Pluralibacter gergoviae

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Pluralibacter gergoviae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Pseudomonadati
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacterales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Pluralibacter
Species:
P. gergoviae
Binomial name
Pluralibacter gergoviae
Brenner et al. 1980 [1]
Brady et al. 2013 [2]
Synonyms

Enterobacter gergoviae

Pluralibacter gergoviae (formerly Enterobacter gergoviae) is a Gram-negative, motile, facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. [1] P. gergoviae is of special interest to the cosmetics industry, as it displays resistance to parabens, a common antimicrobial agent added to cosmetic products. [3]

Contents

It is typically an opportunistic human pathogen, primarily affecting immunocompromised patients.

Background

Enterobacter gergoviae was first proposed as a novel species in 1980. The species name is derived from the Gergovie plateau, which is located near Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital; the type strain was isolated at this hospital during a nosocomial outbreak of P. gergoviae. [1] In 2013, the species was reclassified into the novel genus, Pluralibacter , and is the type species for the genus. [2]

Pluralibacter gergoviae has been isolated from maize, grapes, coffee beans, spring water, fruit flies, and pink bollworms. [4]

Microbiology

Pluralibacter gergoviae is a Gram negative, non-spore forming, motile, facultatively anaerobic bacillus. It is non-hemolytic and grows at mesophilic temperatures, from 10 - 41°C, with optimum growth at 30 - 37°C. It can produce urease and acetoin, and is hydrogen sulfide, cytochrome-c oxidase, and indole negative. [5] Additionally, it does not ferment inositol, d-sorbitol, and mucate, which distinguishes it from Klebsiella aerogenes (previously Enterobacter aerogenes). [6]

Pluralibacter gergoviae can be grown on trypticase soy agar and Columbia blood agar. [5] However, it does not grow in potassium cyanide broth. [6] Colonies are typically unpigmented, round, and smooth on tryptic soy agar. [7]

Medical Relevance

Pluralibacter gergoviae is an uncommon human pathogen and is most commonly an opportunistic nosocomial infection. One hospital in Spain reported the organism to represent 0.4% of clinical Enterobacter isolates. Risk factors include prolonged hospital stays, immunosuppression, the presence of a foreign device, prior use of anti-microbial agents in the patient involved, and extremes of age. [8] In the cosmetic industry, P. gergoviae has been implicated in recalls of eye cream, children's shampoo, skin cream, hand cleaning paste, [9] and cleansing wipes. [10]

Infections caused by this organism are most frequent in transplant recipients, patients with hematologic malignancies, and in neonatal outbreak settings. [11] [12] [13] Additionally, there has been a report of hyperammonemia syndrome in an immunocompromised lung transplant patient due to P. gergoviae, believed to be triggered by urease production. [14]

When P. gergoviae infection becomes established, it can be difficult to treat due to its intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. It is resistant to penicillins (specifically benzylpenicillin, oxacillin), macrolides (with the exception of azithromycin), lincosamides (specifically lincomycin and clindamycin), streptogramins, rifampicin, fusidic acid, and fosfomycin. [15] P. gergoviae is also resistant to cefoxitin, likely due to β-lactamase production. [15] In a systematic review of case studies, it was found that 33% of the isolates were multi drug resistant, and all fatal cases involved isolates carrying the blaKPC gene. [16]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Brenner, D. J.; Richard, C.; Steigerwalt, A. G.; Asbury, M. A.; Mandel, M. (1 January 1980). "Enterobacter gergoviae sp. nov.: a New Species of Enterobacteriaceae Found in Clinical Specimens and the Environment". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 30 (1): 1–6. doi: 10.1099/00207713-30-1-1 .
  2. 1 2 Brady, C.; Cleenwerck, I.; Venter, S.; Coutinho, T.; De Vos, P. (1 July 2013). "Taxonomic evaluation of the genus Enterobacter based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA): Proposal to reclassify E. nimipressuralis and E. amnigenus into Lelliottia gen. nov. as Lelliottia nimipressuralis comb. nov. and Lelliottia amnigena comb. nov., respectively, E. gergoviae and E. pyrinus into Pluralibacter gen. nov. as Pluralibacter gergoviae comb. nov. and Pluralibacter pyrinus comb. nov., respectively, E. cowanii, E. radicincitans, E. oryzae and E. arachidis into Kosakonia gen. nov. as Kosakonia cowanii comb. nov., Kosakonia radicincitans comb. nov., Kosakonia oryzae comb. nov. and Kosakonia arachidis comb. nov., respectively, and E. turicensis, E. helveticus and E. pulveris into Cronobacter as Cronobacter zurichensis nom. nov., Cronobacter helveticus comb. nov. and Cronobacter pulveris comb. nov., respectively, and emended description of the genera Enterobacter and Cronobacter". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 36 (5): 309–319. Bibcode:2013SyApM..36..309B. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2013.03.005. PMID   23632228.
  3. ↑ Davin-Regli, A.; Chollet, R.; Bredin, J.; Chevalier, J.; Lepine, F.; Pagès, J. M. (1 April 2006). "Enterobacter gergoviae and the prevalence of efflux in parabens resistance". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 57 (4): 757–760. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl023. PMID   16473920.
  4. ↑ Périamé, M.; Pagès, J.-M.; Davin-Regli, A. (August 2014). "Enterobacter gergoviae adaptation to preservatives commonly used in cosmetic industry". International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 36 (4): 386–395. doi:10.1111/ics.12140. PMID   24828151. S2CID   12506464.
  5. 1 2 "Pluralibacter gergoviae 16-74 | Type strain | DSM 9245, ATCC 33028, CDC 604-77, CIP 76.01, JCM 1234, LMG 5739, NCTC 11434, CCUG 14557, CECT 857, CIP 76.1, HUT 8110, NBRC 105706, NCIMB 13304 | BacDiveID:4367". bacdive.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
  6. 1 2 Davin-Regli, Anne; Lavigne, Jean-Philippe; Pagès, Jean-Marie (2019-09-18). "Enterobacter spp.: Update on Taxonomy, Clinical Aspects, and Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 32 (4): e00002–19. doi:10.1128/CMR.00002-19. ISSN   1098-6618. PMC   6750132 . PMID   31315895.
  7. ↑ "Environmental Isolate Case File: Pluralibacter gergoviae". blog.microbiologics.com. Retrieved 2026-01-29.
  8. ↑ Ganeswire, R.; Thong, K.L.; Puthucheary, S.D. (April 2003). "Nosocomial outbreak of Enterobacter gergoviae bacteraemia in a neonatal intensive care unit". Journal of Hospital Infection. 53 (4): 292–296. doi:10.1053/jhin.2002.1371. PMID   12660126.
  9. ↑ Neza, Edlira; Centini, Marisanna (30 January 2016). "Microbiologically Contaminated and Over-Preserved Cosmetic Products According Rapex 2008–2014". Cosmetics. 3 (1): 3. doi: 10.3390/cosmetics3010003 . hdl: 11365/1009813 .
  10. ↑ "Product Recall | Cottonelle®".
  11. ↑ Ganeswire, R.; Thong, K. L.; Puthucheary, S. D. (2003-04-01). "Nosocomial outbreak of Enterobacter gergoviae bacteraemia in a neonatal intensive care unit". Journal of Hospital Infection. 53 (4): 292–296. doi:10.1053/jhin.2002.1371. ISSN   0195-6701. PMID   12660126.
  12. ↑ Satlin, Michael J.; Jenkins, Stephen G.; Chen, Liang; Helfgott, David; Feldman, Eric J.; Kreiswirth, Barry N.; Schuetz, Audrey N. (1 August 2013). "Septic Shock Caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacter gergoviae in a Neutropenic Patient with Leukemia". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 51 (8): 2794–2796. doi:10.1128/jcm.00004-13. PMC   3719649 . PMID   23761145.
  13. ↑ Freire, Maristela Pinheiro; de Oliveira Garcia, Doroti; Cury, Ana Paula; Spadão, Fernanda; Di Gioia, Thais S. R.; Francisco, Gabriela Rodrigues; Bueno, Maria Fernanda Campagnari; Tomaz, Mariama; de Paula, Flavio Jota; de Faro, Lorena Brito; Piovesan, Affonso C.; Rossi, Flavia; Levin, Anna Sara; David Neto, Elias; Nahas, William C. (19 May 2016). "Outbreak of IMP-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter gergoviae among kidney transplant recipients". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 71 (9): 2577–2585. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw165. ISSN   0305-7453. PMID   27197663.
  14. ↑ Waked, Rami; Huang, Jonathan; Witt, Lucy S.; Burd, Eileen M. (2026-01-08). "Hyperammonemia syndrome due to Pluralibacter gergoviae bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient: case report". ASM Case Reports. 0 e00215-25: e00215–25. doi: 10.1128/asmcr.00215-25 .
  15. 1 2 Stock, I.; Wiedemann, B. (September 2002). "Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Enterobacter amnigenus, Enterobacter cancerogenus, Enterobacter gergoviae and Enterobacter sakazakii strains". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 8 (9): 564–578. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00413.x . PMID   12427217.
  16. ↑ Saad, Bruna Abdul Ahad; Volpe-Chaves, Cláudia Elizabeth; de Oliveira, Caroline Tieppo Flores; Conte, Bianca Stavis; Lacerda, Mara Luci Gonçalves Galiz; Venturini, James; de Oliveira, Sandra Maria do Valle Leone; Rodrigues, Ana Cláudia Souza; Forsythe, Stephen James; Brandão, Marcelo Luiz Lima; Paniago, Anamaria Mello Miranda (2026-01-19). "The emerging clinical relevance and antimicrobial resistance of Pluralibacter gergoviae : a systematic review". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 81 (2) dkaf476. doi:10.1093/jac/dkaf476. ISSN   0305-7453. PMID   41549661.
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