Porocyphaceae

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Porocyphaceae
Porocyphus coccodes 1733497315.jpg
Porocyphus coccodes
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lichinomycetes
Order: Lichinales
Family: Porocyphaceae
Körb. (1855)
Type genus
Porocyphus
Körb. (1855)
Genera

see text

Synonyms [1]

The Porocyphaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Lichinales. Members of this family are typically small, dark-coloured lichens that form partnerships with cyanobacteria and grow on rocks, soil, or occasionally tree bark in well-lit areas that experience periodic wetting. The family was originally established in 1855 but was largely ignored until a 2024 study greatly expanded its scope to include genera previously placed in several other families. Porocyphaceae species are found worldwide, though they are uncommon in densely shaded forests.

Contents

Taxonomy

The name Porocyphaceae was originally established by Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855 for Porocyphus . [2] Later authors did not adopt the family, and Porocyphus was usually classified in the family Ephebaceae. A 2024 multilocus phylogeny and character study by Prieto, Wedin, and Schultz reinstated and emended Porocyphaceae to cover a much larger clade, treating Heppiaceae, Ephebaceae and Pyrenopsidaceae as synonyms under Porocyphaceae. The same work set out the included genera and indicated that a few placements—such as Calotrichopsis , Gyrocollema , Pseudoheppia and Stromatella —are provisional pending further molecular data. The Lichina willeyi species group was transferred into Porocyphus. [1]

Description

Species of Porocyphaceae are usually small, dark (often blackish) cyanolichens. Thalli are commonly homoiomerous (with photobiont and mycobiont intermingled) and mostly ecorticate ; growth forms range from crustose to squamulose, foliose, dwarf-fruticose, filamentous and, rarely, endolithic . Photobionts include single-celled cyanobacteria with yellow-brown or reddish-purple gelatinous sheaths as well as filamentous forms such as Nostoc , Scytonema , Stigonema and members of the Rivulariaceae. [1]

Ascomata are predominantly pycnoascocarps, i.e., the sexual structures develop from ascogones formed beneath pycnidia. Apothecia, when present, may be zeorine , lecanorine or biatorine in form; a proper exciple is often developed. Asci are mainly prototunicate of the Lichina or Peccania types and are typically eight‑spored, though polyspory occurs; some taxa possess unitunicate - rostrate asci. Paraphyses are always present; ascospores are simple and usually broadly ellipsoid. Conidiomata are pycnidia with simple conidiophores that produce small, simple conidia. [1]

In practice the family differs from Lichinaceae by its mostly pycnoascocarpous ascomata, from Phylliscaceae by lacking unitunicate‑rostrate asci and corticate, dorsiventrally stratified thalli, and from Lichinellaceae by lacking thallinocarps and Lichinella-type asci. [1]

Habitat and distribution

Porocyphaceae is cosmopolitan but is scarce in dense, shaded forests without exposed rock or soil. Species occur on a wide variety of rocks (often seasonally or episodically wetted and in well-lit microhabitats), in amphibious or periodically inundated situations, and in biological soil crusts; a few are rarely corticolous. No secondary metabolites have been detected in Porocyphaceae species by thin-layer chromatography. [1]

Genera

Thyrea confusa Thyrea confusa 130066317.jpg
Thyrea confusa

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Prieto, M.; Wedin, M.; Schultz, M. (2024). "Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the Lichinomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 109: 595–655. doi:10.3114/sim.2024.109.09. PMC   11663425 . PMID   39717657.
  2. 1 2 3 Körber, G.W. (1855). Systema lichenum Germaniae [System of the lichens of Germany] (in Latin). Breslau: Trewendt & Granier. pp. 400, 425.
  3. ↑ Vainio, E.A. (1890). "Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des Lichens du Brésil. Pars prima" [Study on the natural classification and morphology of the lichens of Brazil. Part one]. Acta Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). 7 (1): 1–247 [243].
  4. ↑ Nylander, W. (1885). "Addenda nova ad lichenographiam Europaeam" [New additions to European lichenography]. Revue de botanique; bulletin mensuel de la Société Française de Botanique (in Latin). 4: 345.
  5. 1 2 Fries, E.M. (1825). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis [System of the Plant World] (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lundin: Typographia Academica. pp. 256, 302.
  6. ↑ Vainio, E.A. (1929). "New species of lichens from Porto Rico. II". Mycologia. 21 (1): 33–40. doi:10.1080/00275514.1929.12016930.
  7. ↑ Massalongo, A. (1854). Geneacaena lichenum noviter proposita ac descripta [A newly proposed and described lineage of lichens] (in Latin). Verona: Typic Amanzinianis. pp. 7–8.
  8. ↑ Vainio, E.A. (1907). "Lichenes novi rarioresque" [New and rather rare lichens]. Hedwigia. IV (in Latin). 46: 168–181 [172].
  9. ↑ Clements, F.E. (1909). The genera of Fungi. pp. 72, 174.
  10. ↑ Zahlbruckner, A. (1903). "Neue Flechten" [New lichens]. Annales Mycologici (in German). 1 (4): 354–361.
  11. ↑ Nylander, W. (1858). Synopsis Methodica Lichenum Omnium hucusque Cognitorum, Praemissa Introductione Lingua Gallica[A systematic synopsis of all lichens known to date, preceded by an introduction written in French] (in Latin). Vol. 1. p. 97.
  12. ↑ Henssen, A. (1989). "Metamelanea and Stromatella, new genera of Lichinaceae". The Lichenologist. 21 (2): 101–118. Bibcode:1989ThLic..21..101H. doi:10.1017/s002428298900023x.
  13. ↑ Massalongo, A. (1856). Schedulae criticae in lichenes exsiccatos Italiae [Critical notes on the lichens of Italy in exsiccatae] (in Latin). Typis Antonellianis. p. 75.
  14. ↑ Díaz-Escandón, David; Hawksworth, David L.; Powell, Mark; Resl, Philipp; Spribille, Toby (2021). "The British chalk specialist Lecidea lichenicola auct. revealed as a new genus of Lichinomycetes". Fungal Biology. 125 (7): 495–504. Bibcode:2021FunB..125..495D. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2021.01.007. PMID   34140146.
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