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Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—meaning that its atoms are able to form up to four covalent bonds due to its valence shell exhibiting 4 electrons. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust. Three isotopes occur naturally, 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.
An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. "Oxide" itself is the dianion of oxygen, an O2– ion with oxygen in the oxidation state of −2. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides. Even materials considered pure elements often develop an oxide coating. For example, aluminium foil develops a thin skin of Al2O3 that protects the foil from further oxidation.
Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes due to its valency. Well-known forms of carbon include diamond and graphite. In recent decades, many more allotropes have been discovered and researched, including ball shapes such as buckminsterfullerene and sheets such as graphene. Larger-scale structures of carbon include nanotubes, nanobuds and nanoribbons. Other unusual forms of carbon exist at very high temperatures or extreme pressures. Around 500 hypothetical 3‑periodic allotropes of carbon are known at the present time, according to the Samara Carbon Allotrope Database (SACADA).
A supercritical fluid (SCF) is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist, but below the pressure required to compress it into a solid. It can effuse through porous solids like a gas, overcoming the mass transfer limitations that slow liquid transport through such materials. SCF are superior to gases in their ability to dissolve materials like liquids or solids. Also, near the critical point, small changes in pressure or temperature result in large changes in density, allowing many properties of a supercritical fluid to be "fine-tuned".
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production. The reaction is represented by this equilibrium:
Polyglycolide or poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), also spelled as polyglycolic acid, is a biodegradable, thermoplastic polymer and the simplest linear, aliphatic polyester. It can be prepared starting from glycolic acid by means of polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization. PGA has been known since 1954 as a tough fiber-forming polymer. Owing to its hydrolytic instability, however, its use has initially been limited. Currently polyglycolide and its copolymers (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) with lactic acid, poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone) with ε-caprolactone and poly (glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) with trimethylene carbonate) are widely used as a material for the synthesis of absorbable sutures and are being evaluated in the biomedical field.
Carbon suboxide, or tricarbon dioxide, is an organic, oxygen-containing chemical compound with formula C3O2 and structure O=C=C=C=O. Its four cumulative double bonds make it a cumulene. It is one of the stable members of the series of linear oxocarbons O=Cn=O, which also includes carbon dioxide and pentacarbon dioxide. Although if carefully purified it can exist at room temperature in the dark without decomposing, it will polymerize under certain conditions.
Polylactic acid, also known as poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA), is a thermoplastic polyester with backbone formula (C
3H
4O
2)
n or [–C(CH
3)HC(=O)O–]
n, formally obtained by condensation of lactic acid C(CH
3)(OH)HCOOH with loss of water. It can also be prepared by ring-opening polymerization of lactide [–C(CH
3)HC(=O)O–]
2, the cyclic dimer of the basic repeating unit.
The Boudouard reaction, named after Octave Leopold Boudouard, is the redox reaction of a chemical equilibrium mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at a given temperature. It is the disproportionation of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and graphite or its reverse:
The element sulfur exists as many allotropes. In number of allotropes, sulfur is second only to carbon. In addition to the allotropes, each allotrope often exists in polymorphs delineated by Greek prefixes.
Silicon monoxide is the chemical compound with the formula SiO where silicon is present in the oxidation state +2. In the vapour phase, it is a diatomic molecule. It has been detected in stellar objects and has been described as the most common oxide of silicon in the universe.
In chemistry, an oxocarbon or oxide of carbon is a chemical compound consisting only of carbon and oxygen. The simplest and most common oxocarbons are carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide. Many other stable or metastable oxides of carbon are known, but they are rarely encountered, such as carbon suboxide and mellitic anhydride.
Iron nitrides are inorganic chemical compounds of iron and nitrogen.
Iron(II) hydride, systematically named iron dihydride and poly(dihydridoiron) is solid inorganic compound with the chemical formula (FeH
2)
n (also written ([FeH
2])n or FeH
2). ). It is kinetically unstable at ambient temperature, and as such, little is known about its bulk properties. However, it is known as a black, amorphous powder, which was synthesised for the first time in 2014.
Solid nitrogen is a number of solid forms of the element nitrogen, first observed in 1884. Solid nitrogen is mainly the subject of academic research, but low-temperature, low-pressure solid nitrogen is a substantial component of bodies in the outer Solar System and high-temperature, high-pressure solid nitrogen is a powerful explosive, with higher energy density than any other non-nuclear material.
Tricarbon monoxide C3O is a reactive radical oxocarbon molecule found in space, and which can be made as a transient substance in the laboratory. It can be trapped in an inert gas matrix or made as a short lived gas. C3O can be classified as a ketene or an oxocumulene a kind of heterocumulene.
The geochemistry of carbon is the study of the transformations involving the element carbon within the systems of the Earth. To a large extent this study is organic geochemistry, but it also includes the very important carbon dioxide. Carbon is transformed by life, and moves between the major phases of the Earth, including the water bodies, atmosphere, and the rocky parts. Carbon is important in the formation of organic mineral deposits, such as coal, petroleum or natural gas. Most carbon is cycled through the atmosphere into living organisms and then respirated back into the atmosphere. However an important part of the carbon cycle involves the trapping of living matter into sediments. The carbon then becomes part of a sedimentary rock when lithification happens. Human technology or natural processes such as weathering, or underground life or water can return the carbon from sedimentary rocks to the atmosphere. From that point it can be transformed in the rock cycle into metamorphic rocks, or melted into igneous rocks. Carbon can return to the surface of the Earth by volcanoes or via uplift in tectonic processes. Carbon is returned to the atmosphere via volcanic gases. Carbon undergoes transformation in the mantle under pressure to diamond and other minerals, and also exists in the Earth's outer core in solution with iron, and may also be present in the inner core.
Tetracyanomethane or carbon tetracyanide is an organic compound with the chemical formula C(CN)4. It is a percyanoalkane. It is a molecular carbon nitride. The structure can be considered as methane with all hydrogen atoms replaced by cyanide groups. It was first made by Erwin Mayer in 1969.
Poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) is an aliphatic polycarbonate synthesized from the 6-membered cyclic carbonate, trimethylene carbonate (1,3-propylene carbonate or 1,3-Dioxan-2-one). Trimethylene carbonate (TMC) is a colorless crystalline solid with melting point ranging between 45°C and 48 °C and boiling point at 255°C (at 760 mmHg). TMC is originally synthesized from 1,3-propanediol with phosgene or carbon monoxide, which are highly poisonous gases. Another route is from the transesterification of 1,3-propanediol and dialkylcarbonates. This route is considered "greener" compared to the other one, since precursors can be obtained from renewable resources and carbon dioxide.
References
- 1 2 Rademacher, N.; L. Bayarjargal; W. Morgenroth; B. Winkler; J. Ciezak-Jenkins (2011). "Preparation and characterization of solid carbon monoxide at high pressure in the diamond anvil cell" (PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2013.
- ↑ Podeszwa, Rafał; Rodney J. Bartlett (2003). "Crystal orbital study of polycarbonyl". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 95 (4–5): 638–642. doi:10.1002/qua.10655. ISSN 0020-7608.
- ↑ Rademacher, Nadine; Lkhamsuren Bayarjargal; Wolfgang Morgenroth; Jennifer Ciezak-Jenkins; Sasha Batyrev; Björn Winkler. "High Pressure Investigations of Liquid and Polymerized CO up to 20 GPa Using Pair Distribution Function Analysis" (PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 Bernard, Stephane (Feb 1998). "DECOMPOSITION AND POLYMERIZATION OF SOLID CARBON MONOXIDE UNDER PRESSURE" (PDF). Trieste. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
- 1 2 Mills, R. L.; D. Schiferl; A. I. Katz; B. W. Olinger (1984). "New Phases and Chemical Reactions in Solid Co Under Pressure" (PDF). Le Journal de Physique Colloques. 45 (C8): C8–187–C8–190. doi:10.1051/jphyscol:1984833. ISSN 0449-1947.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lipp, Magnus J.; William J. Evans, Bruce J. Baer, Choong-Shik Yoo; Baer, Bruce J.; Yoo, Choong-Shik (2005). "High-energy-density extended CO solid" (PDF). Nature Materials. 4 (3): 211–215. Bibcode:2005NatMa...4..211L. doi:10.1038/nmat1321. ISSN 1476-1122. PMID 15711555. S2CID 25779399.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Ceppatelli, Matteo; Anton Serdyukov; Roberto Bini; Hans J. Jodl (2009). "Pressure Induced Reactivity of Solid CO by FTIR Studies". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 113 (19): 6652–6660. doi:10.1021/jp900586a. ISSN 1520-6106. PMID 19368397.
- ↑ Katz, Allen I.; David Schiferl; Robert L. Mills (1984). "New phases and chemical reactions in solid carbon monoxide under pressure". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 88 (15): 3176–3179. doi:10.1021/j150659a007. ISSN 0022-3654.
- ↑ Lipp, M.; W. J. Evans; V. Garcia-Baonza; H. E. Lorenzana (1998). "Carbon Monoxide: Spectroscopic Characterization of the High–Pressure Polymerized Phase". Journal of Low Temperature Physics. 111 (3/4): 247–256. Bibcode:1998JLTP..111..247L. doi:10.1023/A:1022267115640. ISSN 0022-2291. S2CID 116687814.