Polynucleobacter necessarius

Last updated

Polynucleobacter necessarius
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
P. necessarius
Binomial name
Polynucleobacter necessarius
Heckmann and Schmidt 1987 [1]
Synonyms

Omicron or Omikron

Polynucleobacter necessarius is a bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter .

Contents

Bacteria

These bacteria were discovered by the German microbiologist Klaus Heckmann in the cytoplasm of the ciliate Euplotes aediculatus and designated as Omikron (Omicron in English literature) [2] . In 1987 Omikron / Omicron was scientifically described by Klaus Heckmann and Helmut Schmidt as the new species (and genus) Polynucleobacter necessarius [3] . Later free-living Polynucleobacter bacteria were discovered in the water columns of lakes and ponds. These planktonic, non-endosymbiontic members of the genus Polynucleobacter were initially assigned to a new subspecies of the species P. necessarius [4] but later transferred to separate species [5] . Since the last revision of the species, it contains exclusively obligate endosymbionts dwelling in cells of the ciliate Euplotes aediculatus and related species. This is in contrast to other species of the genus Polynucleobacter, which exclusively harbour free-living bacteria dwelling in the water column of freshwater systems (lake, ponds, puddles and running waters). The genome of P. necessarius has been completely sequenced. [6] [7] [8]

See also

Related Research Articles

The Holosporaceae are a family of bacteria. The member Holospora is an intracellular parasite found in the unicellular protozoa Paramecium.

Halomonadaceae Family of bacteria

Halomonadaceae is a family of halophilic Proteobacteria.

Devosia is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria. It is named after the Belgian microbiologist Paul De Vos. They are motile by flagella, the cells are rod-shaped.

<i>Arcanobacterium</i> Genus of bacteria

Arcanobacterium is a genus of bacteria. They are gram-positive, non–acid fast, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic, and non–endospore forming. They are widely distributed in nature in the microbiota of animals and are mostly innocuous. Some can cause disease in humans and other animals. As with various species of a microbiota, they usually are not pathogenic but can occasionally opportunistically capitalize on atypical access to tissues or weakened host defenses.

Polynucleobacter is a genus of Proteobacteria, originally established by Heckmann and Schmidt (1987) to exclusively harbor obligate endosymbionts of ciliates belonging to the genus Euplotes.

Limnohabitans is a genus of Proteobacteria established by Hahn et al. (2010). The genus contains four species which all represent planktonic bacteria dwelling in the water column of freshwater lakes, reservoirs, and streams.

Limnohabitans parvus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, unpigmented, short-rod-shaped, nonmotile bacterium from the genus Limnohabitans, which was isolated with Limnohabitans planktonicus from the mesoeutrophic freshwater reservoir in Římov in the Czech Republic.

Polynucleobacter rarus is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, nonmotile bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter, isolated from an acidic lake in Wisconsin.

Mobiluncus mulieris is a curved, anaerobic bacteria from the vaginae of women. Its cells are motile and rod-shaped, having multiple subpolar flagella and multilayered gram-variable cell walls. Its type strain is ATCC 35243. According to Hoyles et al. 2004, this species is a heterotypic synonym of Falcivibrio grandis. It is often associated with vaginal infections.

Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans is a member of the genus Lactiplantibacillus and a type of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), a group of Gram-positive bacteria that produce lactic acid as their major fermented end product and that are often involved in food fermentation. L. fabifermentans was proposed in 2009 as a new species, after the type strain LMG 24284T has been isolated from Ghanaian cocoa fermentation. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence demonstrated that this species is a member of the Lactobacillus plantarum species group but further analysis demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate it from the nearest neighbors by means of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, pheS sequence analysis, whole-cell protein electrophoresis, fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and biochemical characterization.

The Coriobacteriia are a class of Gram-positive bacteria within the Actinobacteria phylum. Species within this group are nonsporulating, strict or facultative anaerobes that are capable of thriving in a diverse set of ecological niches. Gordonibacter species are the only members capable of motility by means of flagella within the class. Several species within the Coriobacteriia class have been implicated with human diseases that range in severity. Atopobium, Olsenella, and Cryptobacterium species have responsible for human oral infections including periodontitis, halitosis, and other endodontic infections. Eggerthella species have been associated with severe blood bacteraemia and ulcerative colitis.

Polynucleobacter asymbioticus is an aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, chemo-organotrophic, nonmotile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter. The type strain was isolated from a small pond located in the Austrian Alps in the area of Salzburg and described as a new subspecies of Polynucleobacter necessarius in 2009. The classification of the type strain was hampered by the fact that its closest described relative represented obligate endosymbionts, i.e. P. necessarius, not available as a pure culture suitable for standard tests for delineation of prokaryotic species. Therefore, the strain was preliminarily placed in the subspecies P. necessarius subsp. asymbioticus. Later sequencing of the genome of the type strain revealed that the strain represented a novel species within the genus Polynucleobacter. Therefore, its taxonomic rank was lifted from the subspecies to the species level. Strains of P. asymbioticus dwell as planktonic organisms in acidic, humic-rich freshwater systems. Comparative genome analyses revealed that P. asymbioticus represents an atypical member of the family Burkholderiaceae regarding its small genome size and its passive lifestyle. A recent study used a collection of 37 P. asymbioticus strains isolated from various ponds located in a larger region of the Austrian Alps to gain insights in the evolution of Polynucleobacter bacteria.

Polynucleobacter duraquae is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, sometimes motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter, isolated from Lake Mondsee in Austria. The species represents planktonic bacteria (bacterioplankton) dwelling in alkaline freshwater systems.

Polynucleobacter wuianus is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter, isolated from a small pond located in the Austrian Alps in the area of Salzburg. Bacteria affiliated with this species represent planktonic bacteria (bacterioplankton) dwelling in acidic freshwater systems. The species was named after the Chinese limnologist and microbiologist Qinglong L. Wu who isolated the type strain.

Polynucleobacter yangtzensis is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, sometimes motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter, isolated from Yangtze River in the City of Nanjing (China). The species represents planktonic bacteria (bacterioplankton) dwelling in alkaline freshwater systems. The species name refers to the origin of the type strain.

Rhodoluna is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae. The type strain of the only species Rhodoluna lacicola encodes an actinorhodopsin, which is a light-diven proton pump enabling light energy conversion, potentially resulting in a mixotrophic physiology. The type strain of R. lacicola was isolated from Lake Tai in China. The type strain MWH-Ta8 is remarkable for its very small cell size ultramicrobacterium and its small genome size of only 1.4 Mbp. The type strain has a planktonic lifestyle, that is freely floating the water column of aquatic systems. Currently, the genus Rhodoluna contains two described species.

Polynucleobacter sphagniphilus is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, non-motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter.

Motilibacter is a genus of bacteria from the class Actinobacteria.

Aquirufa is a genus of red-pigmented freshwater bacteria affiliated with the family of Cytophagaceae.

Apilactobacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Lactobacillaceae.

References

  1. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
  2. Hekkmann, K. (1975) Omikron, ein essentieller Endosymbiont von Euplotes aediculatus. The Journal of Protozoology, 22: 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb00949.x
  3. Heckmann, K. and H. J. Schmidt (1987) Polynucleobacter necessarius gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately endosymbiotic bacterium living in the cytoplasm of Euplotes aediculatus. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:456-457. (doi: 10.1099/00207713-37-4-456)
  4. Hahn, M.W., Lang, E., Brandt, U., Wu, Q.L., and Scheuerl, T. (2009): Emended description of the genus Polynucleobacter and the species P. necessarius and proposal of two subspecies, P. necessarius subspecies necessarius subsp. nov. and P. necessarius subsp. asymbioticus subsp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59: 2002-2009
  5. Hahn M. W., Schmidt J., Pitt A., Taipale S. J., Lang E. (2016). Reclassification of four Polynucleobacter necessarius strains as Polynucleobacter asymbioticus comb. nov., Polynucleobacter duraquae sp. nov., Polynucleobacter yangtzensis sp. nov., and Polynucleobacter sinensis sp. nov., and emended description of the species Polynucleobacter necessarius. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 66: 2883–2892.
  6. SIGS Standards in Genomic Sciences
  7. Meincke, L; Copeland, A; Lapidus, A; Lucas, S; Berry, KW; Del Rio, TG; Hammon, N; Dalin, E; Tice, H; Pitluck, S; Richardson, P; Bruce, D; Goodwin, L; Han, C; Tapia, R; Detter, JC; Schmutz, J; Brettin, T; Larimer, F; Land, M; Hauser, L; Kyrpides, NC; Ivanova, N; Göker, M; Woyke, T; Wu, QL; Pöckl, M; Hahn, MW; Klenk, HP (2012). "Complete genome sequence of Polynucleobacter necessarius subsp. asymbioticus type strain (QLW-P1DMWA-1(T))". Stand Genomic Sci. 6 (1): 74–83. doi:10.4056/sigs.2395367. PMC   3368402 . PMID   22675600.
  8. EzBioCloud