Rita R. Colwell | |
---|---|
11thDirector of the National Science Foundation | |
In office 1998–2004 | |
President | Bill Clinton George W. Bush |
Preceded by | Neal Francis Lane |
Succeeded by | Arden L. Bement Jr. |
Personal details | |
Born | Beverly,Massachusetts,U.S. | November 23,1934
Alma mater | Purdue University University of Washington |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Microbiology |
Institutions | National Science Foundation University of Maryland College Park Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Georgetown University |
Thesis | Commensal bacteria of marine animals;a study of their distribution,physiology and taxonomy (1961) |
Doctoral advisor | John Liston |
Doctoral students | Jody Deming |
Rita Rossi Colwell (born November 23,1934) is an American environmental microbiologist and scientific administrator. Colwell holds degrees in bacteriology,genetics,and oceanography and studies infectious diseases. Colwell is the founder and Chair of CosmosID,a bioinformatics company. From 1998 to 2004,she was the 11th Director and 1st female Director of the National Science Foundation. [1] She has served on the board of directors of EcoHealth Alliance since 2012. [2] [3]
Colwell was born on November 23,1934,in Beverly,Massachusetts. Her parents,Louis and Louise Rossi,had eight children,Rita being the seventh child born into the Rossi household. Neither her mother nor her father were from scientific backgrounds. In 1956,Rita obtained a B.S. in bacteriology from Purdue University. She also received her M.S. in genetics from Purdue in 1957. Colwell obtained her Ph.D. from the University of Washington in aquatic microbiology under the direction of microbiologist John Liston in 1961. [4] [5] She participated in a post-doctoral fellowship at the Canadian National Research Council in Ottawa.
Colwell is recognized for her study of global infectious disease spread through water sources and its impacts on global health. [6] Through this research,she has developed an international network that has brought attention to the emergence of new infectious diseases in drinking/bathing water,pertaining mostly to its role on the developing world.
During early research and study of cholera,Colwell discovered that cholera can lay dormant in unfavorable conditions and then resume normal functions when conditions are favorable again. [1]
Many of her research papers have focused on abating the spread of cholera in the developing world by improving ways to track its spread and researching inexpensive methods for filtrating out the infection agents of cholera in water systems. Some of these tracking methods include observing weather patterns,surface water temperatures,chlorophyll concentrations,and rainfall patterns. Colwell's findings of correlations between these phenomena showed that the infection rate of cholera is connected to water temperatures. This rising temperature causes algae blooms that host cholera bacteria,and rainfall and extreme weather patterns aid in spreading cholera among water systems. [7] Colwell also concluded that climate change will have a profound impact on the spread of cholera.
Colwell has proposed ways people in the developing world can use inexpensive methods to filter water when water treatment facilities are not available. In one study spanning about 3 years,65 villages in rural Bangladesh comprising 133,000 individuals,participated in an experiment in which they used folded sari cloth or nylon mesh filters placed over water pots to acquire safe drinking water from their local waterways. These inexpensive and readily available materials yielded a 48% reduction in cholera,when compared with the control:absence of any type of filter. [8]
Colwell was the first female director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and held this position from 1998 to 2004. [9] In a presentation to members of the foundation in 2002,she detailed what the foundation should address in the future. She explained that an educated society is critical not just for developing technology,but for supporting that development,both by the public and by the government.
Colwell is interested in K-12 science and mathematical education,and she is a proponent of increasing the number of women and minorities in science and engineering. [10] Rita Colwell was responsible for doubling the funding to the NSF initiative ADVANCE,which supports the advancement of women in academic science and engineering careers. Colwell also pushed to invest $60 million as part of a new priority area in mathematical and statistical sciences. [11]
In 2004,Colwell completed her term as director of the National Science Foundation. [12] She then became the chief scientist at Canon U.S. Life Sciences,a division of Canon. She served as chairman of Canon U.S. Life Sciences [12] until 2006 when she was named as Senior Advisor and Chairman Emeritus.
Colwell joined the faculty of the Department of Biology at Georgetown University in 1964,and she gained tenure there in 1966. While at Georgetown,Colwell and her research team were the first to learn that the causative agent of cholera was found naturally in the waters of the Chesapeake Bay. In 1972,Colwell accepted a tenured professorship at the University of Maryland. She remains a professor at the University of Maryland at College Park and at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. [13] At the University of Maryland at College Park,she is a Distinguished University Professor in the Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS),which is part of the university's College of Computer,Mathematical,and Natural Sciences.
Colwell founded the company CosmosID in 2008,and she currently serves as global science officer and chairman of the board. [9] CosmosID is a bioinformatics company that develops various types of equipment to identify microbial activity in a variety of ecosystems.
Colwell was elected to the Board of Directors of EcoHealth Alliance in November 2012. [3]
Colwell has authored or co-authored more than 800 scientific reports and publications, along with 19 books. [14]
In 1977, Colwell produced the award-winning film Invisible Seas. In this 26-minute film, the microbiology department at the University of Maryland, College Park demonstrates what types of methodology are required of marine microbiologists when studying microorganisms in the ocean. They emphasize the importance of marine microbiologists studying microorganisms in the ocean in order to determine the impact pollution has had on our oceans. [15]
Colwell is the founding editor of GeoHealth, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. Colwell recognized the increase in published Geohealth research due to the advancement in our understanding of how Earth and space science provides deeper insight into health and disease in both people and ecosystems.
Colwell's memoir "A Lab of One's Own: One Woman's Personal Journey Through Sexism in Science", [16] written with Sharon Bertsch McGrayne, was released in August 2020.
Colwell is a co-author of a letter published in The Lancet titled "Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19" in which the authors declared, "We stand together to strongly condemn conspiracy theories suggesting that COVID-19 does not have a natural origin." [17] Her link with EcoHealth Alliance was not reported as a conflict of interest.
Colwell is the recipient of 61 honorary degrees, including Honorary Doctorates from NUI Galway, the University of Notre Dame, The New School, [18] and the University of St Andrews in 2016. [9]
Colwell met her husband, Jack Colwell, when he was a physical chemistry graduate student at Purdue. [1] They had two daughters and three grandchildren. Jack H. Colwell (1931–2018) was a scientist at the National Bureau of Standards. [33]
The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), originally the Society of American Bacteriologists, is a professional organization for scientists who study viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa as well as other aspects of microbiology. It was founded in 1899. The Society publishes a variety of scientific journals, textbooks, and other educational materials related to microbiology and infectious diseases. ASM organizes annual meetings, as well as workshops and professional development opportunities for its members.
Gopinath Balakrish Nair is an Indian microbiologist known for his work on cholera. At present, he is the Ag. Regional Adviser, Research Policy and Cooperation Unit, Department of Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization. Before joining WHO, he was the executive director of Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, NCR, India. Before joining THSTI, he was working in NICED as the director. He has also served as the director of Laboratory Sciences Division at the International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research,, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF) Global is an independent nonprofit organization that promotes safety, security, and sustainability through science and innovation. CRDF Global was authorized by the U.S. Congress in 1992 under the FREEDOM Support Act and established in 1995 by the National Science Foundation. This unique public-private partnership promotes international scientific and technical collaboration through grants, technical resources, and training. CRDF Global was originally named the U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation for the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (CRDF).
A cloth filter is a simple and cost-effective appropriate technology method for reducing the contamination of drinking water, developed for use mainly in Bangladesh. Water collected in this way has a greatly reduced pathogen count. Though not always perfectly safe, it is an improvement for poor people with limited options.
Dr. Margaret Jane Pittman (1901–1995) was a pioneering bacteriologist whose research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) on typhoid, cholera, and pertussis helped generate the development of vaccinations against these diseases as well as others. Dr. Pittman was also the first female to lead a NIH laboratory, when in 1957, she was appointed chief of their Laboratory of Bacterial Products, a position she held until 1971. In the 1960s she was a key NIH participant in developing standards for cholera vaccine in the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization's campaign to control cholera in the region that is now Bangladesh. After her retirement in 1971, she continued to work for the World Health Organization as a consultant on vaccine standards, working in Cairo and Madrid and for the State Institute for Serum and Vaccine in Iran and Connaught Laboratories, Ltd., in Toronto.
Presented annually since 1991, the Stockholm Water Prize is an award that recognizes outstanding achievements in water related activities. Over the past three decades, Stockholm Water Prize Laureates have come from across the world and represented a wide range of professions, disciplines and activities in the field of water.
Firdausi Qadri is a Bangladeshi scientist with specialization in immunology and infectious disease research. She has worked over 25 years on the development of vaccines for cholera and has expertise on other infectious disease like ETEC, Typhoid, Helicobacter pylori, rotavirus, etc. Currently, she is working as a director for Centre for Vaccine Sciences of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). She also serves as chairperson of the Institute for developing Science and Health initiatives. Her scientific achievements lie in enteric infections and vaccines including Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli—major causes of severe diarrhea. She has also focused on studying the immune response in Helicobacter pylori infected people in Bangladesh and the responses in patients with typhoid fever as well as vaccinees. The Government of Bangladesh awarded her the Independence Award in 2023.
Ashanti Johnson is an American geochemist and chemical oceanographer. She is the first African American to earn a doctoral degree in oceanography from Texas A&M University.
Umesh Chandra Chaturvedi was an Indian virologist, immunologist, medical microbiologist, CSIR Emeritus Scientist and a former chairman of the Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation. The founder head of the department of microbiology at King George's Medical University, he is known for his studies on Dengue virus infection. Chaturvedi is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. Indian Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, India and the Indian National Science Academy as well as the Royal College of Pathologists and National Academy of Medical Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 1981.
Brahm Shanker Srivastava is an Indian microbiologist, inventor and a former deputy director and head of Microbiology division of the Central Drug Research Institute. He is the founder of Biotech Research, a non-profit non governmental institution promoting research in the field of biotechnology and is a director of Nextec Lifesciences Private Limited, a start up involved in biomedical products and research applications. He is known for his researches on microbial genetics and is an elected fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India.
Jody W. Deming is an American oceanographer. She is a professor of Oceanography and a marine microbiologist at the University of Washington (UW). Her research interests include studies of cold adapted microbes in their relation to astrobiology, biotechnology, and bioremediation. She is known for her extensive field work, being involved in over 50 nautical research expeditions. Deming is also the cofounder of the UW Astrobiology Extremophile Laboratory.
Saundra Herndon Oyewole is an American microbiologist.
Laurence G. Rahme is an American microbiologist who is Professor of Surgery and Microbiology at Harvard Medical School (HMS). At Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) she also holds the title of Director of the Molecular Surgical Laboratory as a microbiologist in the Department of Surgery and Molecular Biology. Additionally, she holds a Senior Scientific Staff position at Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston.
Iruka Okeke is a Nigerian pharmaceutical microbiologist currently holding the position of professor at the College of Medicine,University of Ibadan in Nigeria. Iruka's career is the study neglected enteric bacteria such as E. coli, known for their potential to cause fatal bloodstream and diarrheal infections. She advocates for the utilization of Genomics approaches to enhance surveillance and gain a better understanding of pathogen virulence. Iruka's research interests extend to combating antimicrobial resistance and investigating bacterial pathogenesis, epidemiology, and antimicrobial resistance of enteric bacteria. Iruka's contributions to the field have earned her recognition as a fellow of esteemed institutions such as the Nigerian Academy of Sciences, and African Academy of Sciences.[1]
Riley D. Housewright was an American microbiologist who conducted research on germ warfare. Having been assigned to the Fort Detrick laboratory in the mid-1940s and appointed scientific director in 1956, Housewright played a major role in the development of bioweapons for a proposed attack on Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1966, he was appointed president of the American Society for Microbiology. He left Fort Detrick in 1970 following President Nixon's moratorium on US bioweapons research, and later published several books on water safety for the National Academy of Sciences. In the 1980s, Housewright became executive director of the American Society for Microbiology. He died in Frederick, Maryland, in 2003.
Dr. Shanta Dutta is an Indian medical researcher on Gastrointestinal diseases and currently the director of ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (ICMR-NIRBI). She has over 35 years of research experience on infectious Diseases especially enteric diseases. Topics of her research interest include prevention and control of acute and chronic diarrheal diseases, Antimicrobial resistance, Disease pathogenesis, Developing point of care diagnostics, enteric vaccines and alternative therapeutics, AI & Analytics. She has been elected as a Fellow of West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology (FWAST); National Academy of Sciences, India (FNASc), and Fellow of National Academy of Medical Science (FAMS). In recognition to her immense contribution to the medical science she has been awarded by ICMR, IAAM, ISCA, IPHA etc.
Melanie Blokesch is a German microbiologist. Her research focuses on Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium causing cholera. She is a professor of life sciences at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), where she heads the Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology.
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