Phantom of Heilbronn

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Commemorative marker near the site of Officer Kiesewetter's murder Hn-gedenktafel-theresienwiese.jpg
Commemorative marker near the site of Officer Kiesewetter's murder

The Phantom of Heilbronn, often alternatively referred to as the "Woman Without a Face", was a hypothesized unknown female serial killer whose existence was inferred from DNA evidence found at numerous crime scenes in Austria, France and Germany from 1993 to 2009. The six murders among these included that of police officer Michèle Kiesewetter, in Heilbronn, Germany, on 25 April 2007.

Contents

The only connection between the crimes was the presence of DNA from a single female, which had been recovered from 40 crime scenes, ranging from murders to burglaries. In late March 2009, investigators concluded that there was no "phantom criminal", and the DNA had already been present on the cotton swabs used for collecting DNA samples; it belonged to a woman who worked at the factory where they were made. [1]

Investigation

An analysis of the mitochondrial DNA from samples collected in Austria showed characteristics most often found among people in Eastern Europe and neighbouring Russia. This was not discovered in the German investigations, as, at the time, DNA could only be used to determine few attributes, such as sex. [2] Since at least 2008, some officers suspected that the evidence was misleading, and the DNA presence was due to contamination, which was confirmed in 2009. [3] [4]

The investigations were concentrated in a special task force named Parkplatz ("parking lot") at the Heilbronn police department. In January 2009, the reward for clues regarding the whereabouts of the Phantom was increased to €300,000. [3] [5]

The existence of the Phantom had been doubted earlier, but in March 2009, the case took a new turn when, while trying to identify a corpse, investigators found the Phantom's female DNA in fingerprints on a male asylum seeker's application. They subsequently came to the conclusion that there was no mysterious criminal and the laboratory results were due to contamination of the cotton swabs used for DNA probing. Although sterile, the swabs were not certified for human DNA collection. [6]

The cotton swabs used by many state police departments were found to have been contaminated before shipping. It was found that the contaminated swabs all came from the same factory, which employs several Eastern European women who fit the type the DNA was assumed to match. The Bavarian police obtained their swabs from a different factory, which explains why no DNA of the supposed Phantom was ever found in Bavaria, although that state is close to many of the crime scenes where this DNA was found. [4]

Associated crimes

The "Phantom's DNA" was found in samples collected at the sites of, or on evidence related to, the following crimes:

Consequence

As a consequence of this severe case of contamination with human DNA in a series of forensic investigations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published the standard ISO 18385 in 2016 to define the requirements for producing consumables free of human DNA contamination designated for collecting biological evidence at crime scenes: "Minimizing the risk of human DNA contamination in products used to collect, store and analyse biological material for forensic purposes". [8]

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References

  1. "'DNA bungle' haunts German police". BBC News. BBC. 2009-03-28. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  2. "Forensics: Germany considers wider use of DNA evidence in criminal cases". Nature . 543 (7647): 589–590. 2017-03-30. Bibcode:2017Natur.543R.589.. doi:10.1038/543589b. PMID   28358108. S2CID   4466872.
  3. 1 2 "Q-Tip-Off: Police Fear 'Serial Killer' Was Just DNA Contamination". Spiegel Online. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  4. 1 2 Berlin, Fran Yeoman in (2009-03-27). "The Phantom of Heilbronn, the tainted DNA and an eight year goose chase". The Times. ISSN   0140-0460 . Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  5. ""Phantom von Heilbronn" hat es nie gegeben" (in German). News von Morgen. 2009-03-26. Archived from the original on 2009-04-01. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  6. Himmelreich, Claudia (2009-03-27). "Germany's Phantom Serial Killer: A DNA Blunder". TIME . Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  7. Weitere DNA-Spur der "Phantommörderin" (8 April 2008) Rheinische Post (german). Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  8. Gasiorowski-Denis, Elizabeth (2016-07-06). "The mystery of the Phantom of Heilbronn". ISO. Archived from the original on 2018-07-25. Retrieved 2020-04-18.