Susan Solomon

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Susan Solomon
Crafoord Prize EM1B0739 (28456528038).jpg
Solomon in 2018
Born
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Alma mater
Known forOzone Studies
Awards National Medal of Science (1999)
V. M. Goldschmidt Award (2006)
William Bowie Medal (2007)
Volvo Environment Prize (2009)
Vetlesen Prize (2012)
BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2012)
Crafoord Prize (2018)
Scientific career
Fields Atmospheric chemistry
Institutions Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Susan Solomon is an American atmospheric chemist, working for most of her career at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). [1] In 2011, Solomon joined the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she serves as the Ellen Swallow Richards Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry & Climate Science. [2] Solomon, with her colleagues, was the first to propose the chlorofluorocarbon free radical reaction mechanism that is the cause of the Antarctic ozone hole. [1] Her most recent book, Solvable: how we healed the earth, and how we can do it again (2024) focuses on solutions to current problems, as do books by data scientist Hannah Ritchie, marine biologist, Ayana Elizabeth Johnson and climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe. [3]

Contents

Solomon is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the European Academy of Sciences, and the French Academy of Sciences. [4] In 2002, Discover magazine recognized her as one of the 50 most important women in science. [5] In 2008, Solomon was selected by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. [6] She also serves on the Science and Security Board for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. [7]

Biography

Susan Solomon, 2010 Susan Solomon crop 2010 Ullyot Public Affairs Lecture.jpg
Susan Solomon, 2010

Early life

Solomon was born in Chicago, Illinois. [8] [9] Her interest in science began as a child watching The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau . [8] In high school she placed third in a national science competition, with a project that measured the percentage of oxygen in a gas mixture. [8]

Solomon received a B.S. degree in chemistry from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1977. She then received an M.S. in chemistry in 1979 followed by a Ph.D. in 1981 in atmospheric chemistry, both from the University of California, Berkeley. [1]

Personal life

Solomon married Barry Sidwell in 1988. [10] She is Jewish. [11]

Work

Solomon was the head of the Chemistry and Climate Processes Group of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Division until 2011. In 2011, she joined the faculty of the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [12]

Books

  • The Coldest March: Scott's Fatal Antarctic Expedition, [13] Yale University Press, 2002 ISBN   0-300-09921-5 – Depicts the tale of Captain Robert Falcon Scott's failed 1912 Antarctic expedition, specifically applying the comparison of modern meteorological data with that recorded by Scott's expedition in an attempt to shed new light on the reasons for the demise of Scott's polar party. [14] [15]
  • Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere: Chemistry and Physics of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere, 3rd Edition, Springer, 2005 ISBN   1-4020-3284-6 – Describes the atmospheric chemistry and physics of the middle atmosphere from 10 to 100 kilometres (6.2 to 62.1 mi) altitude. [16]
  • Solomon, Susan (2024). Solvable: how we healed the earth, and how we can do it again. Chicago ; London: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN   9780226827933. [3]

The Ozone Hole

Solomon, working with colleagues at the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, postulated the mechanism that the Antarctic ozone hole was created by a heterogeneous reaction of ozone and chlorofluorocarbons free radicals on the surface of ice particles in the high altitude clouds that form over Antarctica. In 1986 and 1987 Solomon led the National Ozone Expedition to McMurdo Sound, where the team gathered the evidence to confirm the accelerated reactions. [1] Solomon was the solo leader of the expedition, and the only woman on the team. [17] Her team measured levels of chlorine oxide 100 times higher than expected in the atmosphere, which had been released by the decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons by ultraviolet radiation. [18]

Solomon later showed that volcanoes could accelerate the reactions caused by chlorofluorocarbons, and so increase the damage to the ozone layer. Her work formed the basis of the U.N. Montreal Protocol, an international agreement to protect the ozone layer by regulating damaging chemicals. [8] [19] Solomon has also presented some research which suggests that implementation of the Montreal Protocols is having a positive effect. [20] [21]

For her critical contribution to saving the ozone layer, Solomon was a winner of the 2021 Future of Life Award along with Joe Farman and Stephen O. Andersen. Jim Hansen, former Director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Director of Columbia University's Program on Climate Science, Awareness and Solutions said, "In Farman, Solomon and Andersen we see the tremendous impact individuals can have not only on the course of human history, but on the course of our planet's history. My hope is that others like them will emerge in today's battle against climate change." [22] Professor Guus Velders, a climate scientist at Utrecht University said, "Susan Solomon is a deserving recipient of the Future of Life Award. Susan not only explained the processes behind the formation of the ozone hole, she also played an active role as an interface between the science and policy of the Montreal Protocol." [22]

The Coldest March – A book

Using research work conducted by English explorer and navy officer Robert Falcon Scott, Solomon also wrote and spoke about Scott's 1911 expedition inThe Coldest March: Scott's Fatal Antarctic Expedition [13] to counter a longstanding argument that blamed Scott for his and his crew's demise during that expedition. Scott attributed his death to unforeseen weather conditions – a claim that has been contested by British journalist and author Roland Huntford. Huntford claimed that Scott was a prideful and under-prepared leader. Solomon has defended Scott and said that "modern data side squarely with Scott", describing the weather conditions in 1911 as unusual. [23]

In the voluminous book (778 pages, 150+21 figures, 1444 references, 23 maps, 39 tables and 2 schemes) recently published by Dr. Krzysztof Sienicki, [24] a theoretical physicist, Chapter 4 of this book examines Dr. Susan Solomon's analysis of the Terra Nova Expedition and demonstrates numerous errors and misrepresentations in her work. Below is a concise summary of the key findings including the key errors and criticisms:

1. Data Manipulation and Cherry-Picking: Dr. Solomon is accused of selectively presenting temperature data to falsely suggest that Captain Roald Amundsen experienced more favorable conditions than Captain Scott. Specifically, she omitted data points that contradicted her argument, such as temperatures above the long-term mean (pages 174–179 and 227–244), [25] [26]

2. Fabrication of Meteorological Data: The chapter claims that Solomon fabricated temperature data to support her thesis of an "Extreme Cold Snap." She is accused of falsifying temperature trends and extending analysis periods to include unrelated warm days to "warm up" data(pages 248–182 and 702–715), [27] [28]

3. Logical Fallacies: Solomon is critiqued for employing the Gambler’s fallacy, cherry-picking, and affirming the consequent to support her conclusions about the weather conditions faced by Captain Scott (pages 165–198 and 210–229), [29] [30]

4. Misrepresentation of Statistical Methods: Solomon allegedly failed to conduct proper statistical error analysisStatistics, hypothesis testing, and probability distribution analysis, which undermines the credibility of her conclusions (pages 192–200 and 700–710), [31] [32]

5. Misinterpretation of Historical Data: Solomon is accused of attributing modern weather station data incorrectly to the conditions of 1912. This includes comparing non-interchangeable geographical locations and inaccurately interpreting automated weather station readings (pages 165–170 and 255–289), [33] [34]

6. Subjective Assessments and Bias: The chapter accuses Solomon of dismissing Captain Scott's responsibility by attributing his failures solely to luck and weather, which is labeled as an overly subjective and biased approach (pages 179–181 and 220–223), [35] [36]

7. Errors in Critical Figures and Tables: The document identifies discrepancies in Solomon's figures and tables, noting that none of them accurately represent the true meteorological data from the Terra Nova expedition (pages 178–211 and 702–711). [37] [38]

For a summary of Solomon's errors and manipulations, see also Chapter 17 (p. 658) and the following sections:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Solomon served on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [1] She was a contributing author for the Third Assessment Report. [41] She was also co-chair of Working Group I for the Fourth Assessment Report. [42]

External audio
Nuvola apps arts.svg “Whatever Happened to the Ozone Hole?”, Distillations Podcast Episode 230, April 17, 2018, Science History Institute

Awards

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ozone layer</span> Region of the stratosphere

The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 15 to 35 kilometers (9 to 22 mi) above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ozone depletion</span> Atmospheric phenomenon

Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events in addition to these stratospheric events.

A sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is an event in which polar stratospheric temperatures rise by several tens of kelvins over the course of a few days. The warming is preceded by a slowing then reversal of the westerly winds in the stratospheric polar vortex, commonly measured at 60 ° latitude at the 10 hPa level. SSWs occur about six times per decade in the northern hemisphere (NH), and about once every 20-30 years in the southern hemisphere (SH). In the SH, SSW accompanied by a reversal of the vortex westerly was observed once during the period 1979–2024; this was in September 2002. Stratospheric warming in September 2019 was comparable to or even greater than that of 2002, but the wind reversal did not occur.

The Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal is the highest award for atmospheric science of the American Meteorological Society. It is presented to individual scientists, who receive a medal. Named in honor of meteorology and oceanography pioneer Carl-Gustaf Rossby, who was also its second (1953) recipient.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mario Molina</span> Mexican chemist (1943–2020)

Mario José Molina-Pasquel Henríquez was a Mexican physical chemist. He played a pivotal role in the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, and was a co-recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in discovering the threat to the Earth's ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases. He was the first Mexican-born scientist to receive a Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the third Mexican-born person to receive a Nobel prize.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul J. Crutzen</span> Dutch climatologist (1933–2021)

Paul Jozef Crutzen was a Dutch meteorologist and atmospheric chemist. In 1995, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry alongside Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland for their work on atmospheric chemistry and specifically for his efforts in studying the formation and decomposition of atmospheric ozone. In addition to studying the ozone layer and climate change, he popularized the term Anthropocene to describe a proposed new epoch in the Quaternary period when human actions have a drastic effect on the Earth. He was also amongst the first few scientists to introduce the idea of a nuclear winter to describe the potential climatic effects stemming from large-scale atmospheric pollution including smoke from forest fires, industrial exhausts, and other sources like oil fires.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antarctic oscillation</span> Climatic cycle over the Southern Ocean

The Antarctic oscillation, also known as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), is a low-frequency mode of atmospheric variability of the southern hemisphere that is defined as a belt of strong westerly winds or low pressure surrounding Antarctica which moves north or south as its mode of variability.

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The Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "to a scientist making new contributions to the physics of the Earth whose four to six lectures would prove a solid, timely, and useful addition to the knowledge and literature in the field." The prize was established by the physicist Arthur L. Day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brewer–Dobson circulation</span> Atmospheric circulation pattern

Brewer–Dobson circulation refers to the global atmospheric circulation pattern of tropical tropospheric air rising into the stratosphere and then moving poleward as it descends. The basics of the circulation were first proposed by Gordon Dobson and Alan Brewer. The term "Brewer–Dobson circulation" was first introduced in 1963. This circulation pattern explains observations of ozone and water vapor distribution, and has been accelerating in recent decades, likely due to climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antarctica</span> Earths southernmost continent

Antarctica is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).

Julie Michelle Arblaster is an Australian scientist. She is a Professor in the School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment at Monash University. She was a contributing author on reports for which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was a co-recipient of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Arblaster was a lead author on Chapter 12 of the IPCC Working Group I contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report in 2013. She has received the 2014 Anton Hales Medal for research in earth sciences from the Australian Academy of Science, and the 2017 Priestley Medal from the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society. She has been ranked as one of the Top Influential Earth Scientists of 2010-2020, based on citations and discussion of her work.

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References

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  3. 1 2 Buckley, Cara (July 18, 2024). "Solving Problems With Susan Solomon". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
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  13. 1 2 Solomon, S. (2001). The Coldest March: Scott's Fatal Antarctic Expedition . London: Yale University Press. ISBN   9780300089677. OCLC   45661501.
  14. ↑ MacFarlane, Robert (October 7, 2001). "In from the cold..." The Observer . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  15. ↑ Wheeler, Sara (September 2, 2001). "Great Scott?". The New York Times . Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  16. ↑ Brasseur, Guy; Solomon, Susan (2005). Aeronomy of the middle atmosphere: chemistry and physics of the stratosphere and mesosphere. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN   1-4020-3284-6.
  17. ↑ Indivero, Victoria M. (Fall 2010). "Changing views on climate". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 28 (3): 13.
  18. ↑ Nickel, Mark (April 28, 2015). "Brown confers six honorary degrees". Brown University. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  19. ↑ Daley, Megan (June 30, 2016). "Decades after the Montreal Protocol, there are signs the hole in the ozone layer has begun to heal". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  20. ↑ "Ozone layer on the mend thirty years after CFCs banned". Irish Times . July 1, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  21. ↑ Solomon, S.; Ivy, D. J.; Kinnison, D.; Mills, M. J.; Neely, R. R.; Schmidt, A. (July 15, 2016). "Emergence of healing in the Antarctic ozone layer". Science. 353 (6296): 269–274. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..269S. doi: 10.1126/science.aae0061 . hdl: 1721.1/107197 . PMID   27365314.
  22. 1 2 3 "Future Of Life Award". Future of Life Institute. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  23. ↑ Monastersky, Richard (September 7, 2001). "History's Cold Shoulder". The Chronicle of Higher Education : A20.
  24. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (2016). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities (Three Volumes Bound as One) . Open Academic Press. ISBN   9788394452001.
  25. ↑ "Captain Scott Icy Deceits and Untold Realities by Krzysztof Sienicki". November 2015.
  26. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 227. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  27. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 248. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  28. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 702. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  29. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 165. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  30. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 210. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  31. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 192. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  32. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 700. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  33. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 165. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  34. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 255. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  35. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 179. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  36. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 220. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  37. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 178. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  38. ↑ Sienicki, Krzysztof (November 2015). Captain Scott: Icy Deceits and Untold Realities. p. 702. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
  39. ↑ "Captain Scott Icy Deceits and Untold Realities by Krzysztof Sienicki". November 2015.
  40. ↑ "Captain Scott Icy Deceits and Untold Realities by Krzysztof Sienicki". November 2015.
  41. ↑ Houghton, J.T.; et al. (2001). "Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis". Third Assessment Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. p. 21. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  42. ↑ Herbert, Betsy; et al. (2007). "Climate Change 2007 The Physical Science Basis" (PDF). Fourth Assessment Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  43. 1 2 "AMS Awards and Nomination Information". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  44. ↑ "The Henry G. Houghton Award". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  45. ↑ "1999 National Medals of Science and Technology". Scientific American . National Science and Technology Medals Foundation. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  46. ↑ "Blue Planet Prize: The Laureates". Blue Plant Prize website. Asahi Glass Foundation. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  47. ↑ "V. M. Goldschmidt Award". Geochemical Society. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  48. ↑ "Honorees By Year of Induction". Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  49. ↑ "Susan Solomon Honored as AGU's 2007 William Bowie Medalist". Earth System Research Laboratories. July 16, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  50. ↑ "Remise de la Grande Médaille par Jules Hoffmann, Président de l'Académie,à Susan Solomon" (PDF). November 25, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  51. ↑ "Susan Solomon". Royal Society. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  52. ↑ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  53. ↑ "Susan Solomon". Volvo Environment Prize website. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  54. ↑ "Women of the Hall: Susan Solomon". National Women's Hall of Fame website. National Women's Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  55. ↑ "2010 Career Achievement Medal Recipient". Service to America Medals website. Partnership for Public Service. 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  56. 1 2 "Susan Solomon wins Vetlesen Prize – MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences". eapsweb.mit.edu. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  57. ↑ EAPS (January 14, 2013). "Susan Solomon wins international climate award". MIT. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  58. ↑ Nickel, Mark (April 28, 2015). "Brown awards six honorary doctorates". Brown University. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  59. ↑ "About the Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  60. ↑ "Susan Solomon awarded the Royal Society's Bakerian Medal". mit.edu. July 18, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  61. ↑ "Outstanding researchers honoured by the Royal Society". The Royal Society. July 18, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  62. ↑ "Crafoord Prize 2018". crafoordprize.se. January 17, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  63. ↑ Tom Shoop (August 15, 2019). "Inaugural Inductees Into Government Hall of Fame Unveiled – Government Executive". Govexec.com. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  64. ↑ "Susan Solomon". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  65. ↑ "Meet the 2023 Commencement Speaker, Honorary Degree Recipients". Duke Today.
  66. ↑ Nhu, Quynh (December 21, 2023). "Battery researchers win $3M Vietnamese awards". VnExpress .
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