Poltergeist II: The Other Side

Last updated

Poltergeist II: The Other Side
Poltergeist-2-the-other-side.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Brian Gibson
Written by
Based on Characters
by Steven Spielberg
Produced by
  • Michael Grais
  • Mark Victor
Starring
Cinematography Andrew Laszlo
Edited by Thom Noble
Music by Jerry Goldsmith
Production
companies
Distributed by MGM Entertainment Co.
Release date
  • May 23, 1986 (1986-05-23)
Running time
91 minutes [1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$19 million
Box office$75 million

Poltergeist II: The Other Side (also known simply as Poltergeist II) is a 1986 American supernatural horror film directed by Brian Gibson. JoBeth Williams, Craig T. Nelson, Oliver Robins, Heather O'Rourke and Zelda Rubinstein reprised their roles from the first film. New cast members include Will Sampson, Julian Beck and Geraldine Fitzgerald. The second entry in the Poltergeist film series and a direct sequel to Poltergeist (1982), it follows the Freeling family who again finds themselves under attack from the supernatural forces led by "the Beast", revealed to be the spirit of an insane preacher who led an apocalyptic cult during the 19th century, attempting to claim their daughter. In their efforts to save their daughter, the family finds help in a Native American shaman.

Contents

Neither director Tobe Hooper nor producer Steven Spielberg returned for this film. Michael Grais and Mark Victor, who co-wrote the previous film with Spielberg, served as writer and producer here. Filming of Poltergeist II took place in California and Arizona in the spring of 1985. Most of the original cast members returned with the exception of Dominique Dunne, who was murdered shortly after the first film's release in 1982. The film marked the final appearance of Julian Beck, who died on September 14, 1985, as well as the last to be released during Heather O'Rourke's lifetime before her death in February 1988 just four months before her final appearance in the third Poltergeist film, Poltergeist III which was released in June that year. Surrealist artist H. R. Giger designed the creatures featured in the film.

Released in the spring of 1986, Poltergeist II: The Other Side was a financial success, earning nearly $75 million worldwide. Critical reviews were negative, but the film nevertheless followed its predecessor with a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, as well as two Saturn Awards.

Plot

The film is set one year after the events of the first film. The Cuesta Verde neighborhood has been turned into an archaeological dig centered on the spot where the Freelings' home stood. The excavation leads to the discovery of a cave by a ground crew. Its existence is revealed to psychic Tangina Barrons, who informs her friend Taylor, a Native American shaman. After investigating the cave for himself, Taylor realizes that the spirit of Rev. Henry Kane, an insane preacher whom he has seen in dreams, is after Carol Anne and goes to defend her.

The Freeling family has relocated to Phoenix, Arizona, and now live in a house with Diane's mother, Jess. Grandma Jess is highly clairvoyant, and believes that Diane and Carol Anne possess the same abilities. Jess later dies from natural causes, but not before telling Diane one last time that she'll always "be there" if she needs her.

Taylor shows up as Kane begins his first assault on the home. Unable to get in through the television, as the family has removed all television sets from the house, Kane's minions are forced to find another way in, this time through Carol Anne's toy telephone. The attack fails, and the family gets out of the house quickly. Taylor introduces himself and convinces them that running would be a waste of time since Kane would only find them again, and they return to the house.

Kane shows up at the home one day in human form and demands to be let in, but Steven refuses. Taylor congratulates him for resisting Kane, then takes Steven to the desert and gives him the "Power of Smoke", a Native spirit that can repel Kane. Tangina shows up at the house and helps Diane to understand Kane's history and how he became the Beast that is now stalking the family. She also points out that Diane is unique in that she is one of the only people on earth who have been to the spirit world while living. Diane has visions of Kane in the mid-19th century when he was the head of an apocalyptic cult. Kane led his followers through the desert and into the cave, because he believed that the end of the world was coming, but then kept them trapped and captive there to slowly die with him after the day of his prediction came and went. Because he was so deranged and evil, Kane became a monster after death and controls the souls of his followers. Taylor warns the family that Kane is extremely clever and will try to tear them apart.

With Taylor having left, the family's morale drops. Steven lets his guard down and gets drunk, swallowing a Mezcal worm that is possessed by Kane, who then temporarily possesses him. The possessed Steven tries to rape Diane, who cries out that she loves him, weakening Kane's hold. Steven then vomits up the worm possessed by Kane, which grows into a huge, tentacled horror. In this form, Kane attacks Steven from the ceiling, but he uses the smoke spirit to send him away. The Beast launches another assault before the family flees. The Freelings decide to confront the Beast on his own turf, the Other Side.

The Freelings return to Cuesta Verde and, with Tangina and Taylor, enter the cavern below their former home, where Kane pulls Diane and Carol Anne over into the Other Side. Steven and Robbie jump in after them through a fire started by Taylor. On the Other Side, which appears as a place of floating limbos without the sense of direction, Steven, Diane, Robbie, and Carol Anne unite, but the now monstrously transformed Kane grabs Carol Anne and begins to drain her life force. Carol Anne is saved after Taylor puts a charmed Native spear into Steven's hands, and Steven stabs Kane with it, defeating the monster. Carol Anne nearly crosses over into the afterlife, but Jess' spirit appears and guides her back to the family. The Freelings then return safely and thank Taylor and Tangina.

Steven later gives the family car to Taylor after he had expressed affection for it previously, and Taylor drives away with Tangina. After the Freelings realize that they now have no ride home, they chase after Taylor.

Cast

Production

Several scenes that appeared in press stills or promotional posters were cut from the finished film,[ citation needed ] including one in which Tangina confronts Kane when he tries to enter the house, and another in which Steven and Diane see a flying toaster during a breakfast scene.

Casting

The majority of the central cast of the original Poltergeist reprised their roles, including Craig T. Nelson and JoBeth Williams as parents Steven and Diane Freeling, [2] as well as Heather O'Rourke and Oliver Robins as Carol Anne and Robbie, respectively. [3] Dana, the eldest daughter of the Freeling family, was intended to appear in a sequence while away at college, but the sequence was scrapped as Dominique Dunne, the actress who portrayed her in the original film, had been murdered in 1982. [4] Zelda Rubinstein also reprised her role as Tangina Barrons, the psychic who assisted the Freelings in the original film. [3] JoBeth Williams commented that she was skeptical of making a sequel, but became convinced upon reading the screenplay. [2] Beatrice Straight was asked to reprise the role of Dr. Lesh from the first film, but she was ill and not willing to work at the time. Richard Lawson was also asked to reprise the role of Ryan, but his schedule clashed with MGM because he was busy filming the TV movie Under the Influence (1986) with Andy Griffith and Keanu Reeves. Stage veteran Julian Beck was brought in to play the film's major antagonist, Reverend Henry Kane.

Filming

The Canyon de Chelly National Monument in Arizona appears in the film's opening sequence AZ Canyon de Chelly 1.jpg
The Canyon de Chelly National Monument in Arizona appears in the film's opening sequence

Principal photography of Poltergeist II began in May 1985 [5] in Los Angeles. [3] The original production schedule spanned 64 days. [3] A private residence in Altadena, California, served as Grandma Jess's Phoenix home, while tract homes in Encino served as a stand-in for the Cuesta Verde neighborhood. [3] The opening desert scenes featuring Will Sampson involving the Hopi obelisk were filmed at the Canyon de Chelly National Monument in Chinle, Arizona. [3]

For interior sequences that required elaborate effects, replicas of the Altadena residence were constructed on Stage 30 of the MGM Studios in Culver City, California. [3] The studio's Stage 27 was used to construct the desert sweat lodge visited by Craig T. Nelson and Will Sampson's characters, as well as the cavern in which the film's finale takes place. [3] Commenting during the shoot, JoBeth Williams said: "It hasn't been as physical as the first film. We don't have as much mud and goo; there is more of the sort of psychological terror, although certainly there will be a lot of effects." [2]

Special effects

Swiss surrealist artist H. R. Giger was commissioned by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to create several designs for the film, [5] specifically the "Great Beast" manifestation of Kane that appears in the astral plane during the film's finale. [3] Because Giger did not want to leave Zurich for long periods of time, his colleague Cornelius De Fries was hired to represent Giger at the studio during production. [6]

Giger was ultimately disappointed with the result, later attributing the failure to his lack of presence. "When the movies eventually came out I thought, 'Oh shit.' But I couldn't change it," said Giger. "There was no more time. So I thought that was the wrong way to work. If you work on a film you have to be there all the time and be always looking at what they're doing otherwise they'll do what they want." [7] Only two of Giger's designs appear in the final cut of the film, including "The Great Beast" version of Kane. [3]

Post-production

After actor Julian Beck's death, voice actor Corey Burton was brought in during post-production to loop some of his lines. [8]

Music

The musical score for Poltergeist II: The Other Side was composed and conducted by composer Jerry Goldsmith, who had written the Academy Award-nominated soundtrack to the first film. Though "Carol Anne's Theme" returns from the first film's soundtrack, the score for The Other Side consists of mostly new material blending traditional orchestral elements with new electronic sounds. The soundtrack album has been released five times: through Intrada Records and Varèse Sarabande in 1986, Intrada in 1993, a deluxe edition by Varèse Sarabande in 2003, a 2-CD set from Kritzerland in 2013, and a 3-CD set from Intrada Records in 2018. [9]

Release

Box office

Released theatrically on May 23, 1986, [3] Poltergeist II grossed $40,996,665 [10] at the United States and Canadian box office. Internationally it grossed $33.9 million for a worldwide total of $74.9 million. [11]

Critical response

Nina Darnton of The New York Times wrote that "the movie, like most sequels, has no reason for existing beyond the desire to duplicate a financial success. There are no hanging threads left over from the first tightly woven script that can be pulled out and reworked. Instead, the film seems like a string of special effects held together by a far-fetched storyline with an unsatisfying sticky-sweet ending." [12] Variety stated, "Script has enough humorous breaks and high-wire moments to make up for some of the expository sections in the dialog. While the payoff is a bit weak and less tension-filled than would be expected considering what the Freeling family has just endured, tech credits from beginning to end look like they cost a mint, and filmmakers probably figured they had to stop somewhere." [13] Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1 star out of 4 and wrote that director Brian Gibson "simply runs the family through a maze of Indian rituals, ghostly vapors, and astral projections. Lots of sound and fury signifying you know what." [14] Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times stated, "The trappings of 'Poltergeist II' are fairly effective: Jerry Goldsmith contributes another eerie score, and H. R. Giger ('Alien') has dreamed up some loathsome monsters ... But the second film never has the hardness or urgency of the first." [15] Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post wrote, "There are movies that make you want to mince words, and then there's Poltergeist II: The Other Side, a movie so ineffably bad, you can't even find the words to mince." [16]

As of November 2021, the film holds a 20% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 54 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "They're back, but this hollow sequel retains none of the charm or suspense that made the original Poltergeist such a haunting specter". [17]

Accolades

YearInstitutionCategoryRecipientResultRef.
1987 Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Poltergeist IINominated [18]
Saturn Awards Best Horror or Thriller Film Nominated
Best Special Effects Nominated
Golden Raspberry Award Worst Supporting Actress Zelda Rubinstein Nominated
Young Artist Awards Best Younger Supporting Actress Heather O'Rourke Nominated

Home media

MGM released Poltergeist II on DVD on August 26, 2003, in a double feature collection along with Poltergeist III. To date there has been no standalone DVD release of the film in Region 1. On September 13, 2011, MGM released the film on Blu-ray.

MGM has also released the film on DVD in Region 2 and Region 4. It was released in the UK on October 23, 2000, and in Australia on September 1, 2006. A double feature pack containing Poltergeist II and III together was released in Region 4 on November 8, 2010.

On January 31, 2017, Scream Factory released a Blu-ray Collector's Edition of the film including new commentaries and featurettes. [19]

Poltergeist II: The Other Side was released by Scream Factory on 4K UHD Blu-ray on August 27, 2024. [20]

Novelization

The novelization, titled Poltergeist II: The Other Side, was written by James Kahn and published by Ballantine Books in 1986. [21] The cover features an image similar to the film's poster.

The book also better explains many of the unexplained things in the film. The older sister Dana is said to be away at college. There is a better establishment of the psychic powers in Carol Anne, Diane, and the grandmother, which is what attracts Kane.

The absence of Dr. Lesh is explained. Tangina spent time post the first film exploring the plane between worlds and encountered Kane. She reached out to Lesh in her dreams who was drawn in and died. Making Tangina's guilt over her failure double. Thus Tangina reached out to Taylor for assistance. Taylor was a descendant of a former member of Kane's cult that left before they sealed themselves in the cavern. Thus explaining his connection and inside knowledge of Kane.

See also

Related Research Articles

Poltergeist is an American horror film franchise distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer during the 1980s. The original trilogy revolves around the members of the Freeling family, who are stalked and terrorized by a group of ghosts, led by a demon known as the Beast, that are attracted to the youngest daughter, Carol Anne. The original film was co-written and produced by Steven Spielberg. The Poltergeist films collected a total of approximately $132 million at the United States box office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julian Beck</span> American actor, stage director, poet, and painter (1925–1985)

Julian Beck was an American actor, stage director, poet, and painter. He is best known for co-founding and directing the Living Theatre, as well as his role as Reverend Henry Kane, the malevolent preacher in the supernatural horror film Poltergeist II: The Other Side (1986). The Living Theatre and its founders were the subject of the documentary film Signals Through the Flames (1983).

<i>All Dogs Go to Heaven</i> 1989 animated film directed by Don Bluth

All Dogs Go to Heaven is a 1989 animated musical fantasy comedy-drama film directed by Don Bluth and co-directed by Gary Goldman and Dan Kuenster. Set in New Orleans in 1939, it tells the story of Charlie B. Barkin, a German Shepherd that is murdered by his former friend, Carface Carruthers. Charlie escapes from Heaven to return to Earth where his best friend, Itchy Itchiford, still lives, in order to take revenge on Carface. Instead, he ends up befriending a young orphan girl named Anne-Marie. In the process, Charlie learns an important lesson about kindness, friendship and love.

<i>Species</i> (film) 1995 film by Roger Donaldson

Species is a 1995 American science fiction horror film directed by Roger Donaldson and written by Dennis Feldman. It stars Ben Kingsley, Michael Madsen, Alfred Molina, Forest Whitaker, Marg Helgenberger, and Natasha Henstridge in her film debut role. The film's plot concerns a motley crew of scientists and government agents who try to track down Sil (Henstridge), a seductive extraterrestrial-human hybrid, before she successfully mates with a human male.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Craig T. Nelson</span> American actor and stand-up comedian (born 1944)

Craig Theodore Nelson is an American actor and stand-up comedian. He is known for his roles as Hayden Fox in the ABC sitcom Coach, Deputy Warden Ward Wilson in the 1980 film Stir Crazy, Steve Freeling in the 1982 film Poltergeist, Burt Nickerson in All the Right Moves (1983), Peter Dellaplane in Action Jackson, Chief Howard Hyde in Turner & Hooch (1989), Alex Cullen in The Devil's Advocate (1997), Chief Jack Mannion in the CBS drama The District (2000–04), The Warden in the NBC sitcom My Name Is Earl (2007), and the voice of Bob Parr/Mr. Incredible in the 2004 film The Incredibles and its 2018 sequel. He also starred as Zeek Braverman in the NBC drama series Parenthood (2010–15) and recurred as Dale Ballard in the CBS sitcom Young Sheldon (2017–24).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">JoBeth Williams</span> American actress (born 1948)

Margaret JoBeth Williams is an American actress. She rose to prominence appearing in such films as Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Stir Crazy (1980), Poltergeist (1982), The Big Chill (1983), The Day After (1983), Teachers (1984), and Poltergeist II: The Other Side (1986). A three-time Emmy Award nominee, she was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for her work in the TV movie Adam (1983) and the TV miniseries Baby M (1988). Her third nomination was for her guest role in the sitcom Frasier (1994). She also starred in the TV series The Client (1995–96) and had recurring roles in the TV series Dexter (2007) and Private Practice (2009–11).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heather O'Rourke</span> American child actress (1975–1988)

Heather Michele O'Rourke was an American child actress. She had her breakthrough starring as Carol Anne Freeling in the supernatural horror film Poltergeist (1982), which received critical acclaim and established her as an influential figure in the genre. She went on to reprise the role in Poltergeist II: The Other Side (1986) and Poltergeist III (1988), the last of which was released posthumously.

<i>Lovers and Other Strangers</i> 1970 film by Cy Howard

Lovers and Other Strangers is a 1970 American romantic comedy film directed by Cy Howard, adapted from the 1968 Broadway play by Renée Taylor and Joseph Bologna. The cast includes Richard S. Castellano, Gig Young, Cloris Leachman, Anne Jackson, Bea Arthur, Bonnie Bedelia, Michael Brandon, Harry Guardino, Anne Meara, Bob Dishy, Marian Hailey, Joseph Hindy, and, in her film debut, Diane Keaton. Sylvester Stallone was an extra in this movie.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nancy Allen (actress)</span> American actress (born 1950)

Nancy Allen is a retired American actress. She came to prominence for her performances in several films directed by Brian De Palma in the 1970s and early 1980s. Her accolades include a Golden Globe Award nomination and three Saturn Award nominations.

<i>Little Women</i> (1949 film) 1949 film by Mervyn LeRoy

Little Women is a 1949 American comedy drama film with script and music taken directly from the earlier 1933 Hepburn version. Based on Louisa May Alcott's 1868–69 two-volume novel of the same name, it was filmed in Technicolor and was produced and directed by Mervyn LeRoy. The screenplay was written by Sally Benson, Victor Heerman, Sarah Y. Mason, and Andrew Solt. The original music score was composed by Adolph Deutsch and Max Steiner. The film also marked the American film debut of Italian actor Rossano Brazzi. Sir C. Aubrey Smith, whose acting career had spanned four decades, died in 1948; Little Women was his final film.

Michael Grais is an American screenwriter, best known as the co-writer of Poltergeist (1982).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zelda Rubinstein</span> American actress and human rights activist

Zelda May Rubinstein was an American actress and human rights activist, known as eccentric medium Tangina Barrons in the Poltergeist film series. Playing "Ginny", she was a regular on David E. Kelley's Emmy Award-winning television series Picket Fences for two seasons. She also made guest appearances in the TV show Poltergeist: The Legacy (1996), as seer Christina, and was the voice of Skittles candies in their long-running "Taste the Rainbow" ad campaign. Rubinstein was also known for her outspoken activism for little people and her early participation in the fight against HIV/AIDS.

Oliver Robins is an American actor, writer and director.

<i>Poltergeist III</i> 1988 film by Gary Sherman

Poltergeist III is a 1988 American supernatural horror film co-written and directed by Gary Sherman, and starring Tom Skerritt, Nancy Allen, Heather O'Rourke and Zelda Rubinstein with the latter two reprising their roles from the previous films. The third and final entry in the original Poltergeist film series, it follows young Carol Anne Freeling, who is terrorized by malicious spirits while staying in her aunt and uncle's apartment at Chicago's John Hancock Center.

Freeling may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belinda Montgomery</span> Canadian-American actress

Belinda Montgomery is a Canadian-American actress. She initially attracted notice for playing Cinderella in the 1969 television film Hey, Cinderella! She appeared in films including The Todd Killings (1971), The Other Side of the Mountain (1975) and its sequel The Other Side of the Mountain Part 2 (1978), Stone Cold Dead (1979), and Silent Madness (1984). She starred as Dr. Elizabeth Merrill in the science-fiction series Man from Atlantis (1977–78), and as Katherine Howser, Doogie's mother, in the medical comedy-drama series, Doogie Howser, M.D. (1989-1993).

<i>Poltergeist</i> (1982 film) 1982 American supernatural horror film directed by Tobe Hooper

Poltergeist is a 1982 American supernatural horror film directed by Tobe Hooper and written by Steven Spielberg, Michael Grais, and Mark Victor from a story by Spielberg. It stars JoBeth Williams, Craig T. Nelson, and Beatrice Straight, and was produced by Spielberg and Frank Marshall. The film focuses on a suburban family whose home is invaded by malevolent ghosts that abduct their youngest daughter.

<i>The Dixie Dead</i> 2013 studio album by Wednesday 13

The Dixie Dead is the fifth studio album released by horror punk musician Wednesday 13. It was released on February 19, 2013.

<i>Poltergeist</i> (2015 film) 2015 American film by Gil Kenan

Poltergeist is a 2015 American supernatural horror film directed by Gil Kenan, written by David Lindsay-Abaire, and produced by Sam Raimi, Rob Tapert, and Roy Lee. It is a remake of the 1982 film of the same name and is the fourth installment overall in the Poltergeist franchise. The film stars Sam Rockwell, Rosemarie DeWitt, Jared Harris, and Jane Adams, and follows a family who arrive at their new home and begin experiencing paranormal occurrences.

The 9th Stinkers Bad Movie Awards were released by the Hastings Bad Cinema Society in 1987 to honour the worst films the film industry had to offer in 1986. As follows, there was only a Worst Picture category with provided commentary for each nominee, as well as a list of films that were also considered for the final list but ultimately failed to make the cut.

References

  1. ↑ "POLTERGEIST II – THE OTHER SIDE (15)". British Board of Film Classification . July 2, 1986. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 Beck, Marilyn (July 20, 1985). "'Poltergeist' family faces new scares". San Francisco Examiner . San Francisco, California. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Poltergeist II: The Other Side". AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Los Angeles, California: American Film Institute. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020.
  4. ↑ Boyar, Jay (May 31, 1986). "Missing in Action: How Sequel-Makers Do Without Stars". Orlando Sentinel . Orlando, Florida. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020.
  5. 1 2 "HR Giger Museum – Biography". HR Giger Museum. Archived from the original on July 18, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Poltergeist 2: Giger talks about Aliens and Poltergeist". Alien Explorations. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  7. ↑ "HR Giger Works Weekends". Vice . Vice Media, Inc. May 13, 2014. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  8. ↑ Mackie, Drew (May 20, 2015). "20 Things You Might Not Know About the Original Poltergeist Trilogy". People . Time Inc. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  9. ↑ Poltergeist II soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com
  10. ↑ Poltergeist II: The Other Side (1986)
  11. ↑ "UIP's $25M-Plus Club". Variety . September 11, 1995. p. 92.
  12. ↑ Darnton, Nina (May 23, 1986). "Screen: JoBeth Williams In Sequel, 'Poltergeist II'". The New York Times . C12.
  13. ↑ "Film Reviews: Poltergeist II". Variety . May 21, 1986. 24.
  14. ↑ Siskel, Gene (May 23, 1986). "Filmmakers' sins back to haunt us in 'Poltergeist II'". Chicago Tribune . Chicago, Illinois. p. 7A. Archived from the original on July 21, 2019.
  15. ↑ Wilmington, Michael (May 23, 1986). "'Poltergeist II' is Haunted by 'Poltergeist I'". Los Angeles Times . Part VI, p. 10.
  16. ↑ Attanasio, Paul (May 23, 1986). "Horror of Horrors: 'Poltergeist II'". The Washington Post . D2.
  17. ↑ "Poltergeist II: the Other Side (1986) at Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 10, 2013.
  18. ↑ "The 59th Academy Awards". Academy Awards . Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Scream Factory's Poltergeist II and III collector's editions hit in January". October 10, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Poltergeist II: The Other Side". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
  21. ↑ "Poltergeist II The Other Side" . Retrieved September 10, 2013.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.