 Crafoordprize.se
  55. ↑ Crafoord Prize 2020 Crafoordprize.se
  56. ↑ "The Crafoord Prize in Polyarthritis 2021". Crafoord Prize. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  57. ↑ Crafoord Prize 2022
  58. ↑ Crafoord Prize 2023
  59. ↑ Crafoord Prize 2024
  60. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (17 October 2006). "The Emperor of Math". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  61. ↑ "Alexander Rudensky Appointed Immunology Program Chair". Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. 26 September 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2017.

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