Fusidic acid

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Fusidic acid
Fusidic acid structure.svg
Clinical data
Trade names Fucidin, Foban, others
Other namesSodium fusidate
AHFS/Drugs.com Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Routes of
administration 		Topical
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • NZ:Prescription only
  • UK: POM (Prescription only) [1]
  • US: OTC / Not approved [2]
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 91% oral bioavailability
Protein binding 97 to 99%
Elimination half-life Approximately 5 to 6 hours in adults
Identifiers
  • 2-[(1S,2S,5R,6S,7S,10S,11S,13S,14Z,15R,17R)-13-(acetyloxy)-5,17-dihydroxy-2,6,10,11-tetramethyltetracyclo[8.7.0.02,7.011,15]heptadecan-14-ylidene]-6-methylhept-5-enoic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.027.506 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C31H48O6
Molar mass 516.719 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(O)/C(=C3/[C@@H]2C[C@@H](O)[C@H]1[C@@]4(C)CC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](C)[C@@H]4CC[C@@]1([C@]2(C[C@@H]3OC(=O)C)C)C)CC\C=C(/C)C
  • InChI=1S/C31H48O6/c1-17(2)9-8-10-20(28(35)36)26-22-15-24(34)27-29(5)13-12-23(33)18(3)21(29)11-14-30(27,6)31(22,7)16-25(26)37-19(4)32/h9,18,21-25,27,33-34H,8,10-16H2,1-7H3,(H,35,36)/b26-20-/t18-,21-,22-,23+,24+,25-,27-,29-,30-,31-/m0/s1 Yes check.svgY
  • Key:IECPWNUMDGFDKC-MZJAQBGESA-N Yes check.svgY
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Fusidic acid, sold under the brand name Fucidin among others, is a steroid antibiotic that is often used topically in creams or ointments and eyedrops but may also be given systemically as tablets or injections. As of October 2008, the global problem of advancing antimicrobial resistance has led to a renewed interest in its use. [3]

Contents

Medical uses

Fusidic acid is active in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus , [4] most coagulase-positive staphylococci, Beta-hemolytic streptococci, Corynebacterium species, and most clostridium species.[ medical citation needed ] Fusidic acid has no known useful activity against enterococci or most Gram-negative bacteria (except Neisseria, Moraxella, Legionella pneumophila , and Bacteroides fragilis ).[ medical citation needed ] Fusidic acid is active in vitro and clinically against Mycobacterium leprae but has only marginal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis .[ medical citation needed ]

One use of fusidic acid is its activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). [4] Although many strains of MRSA remain sensitive to fusidic acid, there is a low genetic barrier to drug resistance (a single point mutation is all that is required), fusidic acid should never be used on its own to treat serious MRSA infection and should be combined with another antimicrobial such as rifampicin when administering oral or topical dosing regimens approved in Europe, Canada, and elsewhere. [5] However, resistance selection is low when pathogens are challenged at high drug exposure. [6]

Topical fusidic acid is occasionally used as a treatment for acne vulgaris. [7] As a treatment for acne, fusidic acid is often partially effective at improving acne symptoms. [8] However, research studies have indicated that fusidic acid is not as highly active against Cutibacterium acnes as many other antibiotics that are commonly used as acne treatments. [9] Fusidic acid is also found in several additional topical skin and eye preparations (e.g., Fucibet), although its use for these purposes is controversial. [5]

Side effects

Fucidin tablets and suspension, whose active ingredient is sodium fusidate, occasionally cause liver damage, which can produce jaundice (yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes). This condition will almost always get better after the patient finishes taking Fucidin tablets or suspension. Other related side-effects include dark urine and lighter-than-usual feces. These, too, should normalize when the course of treatment is completed. [10]

Pharmacology

Fusidic acid acts as a bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor by preventing the turnover of elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome. Fusidic acid is effective primarily on Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus , Streptococcus [11] and Corynebacterium species.

Fusidic acid is a tetracyclic, naturally occurring steroid derived from the fungus Fusidium coccineum. It was first isolated in 1960 and developed by Leo Pharma in Ballerup, Denmark, being used clinically from 1962 onwards. [12] [13] It has also been isolated from Mucor ramannianus, an Acremonium species, and Isaria kogana. [14] [15] The drug is licensed for use as its sodium salt sodium fusidate, and it is approved for use under prescription in Australia, Canada, Colombia, the European Union, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand,[ citation needed ] and the United Kingdom. [1]

Mechanism of action

Fusidic acid binds to EF-G after translocation and GTP (guanosine-5'-triphosphate) hydrolysis. [16] This interaction prevents the necessary conformational changes for EF-G release from the ribosome, effectively blocking the protein synthesis process. Fusidic acid can only bind to EF-G in the ribosome after GTP hydrolysis. [17] [18]

Since translocation is a part of elongation and ribosome recycling, fusidic acid can block either or both steps of protein synthesis. [19]

Dose

Fusidic acid should not be used on its own to treat S. aureus infections when used at low drug dosages. However, it may be possible to use fusidic acid as monotherapy when used at higher doses. [20] The use of topical preparations (skin creams and eye ointments) containing fusidic acid is strongly associated with the development of resistance, [21] and there are voices advocating against the continued use of fusidic acid monotherapy in the community. [5] Topical preparations used in Europe often contain fusidic acid and gentamicin in combination, which helps to prevent the development of resistance.

Cautions

There is inadequate evidence of safety in human pregnancy. Animal studies and many years of clinical experience suggest that fusidic acid is devoid of teratogenic effects (birth defects), but fusidic acid can cross the placental barrier. [22]

Resistance

In vitro susceptibility studies of US strains of several bacterial species such as S. aureus, including MRSA and coagulase negative Staphylococcus, indicate potent activity against these pathogens. [23] [24] [25]

Mechanisms of resistance have been extensively studied only in Staphylococcus aureus. The most studied mechanism is the development of point mutations in fusA, the chromosomal gene that codes for EF-G. The mutation alters EF-G so that fusidic acid is no longer able to bind to it. [26] [27] Resistance is readily acquired when fusidic acid is used alone and commonly develops during the course of treatment. As with most other antibiotics, resistance to fusidic acid arises less frequently when used in combination with other drugs. For this reason, fusidic acid should not be used on its own to treat serious Staph. aureus infections. However, at least in Canadian hospitals, data collected between 1999 and 2005 showed rather low rate of resistance of both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant to fusidic acid, and mupirocin was found to be the more problematic topical antibiotic for the aforementioned conditions. [28]

Some bacteria also display 'FusB-type' resistance, which has been found to be the most prevalent in Staphylococcus spp. in many clinical isolates. [29] [30] [31] This resistance mechanism is mediated by fusB, fusC, and fusD genes found primarily on plasmids, [32] but have also been found in chromosomal DNA. [33] The product of fusB-type resistance genes is a 213-residue cytoplasmic protein which interacts in a 1:1 ratio with EF-G. FusB-type proteins bind in a region distinct from fusidic acid to induce a conformational change which results in liberation of EF-G from the ribosome, allowing the elongation factor to participate in another round of ribosome translocation. [34]

Interactions

Fusidic acid should not be used with quinolone antibiotics, with which it is antagonistic. Although clinical practice over the past decade has supported the combination of fusidic acid and rifampicin, a recent clinical trial showed that there is an antagonistic interaction when both antibiotics are combined. [35]

On 8 August 2008, it was reported that the Irish Medicines Board was investigating the death of a 59-year-old Irish man who developed rhabdomyolysis after combining atorvastatin and fusidic acid, and three similar cases. [36] In August 2011, the UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency issued a Drug Safety Update warning that "systemic fusidic acid (Fucidin) should not be given with statins because of a risk of serious and potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis." [37]

Society and culture

Brand names and preparations

  • Fucidin (of Leo in Canada)
  • Fucidin H (topical cream with hydrocortisone - Leo)
  • Fucidin (of Leo in UK/ Leo-Ranbaxy-Croslands in India)
  • Fuci-Ophthalmic (As eye gel in Damascus, Syria)
  • Fucidine (of Leo in France, Germany and Spain)
  • Fusicutan Creme (topical cream in Germany)
  • Fucidin (of Leo in Norway and Israel)
  • Fucidin (of Adcock Ingram, licensed from Leo, in South Africa)
  • Fucithalmic (of Leo in the UK, the Netherlands, Denmark and Portugal)
  • Fucicort (topical mixture with hydrocortisone)
  • Fucibet (fusidic acid/betamethasone valerate topical cream)
  • Ezaderm (topical mixture with betamethasone)(of United Pharmaceutical "UPM" in Jordan)
  • Fuci (of pharopharm in Egypt)
  • Fucizon (topical mixture with hydrocortisone of pharopharm in Egypt)
  • Foban (topical cream in New Zealand)
  • Betafusin (fusidic acid/betamethasone valerate topical cream in Greece)
  • Betafucin (2% fusidic acid/1% betamethasone valerate topical cream in Egypt)(of Delta Pharma S.A.E., A.R.E. (Egypt))
  • Fusimax (of Roussette in India)
  • Fusiderm (topical cream and ointment by Indi Pharma in India)
  • Fusid (in Nepal)
  • Fudic (topical cream in India)
  • Fucidin (후시딘, of Donghwa Pharm in South Korea)
  • Dermy (Topical cream of W. Woodwards in Pakistan)
  • Fugen Cream (膚即淨軟膏 in Taiwan)
  • Phudicin Cream (in China; 夫西地酸 [38] )
  • Fucidin Fusidic Acid (in China;夫西地酸 of Leo Laoratories Limited)
  • Dermofucin cream, ointment and gel (in Jordan)
  • Optifucin viscous eye drops (of API in Jordan)
  • Verutex (of Roche in Brazil)
  • Taksta (of Cempra in U.S. For export only in US)
  • Futasole (of Julphar in Gulf and north Africa)
  • Stanicid (2% ointment of Hemofarm in Serbia)
  • Staphiderm Cream (Israel By Trima).
  • Fuzidin (tablets of Biosintez in Russia)
  • Fuzimet (ointment with methyluracil of Biosintez in Russia)
  • Axcel Fusidic Acid (2% cream and ointment of Kotra Pharma, Malaysia)
  • Ofusidic (eye drops produced by Orchidia pharmaceutical in Egypt

Research

An orally-administered mono-therapy with a high loading dose is under development in the United States. [20]

A different oral dosing regimen, based on the compound's pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) profile is in clinical development in the US. [20] as Taksta. [39]

Fusidic acid is being tested for indications beyond skin infections. There is evidence from compassionate use cases that fusidic acid may be effective in the treatment of patients with prosthetic joint-related chronic osteomyelitis. [40]

Biosynthesis

The biosynthetic machinery in Fusidium coccineum (also known as Acremonium fusidioides ) has been sequenced and analyzed. (3S)-2,3-oxidosqualene and fusidane are two intermediates. [41] [42]

Related Research Articles

<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Species of gram-positive bacterium

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive spherically shaped bacterium, a member of the Bacillota, and is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin. It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe, meaning that it can grow without oxygen. Although S. aureus usually acts as a commensal of the human microbiota, it can also become an opportunistic pathogen, being a common cause of skin infections including abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis, and food poisoning. Pathogenic strains often promote infections by producing virulence factors such as potent protein toxins, and the expression of a cell-surface protein that binds and inactivates antibodies. S. aureus is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The bacterium is a worldwide problem in clinical medicine. Despite much research and development, no vaccine for S. aureus has been approved.

Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacterium responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a group of gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It caused more than 100,000 deaths worldwide attributable to antimicrobial resistance in 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clindamycin</span> Antibiotic

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic medication used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including osteomyelitis (bone) or joint infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, strep throat, pneumonia, acute otitis media, and endocarditis. It can also be used to treat acne, and some cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In combination with quinine, it can be used to treat malaria. It is available by mouth, by injection into a vein, and as a cream or a gel to be applied to the skin or in the vagina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mupirocin</span> Chemical compound

Mupirocin, sold under the brand name Bactroban among others, is a topical antibiotic useful against superficial skin infections such as impetigo or folliculitis. It may also be used to get rid of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) when present in the nose without symptoms. Due to concerns of developing resistance, use for greater than ten days is not recommended. It is used as a cream or ointment applied to the skin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole</span> Combination of two antibiotic drugs

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, sold under the brand name Bactrim among others, is a fixed-dose combination antibiotic medication used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It consists of one part trimethoprim to five parts sulfamethoxazole. It is used to treat urinary tract infections, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections, travelers' diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, and cholera, among others. It is used both to treat and prevent pneumocystis pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in people with HIV/AIDS and other causes of immunosuppression. It can be given orally or intravenous infusion.

Vancomycin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Antibiotica resistant bacteria

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) are strains of Staphylococcus aureus that have acquired resistance to the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes either by random mutation or through the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another. Resistance genes interfere with the normal antibiotic function and allow bacteria to grow in the presence of the antibiotic. Resistance in VRSA is conferred by the plasmid-mediated vanA gene and operon. Although VRSA infections are uncommon, VRSA is often resistant to other types of antibiotics and a potential threat to public health because treatment options are limited. VRSA is resistant to many of the standard drugs used to treat S. aureus infections. Furthermore, resistance can be transferred from one bacterium to another.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin</span> Antibiotic medication

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lincosamides</span> Group of antibiotics

Lincosamides are a class of antibiotics, which include lincomycin, clindamycin, and pirlimycin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cefoxitin</span> Chemical compound

Cefoxitin is a second-generation cephamycin antibiotic developed by Merck & Co., Inc. from Cephamycin C in the year following its discovery, 1972. It was synthesized in order to create an antibiotic with a broader spectrum. It is often grouped with the second-generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin requires a prescription and as of 2010 is sold under the brand name Mefoxin by Bioniche Pharma, LLC. The generic version of cefoxitin is known as cefoxitin sodium.

Lysostaphin is a Staphylococcus simulans metalloendopeptidase. It can function as a bacteriocin (antimicrobial) against Staphylococcus aureus.

β-Lactamase inhibitor Drugs that inhibit β-Lactamase enzymes

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References

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